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"Bermain sangat penting untuk perkembangan anak-anak karena memiliki peran terhadap kognitif, fisik, sosial dan emosional anak-anak. Bermain dapat dilakukan baik di sekolah maupun di lingkungan pemukiman. Untuk memahami masalah ini, tulisan ini berusaha untuk membahas tentang aktivitas bermain anak dan implikasi spasialnya melalui penelitian literatur terutama dari dua jurnal artikel relevan yang ditulis 1) oleh Casey dkk yang melakukan penelitian terkait perkembangan kognitif seperti aktivitas block-building di dalam kelas yang melibatkan cerita dongeng yang memicu siswa taman kanak-kanak di Boston, Massachusetts dan Houston, Texas untuk belajar sambil bermain; dan 2) oleh McKenzie dkk yang melakukan penelitian terkait perkembangan fisik seperti aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan di lingkungan sekolah oleh siswa sekolah dasar di San Diego County, Caifornia Selatan saat sebelum sekolah, saat jam istirahat, dan saat jam makan siang. Temuan penelitian literatur ini telah menunjukkan bahwa peran perbedaan gender dalam studi literatur berbeda dalam hal perkembangan kognitif; perbedaan gender tampak pada kemampuan rotasi mental dalam kemampuan spasial anak; dalam hal perkembangan fisik, perbedaan gender terlihat pada intensitas aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan anak perempuan dan anak laki-laki. Ekspresi spasial anak secara nyata dapat kita lihat, ekspresi tersebut tidak terlepas dari kemampuan spasial anak karena merupakan hasil dari proses spasial yang terjadi di dalam benak anak.

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Play is essential to children's development because it contributes to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and youth. Playing can be done both in school and in the residential areas. To understand the issue, this Skripsi or academic essay seek to discuss of children playing and its spatial implication through literature research especially those from two relevant article journals written 1) by Casey et al, that research related to cognitive development such as block-building activities in classes involving storytelling that triggered kindergarten students in Boston, Massachusetts and Houston, Texas to learn while playing, and 2) by McKenzie et al that research related to physical development such as physical activity that carried out in the school surroundings by elementary school students in San Diego County, South California before school, during recess, and during lunch time.

Findings of this literature research have shown that the role of gender differences in the literature study differs in terms of cognitive development; there is a gender difference in mental rotation abilities in the spatial abilities of children; in terms of physical development, gender differences are seen in the intensity of physical activity performed by girls and boys. The spatial expression of the child can be clearly seen, the expression can not be separated from the spatial ability of the child because it is the result of spatial process that occurs in the childs mind."

""Children's Play looks at the many facets of play and how it develops from infancy through late childhood. Authors W. George Scarlett, Sophie Naudeau, Dorothy Salonius-Pasternak, and Iris Ponte take a broad approach to examining how children play by including a wide variety of types of play, play settings, and play media. The book also discusses major revolutions in the way today's children play, including changes in organized youth sports, children's humor, and electronic play. Children's Play addresses diversity throughout the text and explores play on the topics of gender, disabilities, socioeconomic class, and culture." "Children's Play is an excellent textbook for advanced undergraduate courses on child behavior in the areas of Psychology, Human Development and Family Studies, Education, Early Childhood Education, and Educational Psychology. It is also a useful resource for professionals already working with children including preschool, elementary, and junior high school teachers, daycare workers, and related fields."--BOOK JACKET."

