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"Permasalahan sampah organik dapat diselesaikan dengan beberapa metode misalnya menggunakan bantuan BSFL. Namun, residu dari proses tersebut masih memiliki potensi untuk diolah menggunakan anaerobic digestion. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi substrat residu BSFL dengan tambahan residu cair dan sampah organik menggunakan proses anaerobic digestion. Campuran substrat menghasilkan 4 opsi operasional yaitu opsi A1 (residu cair:residu BSFL=2:1), opsi B1 dan opsi B2 (sampah organik:residu cair:residu BSFL=0,6:2:1), serta opsi C2 (sampah organik:residu cair:residu BSFL=1:2:1). Analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi dari opsi yang ada terhadap proses anaerobic digestion berdasarkan tingkat efisiensi reduksi TS, VSD, dan reduksi COD. Operasional penelitian dilakukan pada 2 jenis reaktor berukuran 1.000 L (reaktor 1) selama 68 hari dan 51 L (reaktor 2) selama 25 hari dalam kondisi mesofilik. Reaktor 1 digunakan terhadap operasional opsi A1 dan opsi B1, sedangkan reaktor 2 digunakan terhadap operasional opsi B2 dan opsi C2. Parameter yang diuji selama operasional anaerobic digestion adalah TS, VS, C, N, COD, SCOD, VFA, alkalinitas, dan produksi biogas. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa opsi A1 (p<0,05) memiliki potensi pengolahan anaerobic digestion paling optimal dengan efisiensi reduksi TS, VSD, dan reduksi COD sebesar 84,4%, 54,2%, dan 66,3%. Opsi A1 menghasilkan biogas sebesar 0,63-3,32 L/kgVS dengan produksi metana 0,18-0,48 L/kgVS.

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The problem of organic waste can be solved by several methods such as using BSFL. However, the residue generated from BSFL processing has the potential to be treated by anaerobic digestion. This study is aimed to analyze the potential of BSFL residue as substrate with additional liquid resiude and organic waste for anaerobic digestion processing. The ratio of substrate consisted of 4 operational option, i.e. option A (liquid residue:BSFL residue=2:1), option B1 & option B2 (organic waste:liquid residue:BSFL residue=0,6:2:1), and option C2 (organic waste:liquid residue:BSFL residue=1:2:1). The analysis was conducted to determine the optimal ratio of the substrate for anaerobic digestion based on the efficiency of TS reduction, VSD, and COD reduction. This study was carried out with two reactors with the capacity of 1.000 L (reactor 1) for 68 days and 51 L (reactor 2) for 25 days, respectively in mesophilic conditions. Reactor 1 is used to the options A1 and B1. Reactor 2 is used to the options B2 and C2. The parameters observed in operational of anaerobic digestion process are TS, VS, C, N, COD, SCOD, VFA, alkalinity, dan biogas production. The results showed that option A1 (p<0,05) was the most optimum ratio for AD process with the efficiency of TS reduction, VSD, and COD reduction of 84,4%, 54,2%, and 66,3%, respectively. This ratio also produced biogas volume and methane concentration of 0,63-3,32 L/kgVS and 0,18-0,48 L/kgVS, respectively."

"Fasilitas pengolahan sampah sayur dan buah dengan metode Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) di Puspa Agro, Jawa Timur, dapat mereduksi sampah yang dibuang ke TPA hingga 50%. Namun fasilitas ini juga memproduksi limbah cairan hasil pengeringan dan residu dari proses pengolahan oleh larva lalat yang masih berpotensi untuk diolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi pembentukan metana dari sampah sayur dan buah, cairan hasil pengeringan, dan residu menggunakan digestasi anaerobik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode BMP pada suhu 35oC selama 5 minggu dengan wadah botol 500 mL. Karakteristik sampel sampah sayur dan buah adalah TS 7,09%; VS 5,96%; dan C/N 11,89. Cairan hasil pengeringan TS 2,65%, VS 2,04%, dan C/N 4,40. Residu TS 3,62%, VS 3,32%, dan C/N 15,53. Cairan hasil pengeringan dan residu dicampur sehingga mendapatkan rasio kombinasi optimal yang mempertimbangkan kondisi C/N dan OL. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan pembentukan metana untuk sampah sayur dan buah 0,0217 L CH4/g VS; cairan hasil pengeringan 0,1467 L CH4/g VS; residu 0,0876 L CH4/g VS; Rasio VS cairan hasil pengeringan dan residu dengan nilai 1:7; 1:3; dan 1:1. Pembentukan metana oleh kombinasi rasio 1:7 0,1121 L CH4/g VS; rasio 1:3 0,0736 L CH4/g VS; dan rasio 1:1 0,1378 L CH4/g VS.

