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"Industri minyak sawit merupakan industri yang signifikan dalam perdagangan global, Akan tetapi, minyak sawit juga memiliki tantangan keberlanjutan dengan adanya dampak merugikan dari segi ekologis maupun sosial yang telah dikritik oleh berbagai aktor internasional sejak lama. Dengan semakin globalnya perdagangan sawit, muncullah berbagai inisiatif yang bertujuan untuk mengubah praktik produksi yang selama ini dilakukan. Salah satu inisiatif ini adalah RSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit berkelanjutan, pada 2003. Sertifikasi ini merupakan suatu global private governance dan diikuti oleh stakeholder dalam industri minyak sawit, yakni sektor hulu dan hilir serta LSM dan lembaga keuangan. Hal menarik terjadi ketika Malaysia membuat MSPO, sertifikasi minyak sawit keberlanjutan nasional pada 2013. Mengacu pada teori Smith dan Fischlein yang diadaptasi oleh Hospes, governance yang muncul ketika sudah ada tatanan yang serupa mdash;pada kasus ini, MSPO mdash;adalah rival governance. Faktor yang memotivasi aktor untuk mendirikan rival governance ada dua, yakni eksklusi serta ancaman terhadap kepentingan aktor tersebut ketika berpartisipasi dalam tatanan yang telah ada. Penelitian ini menelusuri kedua faktor tersebut yang dialami MPOA selaku perwakilan Malaysia dalam partisipasinya di RSPO. Penelitian ini menemukan berkurangnya kemampuan industri minyak sawit Malaysia dalam berkompetisi Pemerintah Malaysia butuh menjauhkan diri dari ancaman legitimasi atas bidang yang mereka jadikan kepentingan, yakni keberlangsungan industri sawit nasional.

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Palm oil industry is an industry that holds a significance in the global trade. However, palm oil also possesses sustainability challenges given its scathe ecological and social impacts which have been criticized by various international actors for a long time. With the increasingly global palm oil trade, emerged initiatives which aim to alter the existing palm oil production practices. One of these initiatives is RSPO, a sustainable palm oil certification, in 2013. This certification is a global private governance and is participated by stakeholders in the industry, namely the upstream and downstream sector, NGO rsquo s, and financial institutions. Interestingly, Malaysia also establishes MSPO, their own national palm oil certification, on 2013. Referring to Smith and Fischlein rsquo s theory that is adapted by Hospes, a governance that emerges in the same field of another existing governance is called a rival governance. There are two factors that motivate actors to establish rival governance, namely exclusion and rules that threaten their ability to compete effectively within original domain. This research follow the course of the two factors that are experienced by MPOA as Malaysia rsquo s representative in its participation in RSPO. This research finds that in competing, Malaysia needs to keep away from legitimacy threats on fields of their interest, which is the survivability of national palm oil industry."

"Saat ini, minyak kelapa sawit merupakan komoditas penting yang digunakan untuk berbagai macam produk, seperti minyak goreng, margarin, kosmetik, dan bahan bakar hayati. Didorong oleh tuntutan global, perluasan penanaman kelapa sawit di berbagai belahan dunia, terutama di negara-negara tropis membuat kelapa sawit menjadi sumber minyak nabati terbesar. Perkembangan produksi minyak kelapa sawit berperan penting dalam memberikan dampak ekonomi yang positif, khususnya bagi negara-negara produsen. Kendati demikian, perkembangan produksi minyak kelapa sawit juga berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan kehidupan sosial. Oleh karena itu, terdapat kebutuhan untuk menyelenggarakan produksi minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai produksi minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan adalah dengan menerapkan standar minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan melalui sistem sertifikasi. Terdapat tiga sistem sertifikasi minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan, yaitu sertifikasi Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, sertifikasi Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil, dan sertifikasi Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil. Skripsi ini mencoba untuk mengkaji secara normatif ketiga sistem sertifikasi minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan tersebut sebagai instrumen penaatan hukum lingkungan. Hasil penelitian dalam skripsi ini menunjukkan bahwa ketiga sistem sertifikasi tersebut belum optimal sebagai instrumen penaatan hukum lingkungan. Untuk itu, ketiga sistem sertifikasi tersebut perlu disempurnakan. Kemudian, untuk mendukung pelaksanaan sistem sertifikasi minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan diperlukan pula tekanan-tekanan dari pihak ketiga, seperti konsumen, masyarakat / lembaga swadaya masyarakat, pemegang saham, pengecer dan pemasok, dan komunitas keuangan.

