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"Skripsi ini menganalisis hubungan negara dan bisnis di balik kesuksesan meluasnya produk dan konten industri kreatif Korea Selatan di tingkat global melalui gelombang kebudayaan yang disebut hallyu (Korean Wave). Meskipun Krisis Finansial Asia mencoba mengkompromikan kapasitas negara dalam kebijakan industri, kasus hallyu menunjukkan bagaimana pemerintah memanfaatkan industri kreatif Korea Selatan sebagai respons atas tantangan globalisasi kontemporer. Metodologi yang digunakan studi ini adalah kualitatif dengan teknik mengumpulkan data berupa studi literatur dan wawancara semi-terstruktur yang didukung oleh data primer dari pemerintah Korea Selatan. Dengan menggunakan kerangka adaptive partnership dan governed interdependence, skripsi ini menjelaskan hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam hallyu melalui tiga dimensi yang menjadi temuan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, penulis menemukan bahwa peran gagasan developmental state Korea Selatan masih melegitimasi pelembagaan hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam kasus kebijakan industri kreatif seusai Krisis Finansial Asia. Kedua, dimensi ekonomi-keamanan yang meliputi jaminan akses pasar luar negeri dan ancaman kompetisi di kawasan menjadi motif pendorong perkembangan hallyu. Terakhir, hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam hallyu terletak pada pengaruh berbasis aktor yang meliputi (1) struktur koordinasi birokrasi, (2) peran asosiasi bisnis yang kohesif dan (3) jejaring negara dan swasta baik domestik maupun transnasional menjadi peran kunci dalam kesuksesan industri kreatif Korsel melalui hallyu.

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This thesis analyzes the state and business relations behind the success of expanding product and content of South Korea's creative industries at the global level through a wave of cultures called hallyu (Korean Wave). Although the Asian Financial Crisis tries to compromise the state capacity in industrial policy, the hallyu case shows how the government uses South Korea's creative industry in response to the challenges of contemporary globalization. The methodology used in this study is qualitative with the technique of collecting data in the form of literature studies and semi-structured interviews supported by primary data from the South Korean government. By using an adaptive partnership framework and governed interdependence, this thesis explains the relationship between the state and business in hallyu through three dimensions which are the findings in this study. First, the author found that the role of the idea of the South Korean developmental state still legitimized the institutionalization of state and business relations in the case of creative industrial policies after the Asian Financial Crisis. Second, the economic-security dimension which includes guaranteeing access to foreign markets and the threat of competition in the region is the driving motive for the development of hallyu. Finally, state and business relations in hallyu lie in actor-based influences which include (1) the structure of bureaucratic coordination, (2) the role of cohesive business associations and (3) state and private networks both domestic and transnational become key roles in the success of South Korea's creative industries through hallyu."

"ABSTRAKDalam tesis ini membahas strategi kompetitf yang dilakukan pemerintah Jepang dan Korea Selatan dalam menjual dan mempromosikan industri kreatif mereka secara global, khususnya di pasar Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan, yakni, menganalisis strategi kompetisi bisnis Jepang dan Korea yang dilakukan kedua pemerintah di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Untuk melihat strategi kompetisi yang dilakukan kedua negara, penelitian ini menganalisis keunggulan kompetitif dari produk-produk budaya dan konten Jepang dan Korea Selatan dalam balutan istilah industri kreatif. Kemudian, demi menganalisis strategi kompetisi yang dilakukan pemerintah, penelitian ini juga memetakan industri kreatif Jepang dan Korea di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini juga akan melihat bagaimana penjualan produk-produk industri kreatif dan promosi yang dilakukan kedua negara di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dalam penelitian ini akan menggunakan kerangka berpikir Porter tentang National Competitive Advantage mengenai keunggulan kompetitif yang dimiliki oleh negara. Metode yang digunakan adalah proses induktif, karena jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan Jepang dan Korea Selatan menggunakan industri konten mereka sebagai strategi kompetitif industri kreatif mereka. Jepang menggunakan manga sementara strategi media-mix dan Korea Selatan menggunakan selebrity power dari para artis yang terkenal melalui drama televisi dan K-pop. Dari semua hasil analisis, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa industri kreatif tidak hanya digunakan sebagai alat diplomasi budaya dalam konteks soft power Jepang, namun pada saat yang bersamaan digunakan juga sebagai alat diplomasi ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the competitive strategies undertaken by the governments of Japan and South Korea in selling and promoting their creative industries globally, particularly in Southeast Asian markets. This study has two objectives, namely, to analyze the Japanese and Korean business competition strategy by both governments in Southeast Asia region. To examine the competition strategies undertaken by both countries, this study analyzes the competitive advantages of Japanese and South Korean cultural and content products in creative industry terms. Then, in order to analyze the government 39 s competition strategy, this research also mapped Japanese and Korean creative industries in Southeast Asia. This research will also look at how the sales of creative and promotional products products are carried out by both countries in Southeast Asia region. In this research will use Porter 39 s framework of thinking about the National Competitive Advantage regarding the competitive advantage possessed by the state. The method used is inductive process, because this type of research is a qualitative research. The results of this study found Japan and South Korea using their content industry as a competitive strategy of their creative industries. Japan uses manga while media mix strategy and South Korea uses celebrity power from famous artists through television and K pop dramas. From all the results of the analysis, this study concludes that the creative industry is not only used as a tool of cultural diplomacy in the context of Japanese soft power, but at the same time is used as a tool of economic diplomacy."

