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"Pendahuluan: Salah satu faktor virulensi utama yang mempengaruhi perubahan Candida albicans(C. albicans) dari flora komensal menjadi patogen adalah pembentukan biofilm. Pada biofilm fase maturasi, C. albicansmenjadi lebih resisten terhadap agen antifungal. Telah dibuktikan efek inhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm C. albicans. Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran TEM sel C. albicans ATCC 10231pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terinhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET). Metode: Penelitian ini dibagi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan tanpa perlakuan. Sebanyak 100μL suspensi C. albicans ATCC 10231dalam 96-well-plate diinkubasi selama 1.5 jam pada 370C,kemudian diaspirasi dan dibilas menggunakan PBS. Pada kelompok perlakuan dipapar 100μLEET dengan konsentrasi KHBM50(35%), sedangkan kelompok tanpa perlakuan tidak dipapar EET. Kedua kelompok di inkubasi kembali hingga 48 jam, kemudian dipindahkan ke Eppendorf tube untuk difiksasi dalam 2.5% glutaraldehyde dan dilakukan pemeriksaan TEM. Kontrol positif dipapar nystatin oral suspension. Hasil: Pemeriksaan TEM pada kelompok perlakuan, sel C. albicansATCC 10231 pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terpapar ekstrak etanol temulawak terlihat perubahan gambaran ultrastruktur yang berupa perubahan bentuk sel, penebalan dinding sel, pembesaran vakuola, dan iregularitas sitoplasma berikut organel-organel di dalamnya seperti disorganisasi pada nukleus, mitokondria, dan retikulum endoplasma. Sedangkan pada kelompok tanpa perlakuan menunjukan gambaran sel C. albicans ATCC 10231 normal. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan TEM dapat menunjukkan perubahan sel C. albicans ATCC 10231 pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terinhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak.

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Introduction: One of main virulence factor that influence the alteration of Candida albicans (C. albicans) from commensal flora into pathogenic flora is biofilm formation. At the maturation phase, C. albicans ismore resistant to antifungal agent. It has been proven that there is an inhibition effect of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) on the growth of C. albicans biofilm.

Objective: To analyze the TEM image of C. albicans cell on the maturation phase of biofilm inhibit by Javanese turmeric ethanol extract.

Method: This research divided into two groups, there were treated group and untreated group. A 100μLC. albicans ATCC 10231 suspension on a 96-well-plate incubated for 1.5 hour at 370C, and then aspirated and washed by phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The treated group was exposed to 100μL Javanese turmeric ethanol extract as MBIC50 concentration (35%), while the untreated group was not exposed to Javanese turmeric ethanol extract. Both groups were incubated until 48 h, and then moved into the Eppendorf tube and fixed with glutaraldehyde 2.5% to examine using TEM. The positive control was exposed to nystatin oral suspension.

Result: Compared to the negative control, C. albicans cell on biofilm maturation phase treated by Javanese turmeric extract ethanol extract shows the alteration on the its ultra structure. The alteration showed in shape, the thickness of cell wall, the enlargement of vacuole, and irregularity of cytoplasm include the organelles in it such as disorganization on nucleus, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Conclusion: TEM examination showed the alteration of C. albicans ATCC 10231 cell on maturation phase biofilm inhibited by Javanese turmeric ethanol extract."

"Pendahuluan: Perubahan sistem pertahanan pejamu atau kondisi rongga mulut dapat menyebabkan infeksi Candida albicans (C. albicans) yang disebut kandidiasis oral. Xanthorrhizol adalah komponen aktif Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang memiliki efek antijamur. Gambar Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) sel C. albicans yang terpapar xanthorrhizol menunjukkan penonjolan sitoplasma dan adhesi antar sel. Tidak diketahui bagaimana perubahan ultrastruktural pada sel C. albicans. Tujuan: Menggunakan TEM untuk menganalisis perubahan ultrastruktur sel C. albicans pada biofilm fase pematangan pasca-inhibisi dengan Ekstrak Etanol Temulawak (EET). Metode: Biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 yang ditumbuhkan pada kawat selama 1,5 jam dihambat dengan 25% EET selama 48 jam. Kelompok kontrol positif tidak diberi nistatin sedangkan kelompok kontrol negatif tidak diberi apa-apa. Sampel difiksasi dengan 2,5% glutaraldehid, didehidrasi dengan etanol, dan dibenamkan dalam resin spurr sebelum diamati dengan TEM. Hasil: Terlihat distorsi dinding sel, membran plasma, dan organel serta invaginasi membran plasma. Kesimpulan: Penghambatan biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 oleh 25% EET menyebabkan kerusakan pada ultrastruktur sel C. albicans ATCC 10231.