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Nowadays, palm oil is an important commodity that is used for various products, such as cooking oil, margarine, cosmetics, and biofuel. Driven by global demands, the great expansion of palm oil production in many parts of the world, especially in tropical countries, makes oil palm the highest yielding source of vegetable oil. The expansion of palm oil production plays an important role in providing positive economic impact, particularly for the producing countries. Nevertheless, the expansion of palm oil production also has negative impact on the environment and social life. Therefore, there is a need to provide sustainable palm oil production. One of the efforts needed to achieve sustainable palm oil production is to apply sustainable palm oil standards through a certification system. There are three sustainable palm oil certification systems, namely Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Certification, Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification, and Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification. This thesis tries to study normatively the three certification systems of palm oil as an environmental law compliance instrument. The result of this research shows us that the three certification systems are not yet optimal as one. Therefore, that three certification systems need to be revised. Furthermore, to support the implementation of sustainable palm oil certification system, the pressures from the third parties, such as consumer, communities non governmental organization, shareholders, retailers, suppliers, and financial community are also required."

"Sertifikasi berkelanjutan menjadi hal yang penting dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia, mengingat permasalahan-permasalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh perkebunan kelapa sawit. Dalam hal ini, terdapat dua macam sertifikasi berkelanjutan, yaitu RSPO dan ISPO yang mana memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya masing-masing. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai kedudukan sertifikasi tersebut, serta menentukan sertifikasi mana yang lebih baik diterapkan dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam bentuk yuridis normatif, dengan tipe deskriptif dan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sertifikasi RSPO merupakan bentuk standarisasi dalam perdagangan internasional yang bersifat voluntary, sedangkan sertifikasi ISPO merupakan peraturan teknis berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undagnan yang wajib dipatuhi. Kedua sertifikasi berdiri sendiri, serta tidak menggantikan kedudukan sertifikasi lainnya. Dalam penerapannya, sertifikasi RSPO memiliki persyaratan yang lebih kompleks dalam melindungi lingkungan dan sosial dibandingkan sertifikasi ISPO, serta telah diakui oleh Uni Eropa untuk melakukanimpor produk kelapa sawit. Oleh karenanya, apabila produk kelapa sawit Indonesia akan diperdagangkan secara internasional, maka sertifikasi RSPO lebih baik diterapkan dalam sektor perkebunan kelapa sawit Indonesia.Sustainable certification holds a pivotal role in Indonesian palm oil plantations sector, given the problems posed by palm oil plantations. Currently, there are two types of ongoing certification, namely RSPO and ISPO, which have their respective advantages and disadvantages. This thesis discusses the status of these certifications, and determines which certification is better to be implemented in Indonesian oil palm plantations sector. This thesis was conducted in the form of juridical normative, with descriptive type and qualitative approach. The result ofthis study indicates that RSPO certification is a form of standardization in international trade in which compliance is not mandatory, while ISPO certification is a technical regulation based on Indonesian laws in which compliance is mandatory. Both certifications are stand-alone, and do not replace the position of other certifications. In its application, the requirements of RSPO certification is a lot more complex than ISPO certification in regards to protecting the environmentand social, and has been recognized by the European Union for the importation of palm oil products. Therefore, if Indonesian palm oil products are to be traded internationally, RSPO certification is better to be implemented in Indonesian palm oil plantations sector."