"Industri otomotif merupakan salah satu industri manufaktur yang paling terdampak globalisasi atau disebut oleh Dicken sebagai the most globalized industry. Dalam bahasan perdagangannya, globalisasi industri otomotif utamanya mengacu pada Structural Adjustment WTO. Sejumlah literatur hubungan internasional banyak membahas globalisasi industri, namun demikian belum adanya pemahaman menyeluruh menggunakan pendekatan sektoral yang spesifik. Tinjauan literatur ini hadir dalam mengisi kesenjangan tersebut, membahas globalisasi industri otomotif dengan berfokus pada relasi dua aktor—bisnis dan negara, fokus yang memperkuat esensi dari kajian Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Dalam menyusunnya, penulis mengklasifikasikan literatur berdasarkan taksonomi dan mengidentifikasi dua tema umum yakni karakteristik dan perkembangan, serta peristiwa internasional yang mempengaruhi globalisasi industri otomotif. Tinjauan literatur ini memiliki tiga argumen. Pertama, penguatan peran aktor bisnis berada pada aktivitas merger dan akuisisi, karakteristik Producer Driven-Global Value Chain (PD-GVC), dan standardisasi yang lebih kompleks dari lean production. Kedua, penguatan peran aktor negara dalam bentuk regulasi pajak, penunjukan produk unggul, desentralisasi pusat industri, serta subsidi dalam riset dan pengembangan. Ketiga, relasi aktor bisnis dan negara berkaitan dengan penguatan masing-masing aktor. Aktivitas mengenai sistem produksi didominasi oleh aktor bisnis, sebaliknya, aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan industri didominasi oleh aktor negara. Kedua aktor memiliki posisi dominannya masing-masing, dan disaat yang bersamaan posisi tersebut membuat pola relasi yang bersifat kontekstual mengikuti aktor yang lebih dominan.

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The automotive industry is one of the most impacted industries for globalization or what Dicken calls as the ‘most globalized industry’. In international trade discussion, the globalization of the automotive industry mainly refers to the WTO's Structural Adjustment. Many international relations literatures discuss industrial globalization, however, there is no comprehensive understanding of using a specific sectoral approach. This literature review is present in filling that niche, examine globalization of the automotive industry by focusing on the relations between the two main actors—state and business, a focus that reinforces the essence of the study of IR. In compiling it, the author uses a taxonomic method and identifies two general themes, namely characteristics and developments, also international events that affect the globalization of the automotive industry. This literature review argues that: First, the role of business actors strengthening in merger and acquisition activities, characteristics of Producer Driven-Global Value Chain (PD-GVC), and more complex standardization of lean production. Second, the role of state actors strengthening in the form of tax regulations, the appointment of product champion, industrial center decentralization, and subsidies in research and development. Third, the relations between business and state actors are related to the strengthening of each of the actors previously. Activities related to the production system are dominated by business actors, in contrast, activities related to industrial policies are dominated by state actors. Both actors have their respective dominant positions, and at the same time, these positions create a contextual relationship pattern that follows which more dominant actor."