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Changes of hosts defense system or oral condition causing infection of Candida albicans (C. albicans) is called oral candidiasis. Xanthorrhizol is an active component of javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) which has antifungal effect. C. albicans cells Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image exposed to xanthorrhizol showed cytoplasm protrusion and clumping. The ultrastructure changes inside the C. albicans cell is not known yet. Objective: Using TEM to analyse the ultrastructure image of C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells in maturation phase of biofilm inhibited by 25% EET. Methods: C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm which had been cultured on wire for 1.5 hours was inhibited by 25% EET. Group of positive control was exposed by nystatin whereas group of negative control was exposed to nothing. Sampel was being fixated with glutaraldehyde 2.5%, dehydrathed by ethanol, and embedded inside spurrs resin before being observed with TEM. Results: Cell wall, plasma membrane, and organelles distortion, along with plasma membrane invagination. Conclusion: C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm inhibition with 25% EET caused damages in C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells ultrastructure."

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"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), sebagai salah satu tanaman obat unggulan Indonesia, dilaporkan memiliki efek eradikasi terhadap biofilm Candida albicans (C. albicans). Studi analisis Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) melaporkan penurunan densitas biofilm serta perubahan morfologi sel C. albicans yang terpapar Ekstrak Etanol Temulawak (EET). Namun bagaimana perubahan ultrastruktur sel C. albicans pada biofilm fase maturasi yang tereradikasi EET belum diketahui. Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran ultrastruktur sel C. albicans ATCC 10231 pada biofilm fase maturasi setelah paparan EET. Metode: Biofilm C. albicans diinkubasi selama 48 jam agar mencapai fase maturasi, kemudian kelompok perlakuan dipaparkan EET dengan konsentrasi sesuai kadar eradikasi biofilm minimal (KEBM) yaitu 30%, kelompok kontrol positif diberikan paparan nystatin 100000 IU/ml, dan kelompok kontrol negatif tidak diberikan perlakuan. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) dipakai untuk melihat perubahan ultrastruktur sel C. albicans pada biofilm. Hasil: Perubahan gambaran ultrastruktur sel C. albicans pada biofilm fase maturasi yang dipaparkan EET meliputi perubahan bentuk sel, perubahan ketebalan dinding sel, serta kerusakan organel. Kesimpulan: Analisis TEM menunjukkan perubahan sel Candida albicans ATCC 10231 pada sebagian sel biofilm fase maturasi yang tereradikasi EET.

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Background: Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.), as one of Indonesia’s eminent medicinal plant, had been reported for having eradication effect towards Candida albicans biofilm. SEM studies have shown that the exposure of javanese turmeric ethanol extract decreases the biofilm density and made changes in C. albicans cells morphology. However, the changes in cellular ultrastructure of C. albicans in biofilm at maturation phase which has been eradicated by javanese turmeric extract is not yet known. Objective: Analyzing the image of cellular ultrastructure of C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm at maturation phase after exposed to Javanese turmeric ethanol extract using Transmission Electron Microscopy. Method: C. albicans biofilm was incubated for 48 hours to achieve maturation phase, then the treatment group was exposed to 30% javanese turmeric ethanol extract according to the minimum biofilm eradication concentration, the positive control group was exposed to nystatin 100000 IU/ml, and the negative control group wasn’t exposed to anything. TEM was used to observe the cellular ultrastructure changes of the C. albicans biofilm. Result: The changes observed in the image of cellular ultrastructure of C. albicans biofilm treatment group were different cellular shape, different cell wall thicknesses, and damaged organelles. Conclusion: TEM analysis showed the changes occurred in the image of some cells in C. albicans biofilm at maturation phase which has been eradicated by javanese turmeric ethanol extract."