"ABSTRAKKajian ini menganalisis alasan PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama keluar dari keanggotaan roundtable on sustainable palm oil (RSPO). Dengan menggunakan teori Transnational Private Governance yang diamati dengan menggunakan sistem non-state market driven (NSMD), kajian ini menunjukan bahwa sistem NSMD memiliki dua logika yakni logika keberterimaan dan logika konsekuensi dalam mendapatkan legitimasi TPG ke aktor non-negara. Sistem NSMD menjelaskan bahwa perusahaan akan memutuskan untuk bergabung pada TPG jika kedua logika tersebut dapat dipenuhi oleh TPG. Analisis kajian ini menunjukkan kurang optimalnya logika konsekuensi yang berhubungan dengan perhitungan strategis dan logika keberterimaan berhubungan dengan norma yang diterima oleh PT. SIMP pada keanggotaan RSPO sebagai TPG. Dengan demikian, alasan keluarnya PT. SIMP merupakan sebuah ketidakefektifan dari TPG sebagai sistem yang mengatur hubungan antar aktor non-negara.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the reason PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama left the roundtable on sustainable palm oil (RSPO) membership. Using the theory of Transnational Private Governance observed through the NSMD non-state market driven system (NSMD), this study shows that the NSMD system has two logics: the logic of acceptance and the logic of consequences in obtaining TPG legitimacy to non-state actors. The NSMD system explains that the company will decide to join the TPG if both logic can be fulfilled by the TPG. Analysis of this study shows how the suboptimal logic of consequences related to strategic calculations and the logic of acceptability relate to norms accepted by PT SIMP on RSPO membership as a TPG. Thus, the reason for PT. SIMP withdrawal is an ineffectiveness of the TPG as a system that regulates relations between non-state actors."

"Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam target pencapaian ISPO yaitu perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah tertanam di lahan gambut, baik untuk perkebunan swasta maupun perkebunan rakyat. Beberapa permasalahan diantaranya terkait produktivitas, lingkungan, ekonomi dan sosial. Riset ini bertujuan untuk membangun model perkebunan kelapa sawit berkelanjutan dan membuat sintesis perbaikan. Metode riset adalah analisis statistik dynamic multivariate regression, analisis keekonomian (NPV dan IRR) serta pemodelan system dynamics. Hasil riset pada perkebunan kelapa sawit swasta, urutan variabel yang paling berpengaruh yaitu OER CPO, kerapatan tanam, TMAT dan pemupukan. Untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat, urutan variabel teknis yang berpengaruh adalah kebakaran, periode panen, pemupukan dan umur tanaman. Kesimpulan riset menyatakan, model pengelolaan perkebunan kelapa sawit swasta dibangun dengan intervensi skenario optimis yaitu peningkatan persentase OER CPO 20%, kerapatan tanam 15%, pemupukan 15% dan TMAT 100%. Untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat, kunci utamanya adalah kebakaran dan kelembagaan agar dapat mencapai target keberlanjutan.

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One of the challenges faced by Indonesia in achieving the ISPO target is oil palm plantations existing planted on peatlands, both for private plantations and smallholder. Some of these problems are related to productivity, environment, economy, and social. This study aims to build a model of sustainable oil palm plantations and synthesize improvements. The research methods used are dynamic multivariate regression statistical analysis, economic analysis (NPV and IRR), and system dynamics modeling. The research results on private oil palm plantations, the order of the most influential variables are OER CPO, planting density, groundwater level, and fertilization. For smallholder, the technical variables influence fire, harvest time, fertilization, and plant age. The study's conclusion stated that the private oil palm plantation model was built with an optimistic scenario intervention, namely an increase in the percentage of OER CPO 20%, planting density 15%, fertilization 15%, and groundwater level 100%. For smallholder, the key is fire and institutions to achieve sustainability targets."

