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"ABSTRAKThe search for novel biological activities from plant-based natural products is gaining traction due to the high abundance and accessibility of the plants, with consequent lower cost for discovery, and lesser side effects and toxicity on human health and the environment. This study focused on the phytochemical analyses and the potency of mangrove-associated Hibiscus tiliaceus extracts and fractions as anti-bacteria and anti- biofilm agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterial strain contributes towards biofilm formation of various infectious diseases such as cystic fibrosis in lung, and causes blockage in urinary catheter. It is also an initiator of biofouling in shipping and maritime facilities. the methanol extracts of each part of fruits, leaves, and twigs were fractionated into chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions using column chromatography. crystal violet assay was carried out for anti-biofilm activity in a 96 well-plate to evaluate the bacterial inhibition and biofilm formation. Phytocemical analyses suggested the presence of protein, carbohydrate, phenols, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, glycoside, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids in Hibiscus tiliaceus. The strongest anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities were exhibited by the chloroform fraction of fruits (HFC). the methanol crude of fruits (HFMc), methanol fraction of fruits (HFM), and chloroform fraction of twig (HTC) showed more than 80% inhibition as compared to the control.the results suggested that Hibiscus tiliaceus had a good potential to be developed as anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm agents."

"ABSTRAKAglaonema simplex is an aquatic plant that has been widely used as ornamental plants. the genus contains polyhydroxy alkaloids that exhibit the glycosidase inhibitor activity. this paper reports a phytochemical screening of in vitro Aglaonema simplex plantlets and the potential compounds as alternatives of SR-B1 ligand that plays a role in reducing atherosclerosis. the phytochemical screening was conducted using Thin Layer Chromatography and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy on methanol crude extracts of leaves, stems and roots. SR-B1 ligand activities were tested on HepG2 cell line stably transfected with SR-B1 promoter. The results showed that the extracts contained secondary metabolites belonging to the terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, alkaloids and glycosides. Luciferase assay suggested that the stem and root extracts increased the expression of SR-B1 at 1.61- and 1.72-fold higher than the control, respectively. thus, Aglaonema simplex is one of the potential sources of the phytochemicals for the treatment of atherosclerosis. the tissue culture technology may be applicable for sustainable production of the identified compounds from the plant."

"[Penelitian uji aktivitas antibakteri dari partikel nano ZnO pada konsentrasi 0,1%--1% terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 telah dilakukanmenggunakan beberapa metode uji. Metode uji yang dilakukan terdiri atasmetode kualitatif, yaitu difusi agar menggunakan paper disc dan silinder sertametode kuantitatif, yaitu tube dilution dan agar dilution. Hasil uji menunjukkanzona hambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus mulai terbentuk padakonsentrasi 0,1% ZnO. Konsentrasi 0,1% ZnO juga merupakan konsentrasiminimum bakterisidal (KMB). Laju sintas bakteri menunjukkan bahwa pada jamke-4 telah terjadi penurunan bakteri sebesar 89,15%. Analisis kandungan asamnukleat dari medium pertumbuhan pada jam ke-6 menunjukkan peningkatan(15,07%) yang menandakan adanya kerusakan sel akibat aktivitas antibakteripartikel nano ZnO yang diiringi dengan penurunan jumlah adenosine triphosphate(83,93%) yang diukur berdasarkan nilai relative light units (RLU)., Antibacterial activity of 0,1%--1% ZnO nanoparticle againstStaphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 using several methods has beenstudied. The qualitative methods used were paper disc and cylinderdiffusion, while the quantitative methods used were tube and agardilution. The results showed that zone of inhibition started to appear at0,1% ZnO concentration. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)was also determined at the same concentration. The survival rate ofbacterial cells showed a decrease of 89,15% after 4 hours of exposure.Analysis of nucleic acid compounds in growth medium indicated anincrease by 15,07% after 6 hours of incubation, which was caused by cellleakage due to ZnO antibacterial activity. This result was also supportedby decreasing amount of adenosine triphosphate (83,93%) which wasmeasured by amount of relative light units.]"

