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"Wars have played a fundamental part in modern German history. Although infrequent, conflicts involving German states have usually been extensive and often catastrophic, constituting turning points for Europe as a whole. This volume is the first in a series of studies that explore how such conflicts were experienced by soldiers and civilians during wartime, and how they were subsequently imagined and understood during peacetime. Without such an understanding, it is difficult to make sense of the dramatic shifts characterizing the politics of Germany and Europe over the past two centuries. The studies argue that the ease, or reluctance, with which Germans went to war, and the far-reaching consequences of such wars on domestic politics, were related to soldiers and civilians attitudes to violence and death, as well as to long-term transformations in contemporaries conceptualization of conflict. Absolute War reassesses the meaning of military conflict for the millions of German subjects who were directly implicated in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Based on a re-reading of contemporary diaries, letters, memoirs, official correspondence, press reports, pamphlets, treatises, poems, and plays, it refocuses attention on combat and conscription as the central components of new forms of mass warfare. It concentrates, in particular, on the impact of violence, killing, and death on soldiers and civilians experiences and subsequent memories of conflict. War has often been conceived of as an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds, as Clausewitz put it, but the relationship between military conflicts and violent acts remains a problematic one."

"How did ministers, journalists, academics, artists, and subjects in the German lands imagine war during the nineteenth century? The Napoleonic Wars had been the bloodiest in Europes history, directly affecting millions of Germans, yet their long-term consequences on individuals and on politics are still poorly understood. This study makes sense of contemporaries memories and histories of the revolutionary and Napoleonic campaigns within a much wider context of press reportage of wars elsewhere in Europe and overseas, debates about military service and the reform of Germanys armies, revolution and counter-revolution, and individuals experiences of violence and death in their everyday lives. For the majority of the populations of the German states, wars during an era of conscription were not merely a matter of history and memory; rather, they concerned subjects hopes, fears, and expectations of the future. This is the second volume of Mark Hewitsons study of the violence of war in the German lands during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It investigates the complex relationship between military conflicts and the violent acts of individual soldiers. In particular, it considers the contradictory impact of pacification in civilian life and exposure to increasingly destructive technologies of killing during wartime. This contradiction reached its nineteenth-century apogee during the wars of unification, leaving an ambiguous imprint on post-war discussions of military conflict."

"Tesis ini membahas Perang Informasi Media Massa Mainstream Eropa dengan studi kasus konflik Ukraina-Rusia tahun 2013-2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan sumber data dari hasil analisa artikel, wawancara ahli media dan perang informasi dan data statistik yang diambil dari situs-situs resmi. Analisa penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori hegemoni, teori agenda setting dan teori sekuritisasi. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media massa mainstream di Eropa saat terjadinya konflik Ukraina-Rusia terlibat dalam perang informasi. Metode perang informasi yang digunakan media Belanda, Perancis, Jerman, Inggris, Georgia adalah ofensif karena konten artikel menyerang Rusia. Ukraina dan Rusia yang terlibat konflik langsung menggunakan metode ofensif dan defensif bertahan . Belarus menggunakan metode ofensif karena informasinya menyudutkan negara-negara Eropa yang menyerang Rusia. Perang Ukraina-Rusia bertransformasi menjadi perang informasi karena dipengaruhi kepentingan politik dan bisnis. Strategi yang digunakan diantaranya propaganda dan manipulasi informasi.

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This thesis elaborates the Information Warfare on Europe's Mainstream Mass Media Case Study Ukraine Russia Conflict year 2013 2017. This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods with sources of data from the articles analysis, experts interviews and statistical data taken from the official websites. The research analysis is using hegemonic theory, agenda setting and securitization theory. From the research results, it can be concluded that the information warfare in mainstream mass media in Europe was occurred during the Ukrainian Russian conflict. The information warfare methods used by the Dutch, French, German, British, Georgian media are offensive because of its article content that is attacking Russia. Ukraine and Russia are involved in direct conflict by using offensive and defensive methods defense. Belarus used the offensive method because its information cornered the European countries that attacked Russia. The Ukrainian Russian war has transformed into an information warfare because of the influence of political and business interests. The strategies used include propaganda and information manipulation."