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"This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the first world war. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking, academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918-19 and the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the temptation of violence drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance."

"This book contributes to the theoretical and methodological discussion about how the diverging experiences of generations and their historical memories play a role in the process of national identity formation. Drawing from narratives gathered within the Ukrainian minority in northern Poland and centered on the collective trauma of Action Vistula, where in 1947 about 140,000 Ukrainians were resettled from south-eastern Poland and relocated to the north-western areas. This study shows that three generations vary considerably with regard to their understandings of home, integration, history and religion. Thus, generational differences are an essential element in the analysis and understanding of social and political change. "

"Summary: "Ethnicity and International Law presents an historical account of the impact of ethnicity on the making of international law. The development of international law since the nineteenth century is characterised by the inherent tension between the liberal and conservative traditions of dealing with what might be termed the 'problem' of ethnicity. The present-day hesitancy of liberal international law to engage with ethnicity in ethnic conflicts and ethnic minorities has its roots in these conflicting philosophical traditions. In international legal studies, both the relevance of ethnicity, and the traditions of understanding it, lie in this fact"

"Kabupaten Indramayu merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Jawa Barat yang sangat rawan konflik antar wargalantar kampung. Frekuensi konflik antar warga antar kampung di Kabupaten Indramayu terutama selarna tahun 1997-2001 sangat tinggi. Konflik tersebut telah menimbulkan kondisi keamanan dan ketentraman yang tidak kondusif yang berdampak pada lemahnya ketahanan daerah dan terhambatnya pelaksanaan pembangunan daerah. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu memiliki kewajiban untuk memainkan peranannya sebaik mungkin dalam menyelesaikan dan mencegah konflik tersebut.Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penyebab timbulnya konflik antar warga/antar kampung di Kabupaten Indramayu yang menyebabkan lemahnya ketahanan daerah Kabupaten Indramayu. Mengungkap upaya-upaya yang dilakukan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu dalam menyelesaikan konflik antar warga antar kampung dalam rangka meningkatkan ketahanan daerah Kabupaten Indramayu. Mengungkap peranan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu dalam mencegah konflik anlar warga antar kampung dalam rangka meningkatkan ketahanan daerah Kabupaten Indramayu. Data tentang hal tersebut, dikumpulkan dengan cara wawancara secara mencatat, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Adapun jenis penelitian yang peneiili lakukan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualilatif.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor pendorong struktural yang mana yang menyebabkan konflik antar wargalantar kampung adalah karena penduduk Indramayu khususnya para pemudanya bersifat tempramental sehingga mudah melakukan tindakan kekerasan. Faktor lainnya adalah tingginya solidaritas antar selama warga masyarakat, serta ketidakpuasan dan kurangnya kepercayaan terhadap aparat pemerintah. Sifat tempramental atau agresivitas perilaku terutama disebabkan oleh pengaruh minuman keras dan pengangguran. Faktor lainnya yang juga turut menentukan adalah tingginya angka kemiskinan dan pendidikan yang rendah.Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk menyelesaikan konflik tersebut terutama dengan cara-cara konsiliasi (perdamaian). Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu juga telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk mencegah konflik tersebut dengan cara menekan dan meminimalisir faktor-Faktor determinan penyebab konflik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Indramayu memang cukup berhasil dalam menekan frekuensi konflik. Meskipun demikian, upaya pencegahan konflik belum optimal karena masih banyak menghadapi kendala dalam pelaksanaannya, sehingga potensi konflik antar warga/antar kampung di Kabupaten lndramayu masih besar.

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The Regency of Indramayu is one of the Regencies in West Java which is prone to violence among members of the society/kampong. The frequency of the conflict among society members especially from 1997 until 2001 was very high. Those conflicts have created a non conducive situation for the safety and tranquility of the region, and they have weakened the resilience and hampered the development of the region. In that case, the government of Indramayu Regency has some obligations to perform their best in solving and preventing those conflicts.

The objectives of this research are :

To identify any factors causing the conflicts among society members/kampong which have weakened the resilience of Indramayu Regency. To reveal all the efforts done by the government of Indramayu Regency in preventing and solving the conflicts among the society members/kampong so that it can enhance the resilience of Indramayu Regency. To reveal the role of Government of Indramayu Regency in preventing conflicts among society members/kampong in order to enhance the resilience of Indramayu Regency. All data are gathered through interview, observation and documentation study. The researcher has conducted a descriptive qualitative research and the method used is qualitative method.

The result of the research shows that the main factors of the structural drive which have caused conflicts among people/kampong is that inhabitants of Indramayu, especially the young men are reckless so that they are easily provoked to commit violence. Other factors involve a high solidarity among society members, and the inability to trust, together with the dissatisfaction toward the local government. The reckless and aggressive behavior is mainly caused by alcoholic beverages and unemployment. Other important factors are the abject poverty and the low educational level of the inhabitants.

The local Government of Indramayu Regency has conducted many activities to solve the conflicts especially by using reconciliation to seek for peace. The local Government of Indramayu Regency has also done several efforts to prevent the conflicts by suppressing and minimizing the determined factors of the conflicts. The result of the research shows that the Local Government of Indramayu Regency has been successful in suppressing the frequency of the conflicts. Yet, the efforts in preventing the conflict have not really been optimum because there are still many obstacles in the process of achieving it. In that case, the potential conflicts among the society members/kampong in Indramayu Regency are still very high."