"Hubungan antara negara dan bisnis menjadi basis institusional dari proses industrialisasi di Korea Selatan. Hubungan ini bersifat dinamis dalam menghadapi tantangan domestik dan internasional. Walaupun telah melewati reformasi ekonomi neoliberal pasca Krisis Finansial Asia, hubungan yang terbentuk di bawah model developmental state ini, ternyata berlanjut hingga ke era globalisasi kontemporer. Tulisan ini akan menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana evolusi kronologis dari hubungan negara dan bisnis dalam proses industrialisasi di Korea Selatan? Berdasarkan analisis struktural dari tiga periode industrialisasi di Korea Selatan: tahun 1961-1979, tahun 1980-1998, hingga pasca tahun 1998, ditemukan evolusi peran dan karakter dari hubungan negara dan bisnis. Pertama, hubungan negara dan bisnis diwarnai dengan karakter negara kuat, bisnis lemah yang berperan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi pesat di Korea Selatan. Kedua, evolusi terjadi yang melihat pergeseran karakter hubungan negara dan bisnis menjadi negara melemah, bisnis menguat yang berperan dalam menyebabkan krisis berimbas bagi Korea Selatan. Terakhir, evolusi kembali terjadi dengan penetapan hubungan negara dan bisnis yang karakternya adaptif serta berperan dalam menghasilkan upaya-upaya adaptasi terhadap tantangan neoliberalisme global.

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State-business relations become the institutional basis for South Korea's industrialization process. This type of state-business relations is dynamic in facing domestic and international challenges. Even though it has gone through neoliberal reforms after the Asian Financial Crisis, the relationship formed under developmental state model have continued into the contemporary era of globalization. This paper will answer the question of how the chronological evolution of state and business relations in the industrialization process in South Korea? Based on the structural analysis of the three periods of industrialization in South Korea: from 1961-1979, 1980-1998, until after 1998, the evolution of the roles and characters of the South Korean state and business relations was found. First, the relationship between the state and business is characterized by the character of strong state, weak business that plays a role in rapid economic growth in South Korea. Second, evolution occurs which sees the character of the relationship shifted into a weakening state, stronger business and has a role in causing the financial crisis in South Korea. Finally, re-evolution occurs by establishing an adaptive state-business relations in character and this relation plays a role in generating adaptation measures to the challenges of global neoliberalism."

"J-pop dan K-pop merupakan dua budaya populer yang berkembang di era globalisasi. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menganalisis dinamika perkembangan J-pop dan K-pop di Jepang dan Korea Selatan di era globalisasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis J-pop yang dapat menjadi inspirasi bagi Korea Selatan dalam membangun K-pop, menganalisis K-pop yang dapat menyaingi kepopuleran J-pop sebagai pendahulunya di tengah globalisasi, serta menganalisis upaya yang dilakukan pelaku industri musik J-pop dalam menyikapi pesatnya perkembangan industri musik K-pop di tengah globalisasi. Studi ini menggunakan teori globalisasi yang diungkapkan oleh Giddens (1990) dengan konsep modernitas refleksif. Studi ini menggunakan data kualitatif yang diperoleh melalui sumber-sumber dari buku, jurnal, dan artikel dalam situs web. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dalam rentang waktu 1990 hingga 2022, J-pop dan K-pop saling menginspirasi untuk terus berkembang dan menciptakan konten yang menarik bagi penggemar mereka. Interaksi antara kedua budaya populer ini menciptakan hubungan saling menguntungkan antars Jepang dan Korea Selatan.

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J-pop and K-pop are two popular cultures that developed in the globalization era. In this research, the author analyzes the dynamics of the development of J-pop and K-pop in Japan and South Korea in the globalization era. The purpose of this study is to analyze J-pop that can be an inspiration to South Korea in establishing K-pop, analyze K-pop that can challenge the popularity of J-pop as its predecessor in the midst of globalization, and analyze the efforts made by J-pop music industry players in responding to the rapid development of the K-pop music industry in the midst of globalization. This study uses the globalization theory expressed by Giddens (1990) using the concept of reflexive modernity. This study uses qualitative data obtained through sources from books, journals, and articles on websites. The results of this study show that from 1990 to 2022, J-pop and K-pop inspired each other to grow and create engaging content for their fans. The interaction between these two popular cultures created a mutually beneficial relationship between Japan and South Korea."