"[ABSTRACTA number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective. The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.;A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level., A number of studies have examined the relationship between the oil palm plantation area and the poverty alleviation. Most of this study are conducted based on local research and, mainly, do not involve econometrics analysis to find the relationship. Palm oil is one of commoditiesthat is widely produced in Indonesia that makes this country the world leader of palm oil producers. With the large amount of oil palm plantation area in Indonesia, then it may have an effect on economic growth,which may relieve the poverty. Using panel data set of 33 province in Indonesia between 2006 and 2012, this paper tries to examine the effect of oil palm plantation on poverty alleviation in Indonesia.Moreover, this paper also aims to examine factors that may affect the expansion of oil palm plantation. In order to answer this objective, descriptive analysis is employed to discuss the determinant of oil palm expansion. Whereas, pooled OLS, fixed effect panel data model and random effect panel data model are employed in this paper, to asnwer the main objective.The results shows that govenment intervention is more likely to influence the expansion of oil palm plantation. Meanwhile, demand for palm oil product may have impact on the expansion in Indonesia. Empirical findings show that oil palm plantation has negatively significant effect on the number of poor people. This means that increasing oil palm plantation area may reduce the poverty level in Indonesia. In addition, regional per capita income, education, access on electriciy and population size also have negative relationship with the poverty. Mostly, the result supports the empirical evidence that an increase of the variables may reduce the poverty level.]"

"ABSTRAKPengelolaan kelapa sawit rentan terhadap masalah kerusakan lingkungan, oleh oleh karena itu pemerintah Indonesia melalui Kementerian Pertanian menciptakan kebijakan minyak sawit berkelanjutan untuk mengontrol danmelindungi produksi minyak sawit Indonesia. Tesis ini membahas tentanganalisis pengawasan oleh Komisi ISPO dalam implementasi kebijakan kelapaStudi Kasus kelapa sawit berkelanjutan PT. Lestari Tani Teladan yang terdiri dari pengawasan langsung, pengawasan tidak langsung, pengawasan internal dan pengawasan eksternal. Tujuannya untuk menganalisis pengawasan pelaksanaan kebijakan minyak sawit berkelanjutan oleh komisi ISPO pada perusahaan - perusahaan kelapa sawit di Indonesia dengan contoh perusahaan PT. Lestari Tani Contoh. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori tipe supervisi oleh Manullang, dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah deskriptif, Dimensi waktu bersifat cross sectional, pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa pengawasan dilakukan oleh Komisi ISPO terhadap perusahaan kelapa kelapa sawit dengan contoh PT. Teladan Petani Lestari belum optimal karena berbagai alasan keterbatasan yang dimiliki Komisi ISPO, sedangkan untuk jenis pengawasannya Implementasi lainnya yang melibatkan beberapa pihak terkait sudah cukup memadai baik.ABSTRACTThe management of oil palm is prone to environmental damage problems, therefore the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Agriculture creates a sustainable palm oil policy to control and protect Indonesian palm oil production. This thesis discusses analysis of oversight by the ISPO Commission in the implementation of coconut policies Case Study of sustainable palm oil PT. Lestari Tani Teladan which consists of direct supervision, indirect supervision, internal supervision and external supervision. The aim is to analyze the supervision of the implementation of sustainable palm oil policies by the ISPO commission on palm oil companies in Indonesia with the example of the company PT. Lestari Tani Example. This research uses the theory of the type of supervision by Manullang, with a qualitative approach. The purpose of this research is descriptive, the time dimension is cross sectional, data collection is done through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The results show that the ISPO Commission is supervising palm oil companies with the example of PT. The role of Sustainable Farmers has not been optimal due to various reasons of the limitations of the ISPO Commission, while for other types of supervision. Implementation involving several related parties is quite good."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang implementasi terkait faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam konsistensi penerapan ISPO sebagai upaya pengurangan ancaman deforestasi dan kerusakan lahan gambut. Namun, dalam kurun waktu 3 (tiga) tahun penerapannya, ISPO belum berjalan seperti yang diharapkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan paradigma post-positivis dan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan ISPO dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, seperti kurangnya komunikasi, terbatasnya sumber daya yang diperlukan, perbedaan persepsi antar pemangku kepentingan, dan lemahnya koordinasi. Belum tercapainya target dan permasalahan lingkungan yang hendak diselesaikan juga disebabkan karena ISPO tidak disusun dengan baik (bad policy). Selain itu, penegakan hukum yang masih lemah juga turut mewarnai kegagalan penerapan ISPO.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis aims to reveal some factors affecting the consistency of ISPO implementation in order to reduce the deforestation threat and peatland destruction. However, during 3 years of implementation, ISPO has not run as expected yet. This research used post postivist paradigm and descriptive design.The results indicates that the implementation of ISPO is greatly influenced by several factors, such as lack of communication and necessary resources, perception differences among stakeholders, and lack of coordination. Poorly designed ISPO (bad policy) has also made the stakeholder fail in reaching the target in solving environmental problems. In addition, lack of law enforcement also shares its contribution to the ISPO implementation failure."

