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"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Malnutrisi terjadi pada 80 karsinoma gaster. Pasien kanker yang menjalani pembedahan memerlukan dukungan nutrisi perioperatif dengan tujuan meningkatkan status gizi, mengurangi sensitivitas insulin dan menurunkan proses katabolisme. Metode: Pasien serial kasus adalah perempuan dengan rentang usia 28-74 tahun dengan diagnosis karsinoma gaster stadium lanjut. Terapi medik gizi prabedah diberikan dalam bentuk nutrisi oral dan enteral untuk mendukung kecukupan status gizi. Enam jam menjelang pembedahan, tiga pasien mendapatkan nutrisi parenteral formula glukosa asam amino dengan kandungan 15 g protein dan 37,5 g asam amino, sedangkan satu pasien dengan penyakit penyerta diabetes melitus tipe 2 mendapatkan nutrisi berupa cairan glukosa 50 g. Hasil: Pasien diberikan nutrisi enteral dini 2-30 jam pascabedah gastrektomi disertai dengan dukungan nutrisi parenteral. Hanya satu pasien mengalami kenaikan glukosa darah pascabedah hari pertama, namun glukosa darah terkontrol dengan pemberian insulin. Klinis dan penyembuhan luka pascabedah baik, pasien mendapatkan nutrisi oral pada 3 ndash; 7 hari pascabedah. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi perioperatif pada karsinoma gaster memberikan hasil yang baik pada outcome bedah.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Objective Almost 80 gastric carcinoma patients was malnourished. Perioperative nutrition aims to support nutrition status, reduce insulin resistance and lower hypercatabolic state. Methods Four patients in this case series were female, age ranged 28-74 years with end stage gastric carcinoma. Preoperative nutrition was given by oral and enteral to support nutrition status. Six hours prior to surgery, patients were given preoperative nutrition glucose amino acid formula in three patients and dextrose formula in one patient. Glucose amino acid formula contains 15 g protein and 37,5 g amino acid, while dextrose formula contains 50 g glucose. Results All of patients have early enteral nutrition within 2 ndash 30 hours postoperative. Only one patient have risen blood glucose level, but had been controlled by administer insulin. Postoperative wound healing were good, the patients have oral nutrition within 3 ndash 7 days postoperative. Conclusion Perioperative nutrition supports good clinical outcomes in gastric carcinoma patients."

"ABSTRAKAngka kejadian karsinoma kolorektal cukup tinggi mencapai 1,3 juta kasus dengan angka kematian sebesar 694.000 per tahun. Sekitar 30 hingga 87 pasien kanker mengalami malnutrisi sebelum menjalani terapi kanker. Terapi medik gizi bertujuan untuk mencegah atau memperbaiki keadaan malnutrisi, mencegah kehilangan massa otot, mengurangi efek samping terapi kanker, meningkatkan kualitas hidup, dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka. Pasien serial kasus ini berjumlah empat orang, berusia 33 hingga 60 tahun. Tiga orang pasien memiliki diagnosis adenokarsinoma rektum dan satu orang didiagnosis dengan adenokarsinoma kolon asendens dengan stoma double barrel setinggi ileum terminal dan kolon desenden. Keempat pasien memiliki status gizi kaheksia kanker. Pemantuan dilakukan setiap hari meliputi penilaian subjektif dan objektif meliputi tanda vital, kondisi klinis, antropometri, kapasitas fungsional, analisis asupan dan laboratorium. Pada saat dipulangkan, kondisi klinis keempat pasien mengalami perbaikan yang dilihat dari produksi stoma yang semakin padat dan toleransi asupan oral baik. Keempat pasien juga mengalami perbaikan kapasitas fungsional. Pemberian kebutuhan energi pada kasus ini rata-rata sebesar 30-39 kkal/kg/hari. Pemberian nutrisi memperhatikan jenis stoma, bagian usus yang vital, kondisi klinis, dan parameter biokimia. Pemberian terapi medik gizi yang adekuat dapat mendukung proses penyembuhan luka pasca tindakan pembedahan dan kapasitas fungsional.

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ABSTRACT<>br>The incidence of colorectal carcinoma is quite high, estimated at 1.3 million cases with 694,000 deaths per year. About 30 to 87 of cancer patients are malnourished before undergoing cancer therapy. Medical nutrition therapy aims to prevent or improve the state of malnutrition, prevent muscle mass loss, reduce the side effects of cancer therapy, improve quality of life, and accelerate wound healing. Patients in this case series involve four subject, aged 33 to 60 years. Three patients had a diagnosis of rectal adenocarcinoma and one person was diagnosed with ascending colon adenocarcinoma with double barrel stoma as high as the terminal ileum and descending colon. All patients had nutritional status of cancer cahexia. Daily monitoring includes subjective and objective assessments including vital signs, clinical conditions, anthropometry, functional capacity, intake analysis, and laboratory analysis. At the time of discharge, the clinical condition of all four patients got improvement from solid stoma production and tolerance of oral intake. The four patients also experienced improved functional capacity. In providing nutrition therapy, we should consider to the type of stoma, vital part of the intestine, clinical conditions, and biochemical parameters. Adequate medical nutrition therapy can support post surgical wound healing and functional capacity."