"The following independent study paper will present an overview of the car industry in France(Europe) and South Korea (Asia) for the United States of America car industry. It will focusupon the historical background, and facts regarding several macroeconomic conditions, marketconditions and socio-cultural conditions. The author chose France and South Korea, becauseboth of them have appeared to have a good surface level for doing a foreign business for the UScar Industry to open up their new production there. This paper used a literature review based ongoogle scholars and the government's website. According to the Korea AutomobileManufacturers Association (KAMA) automobile output from Korea totaled 3,506.848 units in2020, down 11.2 percent from 2020. Despite the fall in production, the country's overall autooutput ranking moved up two notes from 2020. Car Production in France decreased to 1316371Units (1316,371 K Units) in 2020. The maximum volume was 3701870 Units and minimum was1316371 Units. Based upon the information gathered in this paper, South Korea has overallbetter conditions for US production and market seeking firms, compared to France, due to thehistorical background within the automotive industry, as well as the historical relations with theUnited States could support the choice for South Korea for investment opportunities, and so doesthe potential for future innovation capabilities of the region

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"ABSTRAKDinamika hubungan Korea Selatan dan Jepang selama ini mengalami fluktuasi. Meskipun terdapat banyak faktor yang mendorong kerja sama seperti ancaman bersama, aliansi dan interdependensi ekonomi, namun hubungan Korea Selatan dan Jepang hingga saat ini tetap diwarnai konflik yang disebabkan oleh isu historis. Melalui kajian literatur dengan kronologi waktu, penulis menganalisis faktor pendorong baik kerja sama maupun konflik serta pola yang terjadi dalam hubungan Korea Selatan dan Jepang dalam rentang waktu 1965-2015. Kajian literatur ini terbagi menjadi tiga periode yaitu Periode Normalisasi 1965-2000 , Periode Kemerosostan 2001-2007 , dan Periode Relatif Stabil 2008-2015 . Berdasarkan hasil analisis kajian literatur, TKA ini berargumen bahwa interdependensi ekonomi merupakan faktor pendorong utama kerja sama dan isu historis merupakan faktor pendorong utama konflik. Penemuan ini diharapkan dapat membantu akademisi dan pembuat kebijakan memahami pola kerja sama dan konflik dalam hubungan Korea Selatan dan Jepang serta dijadikan rujukan untuk perbaikan hubungan kedua negara di masa depan.

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ABSTRACTThe relations between South Korea and Japan has been fluctuating throughout the years. Although there are many factors that support cooperation such as common threats, alliances, and economic interdependence, the relations between South Korea and Japan until now are still marked by conflict caused by historical issues. Through a literature review with chronological mapping, this writing aims to analyze the factors driving both cooperation and conflict and the patterns that occurred in relations between South Korea and Japan in the period 1965 2015. This literature review is divided into three periods, Normalisation Period 1965 2000 , Downfall Period 2001 2007 , and Relatively Stable Period 2008 2015 . Based on the literature review, this final thesis argues that economic interdependence is a key driver of cooperation and historical issues are the key driver of conflict. The present findings might be useful for academics and policymakers to understand the pattern of cooperation and conflict in relations between South Korea and Japan and to serve as a reference for improving relations between the two countries in the future."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada dampak kebijakan luar negeri terhadap identitas kolektif suatu negara dengan menggunakan disain penelitian studi kasus dimana kasus yang digunakan adalah hubungan internasional di Semenanjung Korea. Analisis dilakukan melalui dua tahap: (1) analisis pada kebijakan luar negeri yang berfokus pada hasil kebijakan luar negeri, (2) analisis yang menjelaskan hasil kebijakan luar negeri pada empat aspek identitas kolektif: ketergantungan, kesenasiban, keseragaman, dan ketahanan diri. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kebijakan Trust Building Process Korea Selatan dan kebijakan denuklirisasi Amerika Serikat serta Tiongkok terhadap Korea Utara mempunyai pengaruh pada identitas kolektif Korea Selatan.