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Fruit and vegetable waste processing facility using Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) methode in Puspa Agro, Jawa Timur, might be able to reduce 50% of waste to dump into landfill. The purpose of this research is to find out the methane yield potential of fruit and vegetable waste, fruit and vegetable juice, and residue using anaerobic digestion. Methode used in this research is BMP assay in 35oC temperature for 5 weeks with 500 mL bottle as vessel. Characteristifs of fruit and vegetable waste TS 7,09%; VS 5,96%; and C/N 11,89. Fruit and vegetable juice TS 2,65%, VS 2,04%, and C/N 4,40. Residue TS 3,62%, VS 3,32%, and C/N 15,53. Fruit and vegetable juice are combined into a solution, the optimum ratio of the solution considering C/N and OL factors. The optimum combination ratio in this research is 1:3. The result is potential of methane yield for fruit and vegetable waste 0,0217 L CH4/g VS; fruit and vegetable juice 0,1467 L CH4/g VS; residue 0,0876 L CH4/g VS; Combination ratio used is fruit and vegetable juice and residue with ratio 0,5:3,5; 1:3; and 2:2. Potential of methane yield for ratio 1:9 0,1121 L CH4/g VS; ratio 1:4 0,0736 L CH4/g VS; dan ratio 3:7 0,1378 L CH4/g VS."

"Sampah masih menjadi salah satu masalah di Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2017, volume sampah yang terangkut di Indonesia masih belum memenuhi target, termasuk di Desa Tubanan, Kecamatan Kembangan, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah. Sampah yang terangkut didominasi oleh Sampah Organik sebesar 30-63%. Pengelolaan sampah dengan biokonversi larva Black Soldier Fly dapat menjadi solusi untuk permasalahan sampah di Indonesia, karena dapat mereduksi 80% sampah, tidak berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat dan tidak menimbulkan bau, selain itu dapat membentuk ekonomi sirkular untuk masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memformulasikan model pengelolaan sampah organik dengan biokonversi larva Black Soldier Fly berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam aspek lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, dengan perlakuan formula nutrisi pakan yang tepat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menganalisis keuntungan yang didapatkan di antara 3 jenis sampah sebagai formula nutrisi pakan (sampah dari masyarakat, sampah sisa pemotongan ikan, dan sampah campuran dari keduanya). Analisis menggunakan sistem dinamik dan analisis statistik. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan bahwa model pengelolaan sampah organik dengan biokonversi larva Black Soldier Fly berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat menggunakan sampah campuran (sampah dari masyarakat yang dapat terolah 100% dan sisa pemotongan ikan) metode pengelolaan sampah yang paling tepat di Desa Tubanan, Kecamatan Kembangan, Kabupaten Jepara, Jawa Tengah.

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Waste is still a problem in Indonesia. Since 2017, the volume of waste transported in Indonesia has yet to meet the target, including in Tubanan Village, Kembangan District, Jepara Regency, Central Java. The transported waste is dominated by organic waste by 30-63%. Waste management with Black Soldier Fly larvae bioconversion can solve the waste problem in Indonesia because it can reduce 80% of waste, does not impact public health, and does not cause odors. Besides that, it can form a circular economy for the community. This research aims to formulate a management model for organic waste with bioconversion of Black Soldier Fly larvae based on community empowerment in environmental, social, and economic aspects, with proper feed nutritional formula treatment. This research was conducted by analyzing the benefits obtained between 3 types of feed nutrition formulas (waste from the community, waste from fish slaughter, and mixed waste from both)—analysis using dynamic systems and statistic analysis. Based on the research that has been done, it was found that the organic waste management model with bioconversion of Black Soldier Fly larvae based on community empowerment using mixed waste (waste from the community that can be processed 100% and fish slaughter residue) is the most appropriate waste management method in Tubanan Village, Kembangan District. , Jepara Regency, Central Java."