"Pasien kanker dan infeksi rentan mengalami malnutrisi. Malnutrisi berat merupakan faktor risiko dari sindrom refeeding, suatu pergeseran cairan dan elektrolit yang berat akibat nutrisi yang diberikan pada pasien malnutrisi dan menimbulkan gangguan metabolik. Deplesi mineral intrasel (hipofosfatemia, hipomagnesemia, hipokalemia), gangguan cairan tubuh (refeeding edema), defisiensi tiamin, aritmia, gagal nafas, dan gagal jantung kongestif merupakan tanda dan gejala sindrom refeeding yang dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Dilaporkan empat pasien malnutrisi berat dengan tuberkulosis (TBC) paru dan karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) yang mengalami sindrom refeeding saat dirawat di rumah sakit. Terapi medik gizi dengan pemberian energi awal kurang dari 20 kkal/kgBB/hari lalu ditingkatkan bertahap, kadar elektrolit darah yang rendah dilakukan koreksi melalui oral atau intra vena, juga diberikan suplementasi tiamin dan mikronutrien lain. Pemantauan ketat klinis, tanda vital, keseimbangan cairan, dan kadar elektrolit darah dilakukan minimal 24 jam selama nutrisi diberikan. Pada akhir perawatan, terdapat perbaikan gejala dan tanda sindrom refeeding, serta kadar elektrolit darah. Lama perawatan pasien di rumah sakit 11-27 hari. Terapi medik gizi yang benar dan sesuai dapat mengurangi keparahan sindrom refeeding, memperbaiki klinis dan kadar elektrolit darah pasien.

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Patients with cancer or infection disease are vulnerable to malnutrition. Severe malnutrition is a risk factor for refeeding syndrome, profound shifts of fluid and electrolytes that is developed from refeeding and causes metabolic disturbances. Intracellullar mineral depletion (hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia), body water imbalance (refeeding edema), thiamine deficiency, arrhythmia, respiratory failure and congestive heart failure are the signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome which can increase morbidity and mortality. We report four severe malnutrition patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma who developed refeeding syndrome while being treated for their underlying illness in hospital. Medical nutrition therapy started with energy less than 20 kcal/kg/day and increased slowly, low blood electrolytes levels were supplemented with oral or intravenous electrolytes. Patients were also given thiamine and another micronutrient supplementation. Patients were monitored closely for clinical conditions, vital signs, water balances and blood electrolytes levels minimum every 24 hours. Before discharge, improvement was seen in signs and symptoms of refeeding syndrome, and blood electrolytes levels. Hospital length of stay was 11 to 27 days. Appropriate medical nutrition therapy can reduce refeeding syndrome severity, give clinical and blood electrolytes levels improvement."

"Ileostomi merupakan tindakan pembedahan pembuatan lubang (stoma) antaraileum dan dinding abdomen, bertujuan untuk pengalihan feses. Ileostomi umumnyadibuat pada pasien yang menjalani penanganan kanker kolorektal, neoplasmastadium lanjut dengan infiltrasi usus halus, maupun peradangan saluran cerna.Ileostomi high output (produksi stoma ileum >1500 mL/hari) dapat menyebabkangangguan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit, maupun malnutrisi pada pasien. Saatini belum ada pedoman tata laksana nutrisi komprehensif untuk pasien ileostomihigh output. Serial kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendukung terapi, mengatasimalnutrisi, menunjang perbaikan klinis, sehingga dapat menurunkan morbiditasdan mortalitas pasien ileostomi high output. Empat pasien ileostomi high outputdengan rentang usia 42 hingga 50 tahun mendapatkan terapi medik gizi selamaperawatan di rumah sakit. Tiga kasus merupakan kasus kronik dengan keganasan,sementara satu kasus lainnya merupakan kasus akut yaitu adhesi dan perforasiakibat hernia femoralis strangulata. Keempat kasus tersebut merupakan ileostomihigh output onset awal, yaitu yang terjadi kurang dari tiga minggu pasca pembuatanstoma. Berdasarkan kriteria malnutrisi American Society for Parenteral andEnteral Nutrition (ASPEN), keempat pasien ini tergolong malnutrisi berat. Terapimedik gizi diberikan dengan prinsip pemberian makanan dan minuman porsi kecilnamun sering, restriksi cairan hipotonik, pemberian minuman berupa larutanelektrolit-glukosa, pemberian medikasi anti motilitas, serta koreksi cairan danelektrolit menurut kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien. Target asupan energi danprotein pada keempat pasien dapat tercapai selama perawatan. Selama pemantauan,keempat pasien mengalami penurunan output ileostomi, serta perbaikankeseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit darah. Satu pasien mengalami perburukan klinisdan meninggal akibat sepsis pada hari perawatan ke-18. Tiga pasien pulang dengankondisi klinis perbaikan. Satu pasien mengalami peningkatan output ileostomi saatperawatan di rumah, kemudian dirawat kembali sepuluh hari setelah pulang karenakomplikasi anemia gravis dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, dan pada akhirnyameninggal. Terapi medik gizi dapat menurunkan produksi stoma, memperbaikikadar elektrolit darah, serta memperbaiki keseimbangan cairan pada pasienileostomi high output.

