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"ABSTRACTThe reversed gender gap in education leads to a growing proportion of an educational hypogamy. This marriage pattern can alter the status of the main earner in the family as women have a higher earning potential than their spouses. However, this pattern doesnt automatically turn women to be the main earner as the gender pay gap is still to the advantage of men occurring from the motherhood penalty, gendered segregation in fields of study and occupations, and gender roles in marriages mdash womens kodrat. Using the fifth wave of IFLS, this study examines whether an educational hypogamy is associated with womens likelihood to be the main earner of the family. The study finds an educational hypogamy positively affects womens probability as the main earner in the family. Age gap and working sectors are also found to be significantly affecting the likelihood yet the motherhood status, ethnicity, living place is insignificant.

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ABSTRAKKesenjangan gender yang terbalik dalam pendidikan menyebabkan peningkatan proporsi hipogami pendidikan. Pola pernikahan ini dapat mengubah status breadwinner dalam keluarga karena wanita memiliki potensi penghasilan yang lebih tinggi daripada pasangannya. Akan tetapi, pola ini tidak secara otomatis mengubah perempuan menjadi breadwinner karena kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender masih menguntungkan laki-laki yang muncul dari motherhood penalty, segregasi gender di bidang studi dan pekerjaan, dan peran gender yang diharapkan dalam pernikahan, kodrat perempuan. Dengan menggunakan gelombang IFLS kelima, penelitian ini menguji apakah hipogami pendidikan berkaitan dengan kemungkinan perempuan menjadi breadwinner keluarga. Studi ini menemukan hipogami pendidikan secara positif mempengaruhi probabilitas wanita sebagai breadwinner dalam keluarga. Perbedaan usia dan sektor kerja juga ditemukan secara signifikan mempengaruhi kemungkinan tersebut; namun status keibuan, etnis, tempat tinggal tidak signifikan."

"Pola pernikahan hipogami adalah pola pernikahan dengan pasangan perempuan (istri) berpendidikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan suami. Pola pernikahan dan capaian pendidikan dari suami dan istri dianggap berpengaruh terhadap realisasi fertilitas, namun belum ada yang melihat pengaruhnya terhadap intensi fertilitas atau intensi memiliki anak dari perempuan atau istri. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS 5 serta selisih lama sekolah pasangan sebagai proksi pola pernikahan hipogami, studi ini membahas pengaruh hipogami terhadap intensi fertilitas dari perempuan. Dengan menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS), hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa adanya pengaruh negatif dari pola pernikahan hipogami terhadap intensi fertilitas perempuan.

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Educational hypogamy is an assortative mating where women are marrying men with lower education. With rising education among women across the world, educational hypogamy in couples has increased over the last few years in Indonesia. Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014 (IFLS 5), this study aims to analyze the effect of educational hypogamy on women's fertility intention in Indonesia. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, this study found that educational hypogamy significantly affects women's fertility intention."

"The emergence of the welfare state form in the West positions women in the traditional role in the domestic sphere. In the context of Indonesia, the critique presented by the feminist in the west to the concept of state and family welfare cannot directly be used to analyze how the country put the women in the family welfare policies. By using some concepts of the state welfare, this paper will explain the bias in formulating the position of women in social policy in the field of family welfare in Indonesia. Social policy for women within the family unit is still discriminatory against women. This is a consequence of the model family with a male breadwinner. The guarantee of women's and children's rights is determined by the legitimacy and their relationship with the husband as head of the family. For poor women the economy and domestic job work is not an option but a requirement. Woman as the head of household is a unique picture of the viability of women from the poverty of the families. These symptoms should be seen as the practice criticizing the assumption of the family model with a male breadwinner. These examples may be early clues to search defamilization concept in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk melihat perbandingan sikap peran gender ibu dan preferensi pemilihan mainan pada ibu bekerja yang menyandang status breadwinner dan bukan breadwinner di Jabodetabek. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 108 orang ibu bekerja yang memiliki anak berusia 3-5 tahun. Alat ukur Normative Gender Role Attitudes (NGRA) digunakan untuk mengukur sikap peran gender ibu dan Toys Desirability Judgement digunakan untuk mengukur preferensi pemilihan mainan anak oleh ibu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif antara preferensi pemilihan cross-sex toys dengan sikap peran gender pada ibu bekerja yang menyandang status breadwinner dan bukan breadwinner di Jabodetabek (r(106)= -.210, p= 0.029, two-tailed). Akan tetapi, tidak ditemukan perbedaan skor sikap peran gender dan preferensi pemilihan mainan anak baik pada ibu bekerja yang merupakan breadwinner maupun bukan breadwinner di Jabodetabek.

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This quantitative research was aimed to examine the comparison of mother’s gender role attitudes and toys desirability in working mothers who are breadwinners and not breadwinners in Jabodetabek. The participants of this research were 108 working mothers who had children aged between 3-5 years old. Gender role attitudes was measured using Normative Gender Role Attitudes (NGRA) and toys desirability was measured using Toys Desirability Judgement. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between toys desirability cross-sex toys and gender role attitudes in mothers with breadwinner status and not breadwinner in Jabodetabek (r(106)= -.210, p= 0.029, two-tailed). However, there were no differences in toys desirability and gender role attitudes for Mothers who were breadwinners or not breadwinners in Jabodetabek."

"This book chronicles the lived experience/educational journeys of women who found themselves moving forward together pursuing doctoral degrees in educational leadership. Grounded in the realities of women’s lives these inspirational first-person narratives have the potential to raise awareness regarding women’s socialization, expectations, and the role interpersonal and community connections play in the lived female experience. "

"Pendidikan suami dalam pola pernikahan diduga memiliki hubungan terhadap partisipasi kerja perempuan, salah satunya adalah assortative mating, yaitu fenomena ketika perempuan menikahi laki-laki dengan pendidikan setara. Untuk mengkaji hubungan ini, digunakan data SUSENAS 2020 yang diolah dengan metode regresi logit biner. Hasilnya, perempuan dalam pola marry-up high, assortative mating mid, marry-down low, marrydown high, dan assortative-mating high memiliki kecenderungan lebih tinggi untuk bekerja dan bekerja di sektor formal daripada perempuan dalam pola assortative-mating low. Akan tetapi, hasilnya sebaliknya untuk perempuan dengan pola marry-up low. 

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The husband’s education is believed to be related to female’s job participation, one of which is assortative mating, a phenomenon when individuals married those with the same level of education. To examine this relationship, the study analyzed the SUSENAS 2020 data using the binary logistic regression method. The results show that females in the marriage pattern of marry-up high, assortative mating mid, marry-down low, marry-down high, and assortative-mating high tend to work and engage in formal sector work compared to female in the assortative-mating low. However, the effect is the opposite for females in the marry-up low."