"Sampah di Indonesia didominasi oleh sampah organik, namun metode yang digunakan untuk mengatasinya didominasi open dumping dimana hanya 67% sampah yang tertangani. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan sampah organik adalah biokonversi menggunakan Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Selain itu, hasil biokonversi BSF dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos dan pakan ternak. Namun, sampah organik memiliki kemungkinan tercemar logam berat seperti kadmium (Cd) dari aktivitas alam, manusia, dan pembuangan sampah yang tidak tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan larva dalam bertahan hidup pada sumber substrat yang berbeda, pengaruh keberadaan Cd di substrat dan akumulasi logam berat Cd dalam larva dan residu. Penelitian ini juga memberikan rekomendasi prarencana dan perancangan biokonversi menggunakan larva BSF. Substrat yang digunakan pada penelitian kali ini adalah sampah pasar (1), sampah restoran (2), dan campuran sampah pasar serta restoran (1:1) (3). Terdapat 9 wadah biokonversi berisi substrat sebanyak satu kg dan ditambahan campuran larutan air demineralisasi, air gula, dan air cucian beras (4:1:1) hingga kelembabanya mencapai 60%. Terdapat 3 wadah biokonversi berisi substrat dan larva (A), 3 wadah biokonversi (B) berisi substrat, larva dan penambahan Cd 3 mg/L, dan 3 wadah (C) hanya berisi substrat sebagai kontrol. Biokonversi berlangsung selama 14 hari dengan kontrol parameter suhu, kelembaban relatif, dan pH substrat. Larva BSF dapat bertahan hidup pada berbagai kondisi substrat tetapi pertumbuhan larva pada substrat (1) lebih lambat dibandingkan substrat (2) dan (3). Selain itu, paparan Cd pada wadah (B) juga berpengaruh terhadap durasi larva. Pada wadah (B), terjadi akumulasi Cd pada larva dan residu. Nilai bioaccumulation factor (BAF) masih aman (BAF < 1) dan tidak mempengaruhi kemampuan larva mereduksi sampah organik secara signifikan. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mendapatkan solusi penanganan substrat yang terkandung logam berat agar tidak terakumulasi pada larva dan residu agar BSF tidak menjadi agen pembawa logam berat.

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The composition of waste in Indonesia is dominated by organic waste, but the method used to overcome it is open dumping where only 67% of waste is handled. One of the alternative methods to solve the problem of organic waste is bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) agents. In addition, the bioconversion results of BSF's potential as compost and animal feed. However, organic waste has the possibility of being contaminated by heavy metals such as Cadmium (Cd). This study aims to investigate the larval survival ability in various substrates, the exposure of heavy metal Cd in BSF substrat, and its accumulation in larvae and residues. This study also provides recommendations for planning and designing bioconversion using BSF. The substrates in this study are market waste (1), restaurant waste (2), and a mixture of market and restaurant waste (1:1) (3). The bioconversion process is carried out in nine containers containing one kilogram of substrate. After that, it mixed with a mixture of demineralized water solution, sugar water, and rice water (4:1:1) until the humidity reached 60%. There were three different treatments in the bioconversion process, container (A) contained substrate and larvae BSF, container (B) contained substrate, larvae BSF, and 3 mg/L Cd, and container (C) contained only substrate as a control. The bioconversion process took 14 days by controlling several parameters such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, and pH of the substrates. Based on the bioconversion process, BSFL could survive in various substrates. However, the BSFL growth in substrate (1) was slower than substrate (2) and (3). The exposure of Cd could delay the larval duration. In addition, there is an accumulation of Cd in larvae and residue. The value of bioaccumulation factor of all substrates are safe (BAF < 1). Nevertheless, this condition did not affect the ability of BSFL to reduce organic waste significantly. Further research is needed to obtain solution for handling substrates containing heavy metals in the BSF so BSF does not become a heavy metal carrier."

"Sebagian besar sampah yang dihasilkan di Indonesia merupakan sampah organik dengan persentase sebesar 58. Kantin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia FT UI merupakan salah satu penyumbang sampah organik yang cukup tinggi. Pengolahan sampah makanan yang dilakukan masih terbatas pada pengomposan yang membutuhkah waktu 6-7 minggu. Salah satu alternatif pengolahan sampah makanan yang dapat dilakukan yaitu dengan proses biokonversi menggunakan larva Black Soldier Fly Hermetia Illucens. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui timbulan sampah organik Kantin FT UI, menganalaisis durasi optimal biokonversi, serta menganalisis potensi biokonversi dari sampah organik di Kantin FT UI. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan skala laboratorium yang menggunakan 4 jenis variasi durasi biokonversi yaitu 7 hari, 14 hari, 21 hari, dan 28 hari. Durasi optimal biokonversi yang didapat selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengetahui potensi pengolahan dengan skala eksisting. Dari hasil pengukuran, rata-rata timbulan sampah sebesar 46,27 kg/hari. Selanjutnya dari keempat variasi durasi biokonversi, didapatkan durasi optimal yaitu selama 12 hari. Untuk potensi pengolahan sampah eksisting, proses biokonversi dengan larva Black Soldier Fly Hermetia Illucens dari sampah Kantin FT UI dapat mereduksi sampah sebesar 75 dengan nilai WRI sebesar 6,25 /hari, serta dapat menghasilkan biomassa larva sebanyak 800 gr per 4 kg sampah.