"ABSTRAKAsam galat merupakan senyawa yang dikenal memiliki potensi terapetik yang luas, sebagai antibakteri, antifungal, antiviral, antinflamasi, antialergi, hepatoprotektif, antitrombotik, dan antikarsinogenik. Potensi asam galat sebagai antibakteri merupakan peluang untuk menemukan alternatif antibakteri baru. Reaksi esterifikasi dengan senyawa alkohol dilakukan pada asam galat untuk menghasilkan derivat alkil ester galat. Senyawa asam galat dan derivatnya diujikan pada Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Kontrol positif penelitian ini adalah antibiotik Seftazidim. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode makrodilusi berdasarkan observasi kekeruhan tabung dan uji konfirmasi dengan plat agar darah. Senyawa dibagi dalam lima kelompok konsentrasi berbeda dan dilakukan pengukuran dua kali pengulangan duplo . Hasil penelitian dinyatakan dalam Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum KHM berdasarkan hasil metode makrodilusi. Dari sepuluh derivat alkil ester galat yang diujikan, dua derivat yang memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan terhadap bakteri P.aeruginosa, yakni senyawa derivat benzil galat pada konsentrasi 1967 ?g/mL dan amil galat pada konsentrasi 1822 ?g/mL. Peningkatan aktivitas antimikroba terhadap P.aeruginosa dipengaruhi oleh jumlah gugus atom karbon C , jumlah cabang dan cincin aromatis benzene.

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ABSTRACTGallic acid is known as substance which has broad bioactivities as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti inflammatory, anti allergy, hepatoprotective, anti thrombotic, and anti cancer. Potent antibacterial activity of gallic acid has become an opportunity to develop a new antibacterial agent through structure modification of gallic acid. Antibactrial activity of gallic acid and its alkyl ester derivatives were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Seftazidim antibiotic as a positive control. Macrodilution method is used to observe the turbidity of each tested sample and followed by confirmation test by blood agar. The tested samples are divided into five different concentration. Antibacterial activity is expressed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC based on the result of macrodilution method. Among ten alkyl ester derivatives of gallic acid , two derivatives showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, namely, benzyl gallate MIC 1967 g mL and amyl gallate MI C 1822 g mL . Improved antimicrobial activity against P.aeruginosa are influenced by the number of atoms of carbon C , amount of branch and aromatics benzene ring."

"Pada beberapa daerah didunia, Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan patogen yang dominan terutama dilingkungan rumah sakit. Meropenem merupakan antibiotik golongan karbapenem yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Seiring penggunaan meropenem sebagai terapi menyebabkan munculnya Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang resisten terhadap meropenem. Liposom, sebagai karier pengantaran obat telah terbukti sukses meningkatkan aktivitas antibakteri banyak senyawa obat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek enkapsulasi liposom terhadap aktivitas antibakteri meropenem pada Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode hidrasi lapis tipis untuk enkapsulasi liposom meropenem dan metode dilusi cair untuk penentuan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) larutan meropenem terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 adalah 3,91 ppm dan terhadap Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah 250 ppm. Konsentrasi bunuh minimum (KBM) larutan meropenem terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 adalah 3,91 ppm dan terhadap Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah 250 ppm sedangkan konsentrasi bunuh minimum suspensi liposom meropenem terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 adalah 7,81 ppm dan terhadap Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa adalah 500 ppm. Dengan demikian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa enkapsulasi liposom menurunkan aktivitas antibakteri meropenem terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 dan Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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In some areas in the world, Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant pathogen in the environment, especially hospitals. Meropenem is an antibiotic belonging to the carbapenem class that has antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Concomitant use of meropenem in the treatment led to the emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to meropenem. Liposome, as a carrier for drug delivery system, have been successfully improve the activity of many antibacteria compound. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of liposome encapsulation on antibacterial activity of meropenem against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method used in this research is thin layer hydration method for liposome encapsulation meropenem and liquid dilution method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The result of this research shown that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for meropenem solution against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 is 3,91 and 250 ppm when against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for meropenem solution against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 is 3,91 ppm and when against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 250 ppm while the minimum bactericidal concentration for meropenem liposomal suspension against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 is 7,81 ppm and when against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 500 ppm. Thus, the conclusion that can be drawn is liposome encapsulation decrease antibacterial activity of meropenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa."

