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"Posthumanism represents a significant new research direction both for International Relations and the social sciences. It emerges from questions about inter-species relations which challenge dominant perceptions of what it means to be human. Rather than seeing the human species as'in nature' posthumanist thinking considers the species as'of nature'. The work of posthumanist thinkers has sought to dispute accepted notions of what it means to be human, raising profound questions about our relations with the rest of nature. The volume commences with an overview of the influence thinkers have had on the development of posthumanist thinking.Key ideas in International Relations are interrogated and reconceptualised and specific case studies are presented with a focus on inter-species relations. The work allows for a consideration of the limits of the posthumanist move and provides space for critics to argue that such an approach opens the discipline up to a biological determinism, and that a focus on inter-human relations should mark the boundaries of the discipline. The essays collected in this volume provide an overview of contributions from posthumanist thinkers with the particular intention of providing a succinct introduction to the area and should appeal to scholars and students in Politics, IR and philosophy"

"ABSTRAKKarya ilmiah ini menganalisa karya-karya seni Nam June Paik yang mencakup berbagai instalasi, patung,pertunjukan, dan video. Diinformasikan oleh gagasan `posthuman sibernetis` seperti yang diusulkan oleh N.Katherine Hayles dalam How We Became Posthuman, sebuah konsep yang dirinya dibangun di atas teorisibernetika Norbert Wiener, karya tersebut mencoba untuk menghubungkan teori-teori posthumanis tentangdematerialisasi, rematerialisasi, perwujudan, dan virtualitas dari perspektif sibernetika ke `teknologi manusiawi`Nam June Paik sebagai karya seni. Karya ilmiah ini kemudian membahas pendekatan visual dan konseptualPaik serta filosofinya terhadap teknologi-khususnya hubungan antara teknologi dan tubuh, dan persimpanganteknologi dan budaya-pandangan utopis yang saya ambil dalam mempertimbangkan kembali hubungan kitasendiri dengan teknologi dalam konteks media digital saat ini, dengan tujuan untuk menawarkan sikap yanglebih optimis terhadapnya.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the installations, sculptures, performances, and videos that make up Nam June Paik`s(1932-2006) body of work. Informed by notions of the `cybernetic posthuman` as proposed by N. KatherineHayles in How We Became Posthuman, a concept which in turn is built upon Norbert Wiener`s cybernetictheory, it attempts to relate posthumanist theories of dematerialisation, rematerialisation, embodiment, andvirtuality from a cybernetic perspective to Nam June Paik`s `humanised technology` as art. It then discussesPaik`s visual and conceptual approach and his philosophy towards technology-particularly the relationshipbetween technology and body, and the intersection of technology and culture-a utopian view that I take inreconsidering our own relationship with technology in today`s digital media context, in hopes of offering a moreoptimistic attitude towards it."

"Di awal dan sepanjang abad 20 ada beberapa kemajuan penting dalam penanggulangan tuberkulosis, termasuk ditemukannya vaksin dan pengembangan obat anti-TB. Tetapi, memasuki abad ke-21 ini TB ternyata masih merupakan masalah kesehatan penting. Bila tidak ada perubahan memadai, maka di tahun 2020 jumlah kasus baru akan meningkat menjadi 11 juta jiwa. Masalah TB yang utama meliputi kegagalan memberikan obat dengan baik, penemuan kasus yang lemah, vaksin yang tidak adekuat, meningkatnya resistensi terhadap obat, kegagalan pemberian terapi profilaksis dan migrasi penduduk, epidemi HIV serta infeksi nosokomial. Dalam hal perkembangan diagnosis di masa datang, diperlukan sarana yang mampu mendeteksi infeksi laten, meningkatkan kemampuan pemeriksaan sediaan langsung, memperbaiki diagnosis pasien dengan BTA (-) dan mendapatkan cara sederhana untuk uji kepekaan. Beberapa tehnik diagnosis baru meliputi nucleic acid probes, amplification tests, high performances liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas / liquid chromatography (GLC), dan automated system for radiometric and non radiometric detection dan penggunaan molecular fingerprinting. Di pihak lain, obat baru juga amat diperlukan untuk memperpendek lama pengobatan, mampu mengobati resistensi ganda (MDR) serta dapat mengobati infeksi laten. Beberapa obat / bahan yang diharapkan punya efek anti mikobakterial yang baik antara lain adalah fluorokuinolon, oksazolidinon, nitroimidazol, tiolaktomisin, nitroimidazopiran dan isositrate liase inhibitor. Riset untuk menemukan obat baru memang terbentur pada aspek finansial dan perhitungan kemungkinan keuntungan yang tidak terlalu menjanjikan. Untuk menjamin proses penemuan penderita dan pengobatannya maka harus dilangsungkan program penanggulangan TB secara nasional dengan baik, dan juga di tingkat global. Integrasi program TB dengan penanggulangan masalah merokok serta program penanggulangan penyakit paru kronik mungkin dapat jadi salah satu alternatif. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 190-4)

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Beginning and during the 20th century there were several milestones in TB control, including the development of vaccine and chemotherapy. But , as we enter the 21th century, TB continue be a global public health problem and if there is no improvement in TB control, the number of new TB cases is projected to rise to 11 million by 2020. Problems faced include inability to deliver / assure chemotherapy, deficient case finding, inadequate vaccine, rising level of drug resistance, failure to employ preventive chemotherapy and migration, HIV epidemics and nosocomial transmission. As far as recent advances in TB diagnostics, there is a need to find a tool for identification of latent infection, detection of diseases in migrant and other high risk populations, replace or facilitate AFB microscopy, improve the diagnosis of AFB smear-negative cases, and simple tools for determining drugs susceptibility. New diagnostic technologies includes nucleic acid probes, amplification tests, high performances liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas / liquid chromatography (GLC), and automated system for radiometric and non radiometric detection and molecular fingerprinting approach. In the coming years new drugs are needed, especially to shorten the duration of TB treatment or otherwise simplify its completion, improve the treatment of latent TB infection and to be eliminate. MDR-TB. There are some problems in pursue tuberculosis research because of the high investment required to bring a product to market and lack of likely commercial returns. Some new drugs and molecules with promising antimycobacterial activity include Fluoroquinolone, Oxazolidinones, Nitroimidazole, Thiolactomycine, Nitroimidazopyran and Isocitrate lyase inhibitor. To deliver good case finding and treatment, effective TB control program should be implemented in the country, as well as globally. The integration of TB control program with tobacco control program and chronic respiratory diseases control program could be one of the alternative. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 190-4)"