Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Heresy and Dissent in the Carolingian Empire: The Case of Gottschalk of Orbais recounts the history of an exceptional ninth-century religious outlaw. Frankish Christianity required obedience to ecclesiastical superiors, voluntary participation in reform, and the belief that salvation was possible for all baptized believers. Yet Gottschalk, a mere priest, developed a controversial, Augustinian-based theology of predestination, claiming that only divine election through grace enabled eternal life. Gottschalk preached to Christians within the Frankish empire, including bishops, and non-Christians beyond its borders, scandalously demanding they confess his doctrine or be revealed as wicked reprobates. Even after his condemnations for heresy in the late 840s, Gottschalk continued his activities from prison thanks to monks who smuggled his pamphlets to a subterranean community of supporters. This study reconstructs the career of the Carolingian Empires foremost religious dissenter in order to imagine that empire from the perspective of someone who worked to subvert its most fundamental beliefs. Examining the surviving evidence (including his own writings), this book analyzes Gottschalks literary and spiritual self representations, his modes of argument, his prophetic claims to martyrdom and miraculous powers, and his shocking defiance to bishops as strategies for influencing contemporaries in changing political circumstances. In the larger history of medieval heresy and dissent, Gottschalks case reveals how the Carolingian Empire preserved order within the church through coercive reform. The hierarchy compelled Christians to accept correction of perceived sins and errors, while punishing as sources of spiritual corruption those rare dissenters who resisted its authority."

"Traditional column chromatography dominates current purification technology, and many of the productivity gains that have been achieved have relied on upscaling such devices. However, this comes with a cost penalty and the pharmaceutical industry has reached the point at which further upscaling becomes economically unsupportable. This book offers a broad-based reassessment of old and new purification methods, incorporating an analysis of innovative new trends in purification. The book has wide coverage of different antibody purification strategies and brings together top-tier experts to address problems in process-scale antibody purification."

"Civil society has played a key role in reshaping the definition of the global commons. This article gives examples of how participatory action research has played a key role in the reframing process. International examples of leadership show how solidarity transnationally can bring about awareness as a precursor for change."