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Ileostomy is a surgical procedure to divert the ileum onto an artificial opening inthe abdominal wall, aimed for fecal diversion. Ileostomy is commonly created inpatients undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer, advanced neoplasms withintestinal infiltration, or gastrointestinal inflammation. High output ileostomy(stoma output >1500 mL per day) can cause imbalance of fluid and electrolytes,and malnutrition in patients. At present, there is no comprehensive nutritionmanagement guideline for high output ileostomy patients. This case series aimedto support therapy, prevent malnutrition, improve clinical condition, as well as toreduce the morbidity and mortality of high output ileostomy patients. Four highoutput ileostomy patients, with a range of age 42 to 50 years old received medicalnutrition therapy during their hospital stay. Three cases were chronic cases inmalignancy, while the other case was an acute case of adhesion and perforation dueto strangulated femoral hernia. All four cases were early onset high outputileostomy, occurring in three weeks after stoma creation. Based on the AmericanSociety for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) malnutrition criteria, thesefour patients were classified as severe malnutrition. Medical nutrition therapy wasadministered according to a set of principles: small frequent feeding and drinking,hypotonic fluid restriction, oral electrolyte-glucose solution administration, antimotilitymedication administration, as well as fluid and serum electrolytecorrection, according to patients' needs and clinical conditions. The target of energyand protein intake in all patients were achieved during hospital stay. During hospitalmonitoring, decreased ileostomy output as well as improvement in fluid andelectrolyte balance were observed in all patients. One patient clinically worsenedand died due to sepsis on the 18th day of hospital stay. Three patients showedimprovement in clinical condition and were discharged. One patient experienced anincrease in ileostomy output at home, and then readmitted ten days after hospitaldischarge due to severe anemia and electrolyte imbalance and subsequently died.Medical nutrition therapy may decrease output as well as improve fluid andelectrolyte balance in patients with high output ileostomy."

"Pasien kanker laring memiliki risiko terjadinya malnutrisi hingga kaheksia yang disebabkan oleh lokasi tumor dan sitokin inflamasi. Angka kejadian kanker laring dengan malnutrisi meningkat pada geriatri. Laringektomi total merupakan salah satu tatalaksana kanker laring dengan komplikasi pasca operasi tersering berupa pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF). Tatalaksana nutrisi yang adekuat (makronutrien dan mikronutrien) perlu diberikan dengan menyesuaikan toleransi dan kondisi klinis setiap pasien. Keempat pasien pada serial kasus merupakan pasien karsinoma sel skuamosa laring pasca laringektomi total. Semua jenis kelamin pasien adalah laki-laki. Dua dari empat pasien adalah geriatri. Faktor risiko terbanyak adalah merokok. Semua pasien memiliki status gizi malnutrisi sedang berdasarkan ASPEN dan tiga pasien dengan kaheksia kanker. Sarkopenia didapatkan pada satu pasien non geriatri dan satu pasien geriatri. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai dengan kondisi klinis dan toleransi asupan melalui jalur enteral per NGT. Suplementasi mikronutrien dengan dosis penyembuhan luka diberikan pada semua pasien. Tiga pasien tanpa komplikasi mendapatkan suplementasi omega-3. Komplikasi PCF didapatkan pada satu pasien non geriatri dengan status gizi berat badan berlebih berdasarkan IMT, hipoalbuminemia, anemia, dan riwayat pemasangan NGT dan trakeostomi. Asupan energi dan protein pada pasien yang mengalami PCF tidak mencapai target. Pemberian makanan oral pada pasien yang tidak mengalami PCF dilakukan pada hari ke 7-12 pasca operasi. Pasien dengan PCF pulang dengan NGT. Keempat pasien pulang dengan keadaan klinis yang membaik. Skor indeks Barthel dan Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) mengalami perbaikan pada akhir masa perawatan. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan yaitu status gizi malnutrisi yang mendapatkan terapi nutrisi optimal akan mengurangi terjadinya komplikasi. Adanya komplikasi pasca operasi berperan dalam terjadinya PCF.