"It was reported that the extracts of papaya leaves could inhibit the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer. Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaf extracts on pathogenic bacteria was observed in this study. Papaya leaves were extracted by using maceration method and three kinds of solvents : ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. Papaya leaf extracts were tested against Bacillus stearothermophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli by agar diffusion method. The objectives of this study were to determine extract ability against pathogenic bacteria, to observe the influence of pH, NaCl, and heat on extracts ability, and to observe extract ability against B.stearothermophilus spores.The data showed that ethyl acetate extract could inhibit B. stearothermophilus, L. monocytogenes, Pseudomonas sp., and E. coli. The extract activity was influenced by pH, and it was more effective in low pH. The extract activity was influenced by NaCl against B. stearothermophillus and E. coli . However, it was not influenced by NaCl in bioassay against L. monocytogenes and Pseudomonas sp. The extract activity was influenced by heating process against all the bacteria tested. The extracts inhibited B. stearothermophilus spores as well. Papaya leaves are potential natural anti -bacteria, which might be used in certain kinds of food."

"Infeksi adalah proses invasi dan pembiakan mikroorganisme yang terjadi di jaringan tubuh manusia yang secara klinis mungkin tidak terlihat atau dapat menimbulkan cidera seluler lokal akibat kompetisi metabolisme, toksin, replikasi intrasel atau respon antigen-antibodi. Agen penyebab infeksi antara lain adalah bakteri. Timbulnya resistensi bahkan multiresistensi yang menimbulkan banyak masalah dalam pengobatan penyakit infeksi. Sehingga diperlukan usaha untuk mengembangkan obat tradisional berasal dari tanaman yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Salah satu tanaman yang secara empiris digunakan sebagai obat antibakteri adalah binahong. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) adalah tanaman dari suku Anredera. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakterinya dan zat-zat kimia yang terkandung di dalam tanaman tersebut sebagai zat antibakteri. Ekstraksi tanaman dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut polar yaitu etanol 70 %. Kemudian dibuat 3 konsentarsi ekstrak yaitu 20%, 40%, dan 80%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram kertas dengan mengamati diameter zona hambat. Hasil uji antibakteri ekstrak daun binahong memperlihatkan adanya aktivitas terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Dan ekstrak daun binahong dengan konsentrasi 80% yang paling besar zona hambatnya. Digunakan kontrol positif yaitu antibiotik amoksisilin + asam klavulanat dan antibiotik siprofloksasin. Sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah etanol 70%.

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Infection is the invasion and breeding of microorganisms that occurs in human body tissue which may not be apparent clinically or may cause local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication or antigen-antibody response. Infectious agents include bacteria. The emergence of resistance or even multi-resistance can cause a lot of problems in the treatment for infectious diseases. Therefore, multi-resistance towards antibiotics becomes a severe problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop traditional medicines derived from plants that can kill the bacteria which resistant towards antibiotics. One of the plants empirically used as antibacterial drugs is binahong. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) is a plant from Anredera species. The research has been conducted to determine the antibacterial activity and chemical substances contained within the plant as an antibacterial agent. The extraction plant has been done by maceration method using a polar solvent that is 70% ethanol. Then made 3 extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 80%. Antibacterial activity has tested by using paper disc diffusion method in order to observing the inhibition zone. Antibacterial test results of binahong leaf extraction showed the activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were resistant to multiple antibiotics. And the leaf extract with a concentration of 80% binahong greatest inhibition zone. The positive control that was used are amoxicillin antibiotic + clavulanic acid and ciprofloxacin antibiotic, while the negative control that was used is 70% of ethanol."