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This study focuses on the impact of foreign policies toward a state?s collective identity. The study was conducted by implementing a case study design which used international relation in Korea peninsula as the main case. The data of the study was analyzed in two phases: first, analysis focused on the outcomes of South Korea's, China?s, and the U.S.? foreign policies and, second, analysis on the results of the foreign policies in four aspects of collective identity, which are interdependence, common fate, homogeneity, and self-restrain. Eventually, the study concludes that South Korea's Trust Building Process policy, as well as the U.S.? and China?s denuclearization policy toward North Korea had an influence on South Korea?s collective identity."

"ABSTRAKPerkembangan dunia entertainment Korea Selatan Hallyu yang berkembang dengan pesat secara global telah terbukti secara statistik meningkatkan tingkat kedatangan turis mancanegara. Sejumlah teori dan jurnal membahas pentingnya industri pariwisata terutama yang didukung oleh perkembangan pop culture atau budaya populer dalam pembangunan ekonomi disejumlah negara. Dalam karya tulis ini, penulis mengulas kembali teori dari jurnal terdahulu dan menguji korelasi antara tren Hallyu dan industri pariwisata, serta pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan.

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ABSTRACTThe development of South Korean entertainment world Hallyu , which grows rapidly globally has been proven statistically to increase the level of foreign tourist arrivals. A number of theories and journals discuss the importance of the tourism industry mainly supported by the development of pop culture to economic development in several countries. In this paper, the authors review the theory from the aforementioned journals and tested the correlation between the trend of Hallyu and tourism industry, as well as its influence on the economic development of South Korea. "

"The following independent study paper will present an overview of the car industry in France (Europe) and South Korea (Asia) for the United States of America car industry. It will focus upon the historical background, and facts regarding several macroeconomic conditions, market conditions and socio-cultural conditions. The author chose France and South Korea, because both of them have appeared to have a good surface level for doing a foreign business for the US car Industry to open up their new production there. This paper used a literature review based on google scholars and the government's website. According to the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA) automobile output from Korea totaled 3,506.848 units in 2020, down 11.2 percent from 2020. Despite the fall in production, the country's overall auto output ranking moved up two notes from 2020. Car Production in France decreased to 1316371 Units (1316,371 K Units) in 2020. The maximum volume was 3701870 Units and minimum was 1316371 Units. Based upon the information gathered in this paper, South Korea has overall better conditions for US production and market seeking firms, compared to France, due to the historical background within the automotive industry, as well as the historical relations with the United States could support the choice for South Korea for investment opportunities, and so does the potential for future innovation capabilities of the region.

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Makalah studi independen berikut akan menyajikan gambaran industri mobil di Perancis (Eropa) dan Korea Selatan (Asia) untuk industri mobil Amerika Serikat. Ini akan fokus pada latar belakang sejarah, dan fakta mengenai beberapa kondisi makroekonomi, kondisi pasar dan kondisi sosial budaya. Penulis memilih Prancis dan Korea Selatan, karena keduanya tampaknya memiliki tingkat permukaan yang baik untuk melakukan bisnis asing bagi Industri mobil AS untuk membuka produksi baru mereka di sana. Makalah ini menggunakan literature review berdasarkan google cendekia dan website pemerintah. Menurut Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA) output mobil dari Korea mencapai 3.506,848 unit pada tahun 2020, turun 11,2 persen dari tahun 2020. Meskipun ada penurunan produksi, peringkat output mobil negara secara keseluruhan naik dua catatan dari tahun 2020. Produksi Mobil di Prancis menurun menjadi 1316371 Unit (1316,371 K Unit) pada tahun 2020. Volume maksimum adalah 3701870 Unit dan minimum 1316371 Unit. Berdasarkan informasi yang dikumpulkan dalam makalah ini, Korea Selatan secara keseluruhan memiliki kondisi yang lebih baik untuk produksi AS dan perusahaan pencari pasar, dibandingkan dengan Prancis, karena latar belakang sejarah dalam industri otomotif, serta hubungan historis dengan Amerika Serikat dapat mendukung pilihan bagi Korea Selatan untuk peluang investasi, dan begitu pula potensi kemampuan inovasi masa depan kawasan ini."