"Depiksi gender di media mainstream pada umumnya mengikuti norma-norma dan stereotipe-stereotipe yang konon diatribusikan ke gender tertentu layaknya sebuah peran yang dimana pria dan wanita harus bersikap secara spesifik tergantung dari jenis kelamin mereka berdasarkan apa yang dianggap normal oleh masyarakat tertentu. Acara Steven Universe 2013-sekarang adalah kartun serial yang ditayangkan di saluran Cartoon Network, yang dimana acara tersebut dibuat untuk anak-anak sebagai target demografis mereka. Akan tetapi, walaupun target demografis mereka adalah anak-anak, kartun tersebut mendepiksikan gender dengan cara yang berbeda dibandingkan dengan kartun-kartun yang lain. Melalui lensa lsquo;Gender Performativity rsquo; dari buku Gender Trouble yang ditulis oleh Judith Butler, makalah ini melihat lebih dalam bagaimana kartun Steven Universe mendepiksikan gender, norma gender dan stereotipenya melalui tiga karakter utama dari acara tersebut dan bagaimana cara kartun tersebut mendepiksikan gender dibandingkan dengan cara gender sering didepiksikan di media mainstream.

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Depiction of gender in the mainstream media often follows the norms and stereotypes that are often attributed to specific genders, such as gender roles that determine what women and men should be like and how they should behave based on their sex, which often falls within the purview of what a given society considers as normal. Steven Universe 2013-present is a cartoon series that is aired on the channel Cartoon Network, which, by its nature as a cartoon, is designed for and aimed at children to consume. Yet despite its target demographic being children, it stands out among other shows in how it depicts gender. Using the lens of lsquo;Gender Performativity rsquo; by Judith Butler rsquo;s Gender Trouble, this paper examines how Steven Universe depicts gender itself, its norms and stereotypes through the show rsquo;s three main characters and how it contributes to their narrative along with comparing them to how gender is often depicted in mainstream media."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis implikasi ideologis dari representasi atas ras dan gender di Modern Family. Dengan menggunakan analisis tekstual melalui close reading, penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian: bagaimanakah Modern Family melibatkan diri dengan ideologi ras dan gender yang dominan serta apakah implikasi ideologis akhir yang dihasilkan dari keterlibatan tersebut.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Modern Family melanggengkan ideologi ras dan gender yang dominan dan bukannya menentang hal tersebut. Dalam hal ras, Modern Family menujukkan superioritas orang kulit putih dibandingkan orang kulit berwarna. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa dalam penggambaran gendernya, Modern Family melanggengkan ideologi patriarki. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Modern Family menyangkal misinya sendiri untuk menampilkan masyarakat modern Amerika.

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This research examines the ideological implications of the representation of race and gender in Modern Family. Utilized with textual analysis through close reading, this research seeks to answer the research questions: how Modern Family engages with the dominant ideology of race and gender and what the final ideological implication of the engagement with the dominant ideology is.The findings of the research indicate that Modern Family further perpetuates dominant ideology of race and gender instead of challenging it. In terms of race, Modern Family suggests white people superiority over people of color. The research also reveals that in its gender depiction, the sitcom maintains the ideology of patriarchy. In the end, the thesis concludes that Modern Family contradicts its mission to present the modern day American society."

"Studi ini menganalisis pengaruh preferensi gender orangtua terhadap aktivitas anak usia 12-17 tahun di Indonesia dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2012. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa orangtua cenderung mengutamakan laki-laki dalam pendidikan dan pekerjaan dan sebaliknya cenderung mengutamakan perempuan dalam mengurus rumah tangga. Adanya preferensi laki-laki dalam pendidikan cenderung menguntungkan pendidikan anak laki-laki daripada anak perempuan. Namun, adanya preferensi laki-laki dalam pekerjaan cenderung menguntungkan anak perempuan daripada anak laki-laki. Kemudian, orangtua yang memiliki preferensi perempuan dalam mengurus rumah tangga cenderung merugikan pendidikan anak laki-laki maupun perempuan. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa preferensi gender orangtua tidak selalu menguntungkan bagi pendidikan anak.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of parents' gender preferences on children's activities using 12-17 years old respondents from Susenas 2012. The results show that parents tend to have male preference in education and employment and female preference in housework. Male preference in education tends to give advantage for sons' education than daughters'. But male preference in employment tends to give advantage for daughters' education than sons'. Parents who have female preference in housework give disadvantage in education for both sons and daughters. This indicates that parents' gender preferences do not always give advantage on children's education."