"Pendahuluan: Periodontitis merupakan inflamasi kronis yang terjadi pada jaringan periodonsium, ditandai dengan hilangnya perlekatan ligamen periodontal dan kerusakan tulang alveolar. Periodontitis yang terus berlanjut tanpa ditangani dapat menyebabkan kehilangan gigi. Bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans merupakan salah satu bakteri yang memiliki berbagai faktor virulensi penyebab terjadinya periodontitis. Hal ini menyebabkan diperlukannya agen antibakteri, untuk melakukan kontrol terhadap aktivitas bakteri periodontopatogen. Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) diharapkan mampu menjadi agen antibakteri karena sifat antibakteri yang dimilikinya.Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans secara in vitro.Metode: Uji zona hambat dan total plate count dilakukan dengan bahan uji gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 25%, gel klorheksidin 0,2% sebagai kontrol positif, serta gel tanpa bahan aktif sebagai kontrol negatif. Uji zona hambat dilakukan pada tiga koloni bakteri berbeda, dengan cara meletakkan cakram kertas yang telah dipaparkan bahan uji pada 5 plat agar Mueller-Hinton untuk tiap satu koloni bakteri. Pada uji total plate count, dilakukan penghitungan koloni bakteri yang tumbuh setelah dipaparkan bahan uji.Hasil: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) konsentrasi 15% dan 25% menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p-value <0,05). Kesimpulan: Gel ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosela (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans pada konsentrasi 15% dan 25%.

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Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontium, characterized by loss of periodontal ligament attachment and alveolar bone destruction. The advanced form of periodontitis could lead to tooth loss. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a bacterial that has a significant role in periodontitis by its various virulence factors. Therefore, antibacterial agents are needed to control the periodontal pathogen bacteria activity. Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) could be an antibacterial agent because of its antibacterial effect.

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on in vitro study.

Methods: Disk diffusion test (zone of inhibition) and total plate count test were performed using roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 25%, 0.2% chlorhexidine gel as positive control and blank gel as negative control. Zone of inhibition test was carried out on three different bacterial colonies, by placing paper disk that had been exposed to gel on 5 Mueller-Hinton agar plates for each bacterial colony. Total plate count test was performed by counting bacterial colonies after exposed from the test material.

Results: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) concentrations of 15% and 25% showed statistically significant differences when compared to negative controls (p-value <0.05).

Conclusions: Roselle calyx ethanol extract gel (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) is effective in inhibiting the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at 15% and 25% concentrations."

"Tujuan mekanisme khasiat antibakteri minyak atsiri rimpang temu kunci belum pernah dilaporkan. Telah dilakukan analisis mekanisme aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri rimpang temu kunci yang berasal dari Yogyakarta terhadap Bacillus cereus. Aktivitas yang diamati meliputi kemampuan minyak atsiri temu kunci dalam mengganggu permeabilitas membran sel sehingga menyebabkan kebocoran sel dan perubahan morfologi sel. Kebocoran sel diamati dengan keluarnya ion Ca+2, K+, protein dan asam nukleat. Kebocoran ion diukur dengan metoda spektrometri serapan atom. Kebocoran protein diamati dengan alat spektrofotometer UV pada panjang gelombang 280 nm, sedangkan asam nukleat pada 260 nm. Perubahan morfologi sel diamati dengan alat scanning electron microscopy. Hasil Nilai minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dari minyak atsiri temu kunci adalah 0,12 % (v/v). Perlakuan B.cereus dengan minyak atsiri 1 MIC dan 2 MIC memberi pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kebocoran sel dibanding kontrol (P<0.05). Ion K+ yang terlepas dari sel adalah 10.32-35.57%, dan ion Ca+2 adalah 15.05-41.54%. Protein yang teramati pada 280 nm menunjukkan absorbansi antara 0.6330-0.8670, sedangkan asam nukleat 0.4320-0.8307, dan semuanya berbeda bermakna dibanding kontrol (P<0.05). Pada pemberian 1 MIC minyak atsiri temu kunci sel B.cereus berubah menjadi lebih tebal, dengan lekukan-lekukan yang signifikan di seluruh sel. Pemberian 2 MIC minyak atsiri menyebabkan sel berubah menjadi transparan, kosong dan berpenampilan seperti ghost cell. Kesimpulan Minyak atsiri kaempheria pandurata menyebabkan kebocoran dan perubahan morfologi bakteri.

