Pembuatan detergen nanofluida biodegradable dari Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuktikan bahwa PKO dapat dikonversi menjadi Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) dan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku detergen nanofluida yang bersifat biodegradable. PKO merupakan bahan baku utama dalam produk makanan salah satunya creamer. Limbah Industri creamer mengandung PKO sebesar 40% sehingga pada penelitian ini PKO digunakan sebagai model lemak limbah industri creamer. Pertama-tama PKO diesterifikasi dengan katalis asam untuk menurunkan %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). Proses esterifikasi dapat mengubah %FFA dari 4,13% menjadi 0,54% dan menghasilkan produk berupa metil ester dan trigliserida. Selanjutnya produk esterifikasi ditransesterifikasi dengan katalis basa. Pada proses transesterifikasi, asam lemak PKO berhasil terkonversi menjadi metil ester sebesar 99,52%. Metil ester kemudian disulfonasi dengan variasi rasio mol metil ester:NaHSO3 sebesar 1:2-1:4 dengan variasi optimum yaitu pada rasio 1:4 dilihat dari nilai tegangan permukaannya sebesar 37,2 dyne/cm2. Selanjutnya dilakukan tahap sintesis detergen dengan variasi komposisi MES 1,0%; 1,3%; 1,4%; 1,5%; 2,0%; 3,0% dengan konsentrasi TiO2 tetap yaitu sebesar 0,1%. Tahap sintesis detergen dilanjutkan dengan pengujian detergen yang terdiri dari uji kestabilan, uji pengangkatan dan degradasi kotoran serta uji biodegradable. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa komposisi MES 3,0% pada detergen menunjukkan hasil yang optimum. Kestabilan detergen, kemampuan pengangkatan kotoran, degradasi kotoran masing-masing mencapai 99,8%; 71,02% dan 90,61%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis biodegradable yang menunjukkan bahwa MES dan detergen nanofluida berperan sebagai substrat (sumber nutrisi bakteri) dengan pertumbuhan bakteri selama 10 hari masing-masing mencapai 27,58% dan 57,9%.
Synthesis of biodegradable nanofluid detergent from Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) is done. The purpose of this study is to prove that PKO can be converted to Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) and used as a biodegradable nanofluid detergent raw material. PKO is the main raw material in food products, one of them is creamer. Solid waste creamer contains 40% fat so in this research PKO is used as a fat model for creamer industrial waste. First of all PKO is esterified with an acid catalyst to reduce %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). The esterification process can change the %FFA from 4.13% to 0.545% and produce a product in the form of methyl esters and triglycerides. Then the esterification product is transesterified with a base catalyst. During the transesterification process, PKO fatty acids were successfully converted to methyl ester by 99,52%. The methyl ester is then sulfonated with a variation of the mole ratio of methyl ester:NaHSO3 of 1:2-1:4 with optimum variation at a ratio of 1:4 seen from the value of surface tension of 37.2 dyne/cm2. The detergent synthesis stage is then carried out with variations in the composition of MES 1.0%; 1.3%; 1.4%; 1.5%; 2.0%; 3.0% with fixed TiO2 concentration of 0.1%. Detergent synthesis phase is continued with detergent testing which consists of stability test, stain removal and degradation test, and biodegradable test. The test results showed that the 3.0% MES composition in the detergent showed optimum results. The stability of the detergent, the ability to remove stain, the degradation ability is 99.80%; 71.02% and 90.61% respectively. Then a biodegradable analysis was carried out which showed that MES and detergent nanofluid acted as a substrate (bacterial nutrient source) with bacterial growth for 10 days reached 27.58% and 57.9% respectively.
"Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been applied as a transparent heater. However, research on ZnO microrod as transparent heaters has not been developed. In this study, the fabrication of microrod ZnO was carried out by using the chemical bath deposition method. The material used is zinc nitrate tetrahydrate and hexamethylentetramine. The variables in this study were the concentration of seed solutions of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.025, and 0.050 M and the hydrothermal treatment in the sample 0.015 M. The characterization of ZnO microrod was carried out using XRD, FESEM, UV-Vis and four point probes. The results showed an increase in solution concentration was able to reduce the energy band gap, Eg of ZnO microrod which is 3.60 to 3.18 eV and increase the size of the crystallite which is 41.541 to 95.076 nm. The largest diameter of ZnO microrod is 288.252 nm at a concentration of 0.015 M. In addition, an increase in the concentration of the solution causes transmittance and resistivity to decrease, from 72% to 35% and from 0.787 x10-4 to 0.013 x 10-4 Ωcm, respectively. The hydrothermal treatment of 0.015 M sample caused a decrease in diameter from 288. 252 to 125.824 nm and increased the size of the crystallite and lowered Eg, from 71.198 to 165.696 nm and from 3.25 to 3.19 eV, respectively. In addition, it has decreases transmittance and resistivity from 50.5% to 38% and from 1.126 x 10-4 to 0.833 x 10-4 Ωcm, respectively. The hydrothermal treatment produces optimum transparent heaters.
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