"Kelapa sawit adalah komoditas yang sangat kompleks dalam dinamika ekonomi internasional. Terlebih, dinamika perdagangan internasional membentuk sebuah tata kelola global terkait komoditas yang diperdagangkan. Dalam tata kelola minyak sawit global, isu keberlanjutan menjadi salah satu isu yang paling sering diperdebatkan sehingga memengaruhi pembentukan tata kelola. Terlebih, isu keberlanjutan tersebut juga dipenuhi oleh berbagai dinamika aktor-aktor negara dan non-negara. Oleh karena itu, penulis berusaha untuk mengetahui bagaimana perkembangan tata kelola minyak sawit global dikaji dalam studi hubungan internasional. Untuk menemukan jawaban tersebut, penulis akan melakukan tinjauan pustaka melalui 44 literatur yang ditemukan terkait tata kelola minyak sawit global. Dalam menemukan 44 literatur tersebut, penulis menggunakan empat kata kunci yang kemudian dieleminasi menggunakan beberapa kriteria yang telah penulis tentukan. Kemudian, penulis menemukan bahwa tata kelola minyak sawit global dipenuhi oleh berbagai kompleksitas yang disebabkan oleh kepentingan aktor-aktor baik negara maupun non-negara yang memiliki kepentingannya masing-masing. Kepentingan-kepentingan tersebut saling berkontestasi dengan tujuan menghasilkan keuntungan sebesar-besarnya terhadap aktor tertentu dalam tata kelola minyak sawit global. Alhasil, tata kelola minyak sawit global menjadi sangat kompleks dan berdinamika terus-menerus yang dapat menyebabkan berbagai isu keberlanjutan, sosial, dan ekonomi tidak dapat diselesaikan secara maksimal. Oleh karena itu, penulis berusaha untuk memberikan signifikansi kepada tata kelola minyak sawit hibrida sebagai sebuah solusi dengan adanya kompromi antara kepentingan aktor negara dan non-negara. Akan tetapi, penulis menemukan kesenjangan literatur yang membahas isu dan model tersebut.

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Palm oil is a very complex commodity in international economic dynamics. Moreover, the dynamics of international trade form a global governance of traded commodities. In global palm oil governance, the issue of sustainability is one of the most frequently debated issues that influence the formation of governance. Moreover, the issue is also filled with various dynamics of state and non-state actors. Therefore, the author tries to find out how the development of global palm oil governance is studied in international relations studies. To find this answer, the author will conduct a literature review through 44 literatures found related to global palm oil governance. In finding the 44 literatures, the author used four keywords which were then eliminated using several criteria that the author had determined.Then, the author finds that global palm oil governance is filled with various complexities caused by the interests of both state and non-state actors who have their own interests. These interests contest each other with the aim of generating maximum benefits for certain actors in global palm oil governance. As a result, global palm oil governance has become very complex and constantly dynamic, which can cause various sustainability, social and economic issues not to be resolved optimally. Therefore, the author seeks to give significance to hybrid palm oil governance as a solution with a compromise between the interests of state and non-state actors. However, the author found a gap in the literature addressing these issues and models."