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Abstract

Aim The mechanism of temu kunci tuber essential oil potential as antimicrobial agent has not been reported. To analyze the mechanism of antibacterial activity of temu kunci tuber essential oil from Yogyakarta on B.cereus. Antibacterial activity of essential oil were analyzed for its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membrane, that caused cell leakage and altered the morphology of the bacteria. Leakage was measured by analyzing the Ca+2, K+ ion outflow using an atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS), and protein and nucleic acid using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UVS) on 280 nm and 260 nm respectively. Alterations in morphology were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of temu kunci essential oil on B.cereus was 0.12% (v/v). Treatment of B. cereus using 1MIC and 2MIC showed significant leakage compared to control (P<0.05). The K+ and Ca+2 ion leakage from the bacterial cells were between 10.32-35.57% and 15.05-41.54% respectively and showed significant difference compared to control (P<0.05). The absorbance observed by UVS for protein and nucleic acid leakage were 0.6330-0.8670 at 280 nm and 0.4320-0.8307 at 260 nm, respectively, and were significantly different compared to control (P<0.05). Exposure of 1 MIC temu kunci essential oil on B.cereus caused thickening as well as irregularities on the cell wall. At 2 MIC cells seemed transparent, empty looking and showed a ghost-like appearance. Conclusion Kaempheria pondurata essential oil could cause leakage and alter the morphology of the bacteria."

"Masalah resistensi antimikroba yang berkembang menyebabkan munculnya kuman panresisten, yang resisten terhadap semua antimikroba yang tersedia. Munculnya bakteri panresisten ini menggambarkan suatu titik akhir yang mengkhawatirkan karena tidak tersedia pilihan terapi antibiotik yang rasional. Peningkatan kejadian resistensi antibiotik disertai penurunan produksi antibiotik baru sehingga diperlukan evaluasi dari kombinasi antibiotik yang sudah ada. Fosfomisin adalah antibiotik lama yang tidak memiliki resistensi silang dengan golongan antibiotik lain sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan interaksi yang sinergis terhadap bakteri resisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi antibakteri in vitro kombinasi fosfomisin dan beberapa antibiotik lain, yaitu doripenem, moksifloksasin, kolistin dan amikasin terhadap kuman batang Gram negatif panresisten. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji kombinasi antibiotik menggunakan metode Etest terhadap 15 isolat kuman panresisten, yang terdiri dari Acinetobater baumanii (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2). Interaksi yang terjadi dinilai berdasarkan indeks Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC), yaitu sinergi bila indeks FIC ≤ 0,5, indiferen bila indeks FIC 0,5 sampai 4, dan antagonis bila indeks FIC > 4. Isolat kuman berasal dari berbagai jenis spesimen yang diperiksakan di laboratorium otomasi RSUPNCM. Interaksi antibakteri in vitro yang terjadi terhadap isolat kuman A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa, dan K. pneumoniae panresisten, baik dengan kombinasi fosfomisin dan amikasin, fosfomisin dan doripenem, fosfomisin dan moksifloksasin, serta fosfomisin dan kolistin pada semua isolat bersifat indiferen (100%). Tidak ditemukan interaksi yang bersifat sinergi atau antagonis.

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The evolving problem of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to the emergence of clinical isolates to pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, i.e. resistant to all available antibiotics.The emergence of pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria represents a worrying endpoint in the development of antimicrobial resistance. The increased incidence of antibiotic resistance accompanied by decreased production of new antibiotics required the evaluation of combinations of existing antibiotics.

The aim of this study to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial interaction of combination fosfomycin with doripenem, amikacin, colistin and moxifloxacin against PDR Gram negative bacteria. We evaluated antibiotic combinatinons against 15 panresistant clinical isolates, which consisted of Acinetobater baumanii (n=8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5) dan Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2). The in vitro antibacterial interactions were evaluated by determination of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. Synergy was defined as FIC index ≤ 0,5, indiferen as FIC index 0,5 to 4, and antagonism as FIC index > 4. The isolates were collected at RSUPNCM hospital from various clinical specimens.

The in vitro antibacterial interaction against A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae panresistant isolates, either with the combination of fosfomycin and amikacin, fosfomycin and doripenem, fosfomycin and moxifloxacin, as well as fosfomycin and colistin showed indifferent to all isolates (100%). No interaction was found synergistic or antagonistic."