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Most of waste that produced in Indonesia is organic waste with percentage of 58. Canteen of Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia FT UI is one of the high enough contributor of organic waste. Food waste processing is still limited to composting that takes 6 7 weeks. One of the alternative food waste processing that can be applied is bioconversion process using Black Soldier Fly larvae Hermetia Illucens.

This study aims to determine the generation of organic waste in Canteen FT UI, analyze the optimum duration of bioconversion, and analyze the bioconversion potential of organic waste in Canteen FT UI. This study was conducted on a laboratory scale that used 4 variations of bioconversion duration those are 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. The optimum duration of current bioconversion was used to know the potency of processing with the existing scale.

From the measurement result, the average of waste generation is 46,27 kg day. Then from within the variation of bioconversion duration, the optimum duration is 12 days. For the potential of existing waste processing, the bioconversion process with Black Soldier Fly larvae Hermetia Illucens from waste in Canteen of FT UI can reduce organic waste by 75 with WRI value of 6.25 day, and can produce larvae biomass as much as 800 gr per 4 kg organic waste."

"Asam lemak merupakan salah satu produk yang cukup aplikatif di industri. Produk ini umum didapatkan dengan bahan baku minyak nabati. Metode produksi asam lemak tersebut melibatkan ekstraksi minyak dari BSFL (black soldier fly larvae), yang dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai metode, khususnya ekstraksi cair dengan pelarut organik dan ekstraksi mekanis menggunakan screw pressing. Proses simulasi ini menggunakan perangkat lunak SuperPro Designer v.13 dan AspenPlus v.12.1. BSFL yang telah dibudidayakan akan dijadikan sebagai umpan proses sebesar 10 ton/batch. Produksi asam lemak dan produk samping lainnya berupa produk padatan dan gliserin. Proses dimulai dengan pretreatment dan proses ekstraksi minyak, baik dengan pelarut cair atau screw press. Ekstrak berupa minyak BSFL kemudian akan di-splitting sehingga jumlah asam lemak bebasnya maksimal untuk difraksinasi dengan distilasi. Proses ini bernilai ekonomis dengan mempertimbangkan gate fee sebesar $57,6 USD/ton untuk pengolahan limbah oleh BSFL sebagai salah satu penghasilannya. Adapun dari proses dengan ekstraksi pelarut cair, didapatkan nilai NPV (net present value) sebesar  $1.281.065 USD, IRR (internal rate of return) 11,4%, ROI (rate of investment) 5,4%, dan PBP (payback period) 7,5 tahun. Sedangkan untuk ekstraksi dengan screw press, NPV sebesar  $3.584.990 USD, IRR 17,5%, ROI 10,7% dan PBP 5,5 tahun. Berdasarkan analisis sensitivitas, gate fee menjadi variabel yang relatif sensitif pada kedua jenis proses.

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Fatty acids are one of the quite applicable products in the industry. This product is commonly obtained from vegetable oil raw materials. The production method of these fatty acids involves extracting oil from BSFL (black soldier fly larvae), which can be done through various methods, particularly liquid extraction with organic solvents and mechanical extraction using screw pressing. This simulation process uses SuperPro Designer v.13 and AspenPlus v.12.1 software. Cultivated BSFL will be used as the process feed at a rate of 10 tons/batch. The production includes fatty acids and other by-products such as solid products and glycerin. The process starts with pretreatment and oil extraction, either with liquid solvent or screw press. The extracted BSFL oil will then be split so that the amount of free fatty acids is maximized for fractionation by distillation. This process is economically valuable, considering the gate fee of $56,7 USD for waste processing by BSFL as one of its revenue sources. From the liquid solvent extraction process, a NPV (net present value) of $1.281.065 USD, IRR (internal rate of return) of 11,4%, ROI (rate of investment) of 5,4%, and PBP (payback period) of 7,5 years were obtained. Meanwhile, a NPV of screw press extraction is $3.584.990 USD, IRR of 17,5%, ROI of 10,7%, and PBP of 5,5 years were obtained. Based on sensitivity analysis, the gate fee is a relatively sensitive variable in both types of processes."