"Konflik antara PT. SMM, masyarakat Kecamatan Naga Juang dan Pemerintah Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, berakar pada hubungan ekonomi yang menyangkut dengan pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan komoditi emas. Penelitian ini berupaya melihat relasi diantara ketiga stakeholder tersebut, melihat hal-hal yang menjadi sebab konflik, mengurai struktur dan dinamika konfik serta merumuskan strategi resolusi konflik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dimensi sebab konflik disebabkan oleh dimensi ekonomi atas pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan komuditi emas, dimensi struktur dan dinamika sangat dipengaruhi oleh peran aktor yang mendorong peningkatan ketegangan dan eskalasi konfik. Resolusi konflik yang dirumuskan, yaitu strategi akomodatif. Strategi akomodatif adalah strategi yang mengakomodir kepentingan dan espektasi dari dua stakeholder kunci yaitu, Pemkab Madina dan masyarakat Kec. Naga Juang.

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Conflict between PT. SMM, society of district Naga Juang and the government of Mandailing Natal regency, rooted in economic relations that concern to the management and utilization of gold?s commodity. This research attempt to see the relationship between the three stakeholders, see the things that are the cause of conflict, analyze the structure and dynamics of conflict and also formulate strategies of conflict resolution. The results showed, because the dimensions of the economic dimension of the conflict caused by the management and utilization of gold komoditi, the dimensions of the structure and dynamics is strongly influenced by the role of actors encourage the escalation of tensions and conflicts led. The formulation of conflict resolution was an accommodative strategic which is a strategy that accommodates the interests and expectations of two key stakeholders, namely, local government Madina and community district Naga Juang."

"ABSTRAKKawasan Babakan Siliwangi merupakan salah satu warisan budaya lokal dan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kota Bandung yang berada di lokasi yang strategis. PeraturanDaerah Kota Bandung No 18 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah 2011- 2031 Pasal 46 Ayat 6 menyatakan Kawasan Babakan Siliwangi termasuk kedalam RuangTerbuka Hijau Hutan Kota yang seharusnya tidak dapat dialihfungsikan. Surat Keputusan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Bandung Nomor 14 Tahun 2004 seharusnyadicabut dan disesuaikan dengan Perda yang ada tetapi baru Tahun 2013 SK ini dicabut. PT Esa Gemilang Indah (PT. EGI) tidak konsisten dengan janjinya untuk menataKawasan Babakan Siliwangi, tetapi ingin merusak kawasan ini dengan rencana membangun apartemen. Pemerintah Kota Bandung dan DPRD Kota Bandung selaku pembuat kebijakan awalnya ikut mendukung untuk pengalihfungsian dengan alasan untuk meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah tetapi karena terjadi penolakan dari warga sekitar Kawasan Babakan Siliwangi dan warga Kota Bandung pada umumnya akhirnya Pemerintah Kota Bandung dan DPRD Kota Bandung mencabut SK dan perjanjian kerjasama dengan PT EGI. Permasalahan tidak langsung selesai karena ada residu dari masalah ini yaitu Pemerintah Kota Bandung berencana untuk menawarkan aset Pemerintah Kota yang lain untuk mengganti pengelolaan yang telah dilakukan di Kawasan Babakan Siliwangi tetapi hingga saat ini belum jelas aset mana yang akandiserahkan.Penelitian ini menggambarkan pengelolaan konflik antara masyarakat dengan Pemerintah Daerah dengan pendekatan lingkungan, pendekatan hukum dan pendekatan komunikasi untuk mengetahui kaitannya dengan Ketahanan Daerah.

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ABSTRACTBabakan Siliwangi region is one of the local cultural heritage and green open space in the city of Bandung is located in a strategic location. Bandung RegionalRegulation No. 18 Year 2011 on Spatial Planning 2011-2031 Article 46 Paragraph 6 states Babakan Siliwangi region are green open space Forest City that cannot be transfer of functions. Letter Decision Regional Parliament of Bandung City No. 14 year 2004should be withdrawn and adapted to existing Regional Regulation, but this letter decisionwas withdrawn in 2013. PT Esa Gemilang Indah (PT EGI) is inconsistent with his promise to organize BabakanSiliwangi region, but want to destroy this region by building an apartment. Bandung City Government and Regional Parliament of Bandung City as policy makers initially support to transfer of functions to increase the regional income but due to the refusal of residents around the Babakan Siliwangi region and citizen of the Bandung City in general finally Bandung City Government and Regional Parliament of Bandung City withdrawn the letter decision and cooperation agreement with PT EGI. Problems not finished because there is a residue of this problem, Bandung City Government are planning to offer another asset for replacing the management that has been done in the Babakan Siliwangi region but until now unclear which assets will be handed over. This study describes the management of conflict in community with Local Government with environmental approaches, legal approaches and communication approaches to determine the relation with the Regional Resilience."

"Although these conflicts also have political, economic, and other causes, the purpose of this volume is to develop a psychological understanding of ethnic warfare. More specifically, Handbook of ethnopolitical conflict explores the function of ethnic, religious, and national identities in intergroup conflict. In addition, it features recommendations for policy makers with the intention to reduce or ameliorate the occurrences and consequences of these conflicts worldwide."

"Tulisan ini melakukan analisis tentang sejauh mana pemekaran wilayah memiliki dampak pada terjadinya proses rutinitas kekerasan, khususnya kekerasan yang berbasis pada etnik atau identitas tertentu. Pemekaran wilayah, juga menjadi arena konflik baru, dimana menjadi diabaikan. Justru pemekaran wilayah telah menyulut adanya konflik di berbagai daerah, khususnya karena etnik, identitas, agama dan solidaritas primodial, lebih banyak digunakan sebagai pertimbangan bagi sebuah daerah yang hendak dimekarkan, dibanding dengan berdasarkan pertimbangan penguatan masyarakat sipil."