"One main drawback of the local animal industry is the inavailability of affordable and sustainable protein supply for the livestock. Insect larvae, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL), have been considered as a protein source which can be produced at a large scale using low cost organic wastes as feeding material. This study was designed to determine the response of BSFL to various waste combinations of vegetable and animal remains, Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis) residues (S) and carp (Cyprinus caprio) fish offal (I)). A total of 540 BSFL were fed with 100 mg/larvae/day combination of vegetable wastes: animal waste 70%: 30% (S > I), 50%: 50% (S = I), and 30%: 70% (S < I). Among the feed combinations, the S < I group showed the best results as it produced the significantly highest weight of BSFL at 122.8 mg/larvae and approximate digestibility of 62.01%, with the least pupae mortality rate at 4.29%.Keywords: bioconversion, biomass, Brassica chinensis, Cyprinus carpio, Hermetia illucen"

"One main drawback of the local animal industry is the inavailability of affordable and sustainable protein supply for the livestock. Insect larvae, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL), have been considered as a protein source which can be produced at a large scale using low cost organic wastes as feeding material. This study was designed to determine the response of BSFL to various waste combinations of vegetable and animal remains, Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis) residues (S) and carp (Cyprinus caprio) fish offal (I)). A total of 540 BSFL were fed with 100 mg/larvae/day combination of vegetable wastes: animal waste 70%: 30% (S > I), 50%: 50% (S = I), and 30%: 70% (S < I). Among the feed combinations, the S < I group showed the best results as it produced the significantly highest weight of BSFL at 122.8 mg/larvae and approximate digestibility of 62.01%, with the least pupae mortality rate at 4.29%."

"Limbah industri kelapa sawit Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) dan sampah organik mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi namun belum dimanfaatkan dengan optimal. Pengelolaan sampah yang baik harus dilakukan dengan daur ulang sampah organic. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan solusi berupa biokonversi menggunakan larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) dengan penambahan perlakuan fermentasi untuk mengoptimalkan proses biokonversi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik terhadap pertumbuhan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF); dan kandungan nutrisi larva BSF. Larva BSF berusia 6 hari (6-DOL) dipelihara pada media pertumbuhan dengan lima perlakuan berbeda, yaitu campuran limbah PKM dan sampah organik fermentasi dan tanpa fermentasi, Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan uji homogenitas Levene’s test, dilanjutkan dengan uji ANOVA dengan derajat kepercayaan α=0,05. Hasil penelitian diperoleh campuran limbah dengan fermentasi efektif digunakan sebagai media pertumbuhan larva BSF dalam meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup, konsumsi pakan, indeks reduksi limbah, dan kandungan nutrien berupa protein dan lemak yang tinggi. Sedangkan campuran limbah tanpa fermentasi efektif dalam meningkatkan biomassa larva dan efisiensi konversi pakan. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan penambahan perlakuan fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik sebagai media pertumbuhan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan larva BSF. Penambahan fermentasi PKM dan sampah organik berpengaruh terhadap kandungan nutrisi larva BSF.

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Palm oil industrial waste Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) and organic waste contain high organic matter but have not been utilized optimally. Good waste management must be done by recycling biowaste. Therefore, we need a solution, namely by bioconversion using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae with the addition of fermentation treatment to optimize this bioconversion process. This research aims to analyze the effect of PKM and organic waste fermentation on the growth of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae and nutritional content of BSF larvae. BSF larvae aged 6 days (6-DOL) were maintained on the feed media with five different treatments, namely a mixture of PKM and organic waste fermented and unfermented. Data analysis used was the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality and the Levene's test of homogeneity, continued with ANOVA test with a degree of confidence α =0.05. The results of research showed fermented waste mixture was effectively used as a growth media for BSF larvae in increasing survival rate of BSF larvae, feed consumption rate, waste reduction index, and high nutrient content namely protein and lipid. While the unfermented waste mixture was effectively used as a growth medium for BSF larvae in increasing the biomass of BSF larvae and efficiency conversion of ingested food. The results of data analysis showed that the addition of PKM and organic waste fermentation treatment as a growth medium had no significant effect on the growth of BSF larvae. The addition of PKM and organic waste fermentation affected the nutritional content of BSF larvae."