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Patients with laryngeal cancer are at risk of malnutrition and cancer cachexia that is induced by tumor location and cytokine inflammatory. Incidence of malnutrition related to laryngeal cancer increases on geriatric patients. Total laryngectomy is one of the surgical procedures for laryngeal cancer with the most postoperative complications, such as pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF). Adequate nutrition therapy (macronutrient and micronutrient) must be provided by adjusting to the clinical tolerance and condition of every patient. Patients in the case series are four patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma after total laryngectomy. The gender of all patients is male. Two patients are geriatric patients. Smoking is the major risk factor in this case series. All patients were moderately malnourished based on ASPEN criteria, and three patients had cancer cachexia. Sarcopenia was identified in one non-geriatric patient and one geriatric patient. Medical nutrition therapy was provided through enteral NGT according to clinical condition and tolerance intake of the patient. Micronutrient supplementation with dose for wound healing was given to all patients. Three patients without complication received omega-3 supplementation. PCF complication was identified in one non-geriatric patient with overweight status based on BMI, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and history of tracheostimy dan used NGT. Energy and protein intake did not reach target in this patient. All four patients were discharged with improved clinical condition. There are improved in Barthel index and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). Conclusion of the case series is that adequate medical nutrition therapy provided in malnutrition patient can decrease the risk of complications after surgery. Complication after surgery with comorbid has a role in the development of PCF."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Prevalensi obesitas di seluruh dunia telah diketahui mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dalam tiga dekade terakhir. Tingginya prevalensi obesitas tersebut dapat memengaruhi peningkatan prevalensi pasien luka bakar dengan obesitas yang dirawat di unit luka bakar. Pasien luka bakar dengan obesitas mengalami fenomena 'second hit', yaitu peningkatan respon hipermetabolisme pasca luka bakar akibat inflamasi kronik yang sebelumnya sudah dialami. Masalah tersebut memiliki kaitan erat dengan nutrisi sehingga membutuhkan terapi medik gizi yang optimal untuk memodulasi respon hipermetabolisme yang meningkat pada pasien luka bakar dengan obesitas. Metode: Pada serial kasus ini terdapat empat pasien luka bakar berat karena api. Keempat pasien tersbeut memiliki status nutrisi obes berdasarkan kriteria indeks massa tubuh IMT menurut WHO untuk Asia Pasifik. Target kebutuhan energi dihitung menggunakan formula estimasi Xie dengan berat badan kering. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai panduan terapi medik gizi pasien sakit kritis berupa nutrisi enteral dini dengan target energi awal 20-25 kcal/kg BB dengan target protein 1,5-2 gram/kg BB. Terapi medik gizi selanjutnya diberikan sesuai dengan klinis dan toleransi pasien. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa vitamin C, vitamin B, asam folat, dan seng.Hasil: Tiga pasien meninggal selama perawatan karena syok sepsis yang tidak teratasi, sedangkan satu pasien mengalami perbaikan luas luka bakar dari 47 menjadi 36 luas permukaan tubuh LPT serta peningkatan kapasitas fungsional. Kesimpulan: Status nutrisi obesitas pada pasien dalam serial kasus ini dapat menjadi faktor yang memperberat penyulit yang dialami. Terapi medik gizi yang adekuat dapat menunjang proses penyembuhan luka serta meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional.

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ABSTRACT<>br>Background The prevalence of obese patients presenting to burn unit facilities is expected to increase over the next three decades due to global epidemic of obesity. Given that the metabolic derrangements seen in burn mirror those found in association in obesity, it is plausible that excess adipose tissue contributes to a 'second hit' phenomenon in patients affected by burn injury. Optimal and adequate medical nutrition therapy is required in order to modulate the inflammatory and metabolic response, therefore enhance burn wound healing.Methods The current case series consist of four severly flame burned patient. The nutritional status of these patients was moderately obese according to WHO criteria for Asia Pacific. Enery requirement was calculated using the Xie formula based on patient rsquo s dry weight. Medical nutrition therapy was initiated with eraly enteral nutrition started at 20-25 kcal kg day with protein target at 1,5-2 gram kg day. Micronutrient supplementation was also given to these patients. Results Three patients died during hospitalization due to septic shock. The last patient had satisfactory wound healing and improved functional capacity at discharge. Kesimpulan: Obesity in this case series may be one of the risk factor for mortality. Adequate medical nutrition therapy inline with patient's clinical condition leads to enhancement healing process and improved functional capacity."

"[ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Intestinal failure (IF) merupakan masalah pascabedah denganoutcome yang buruk. Saat ini telah terdapat rekomendasi terapi gizi pada IFberdasarkan etiologinya, namun belum ada laporan serial kasus yang memaparkanaplikasinya.Presentasi Kasus: Pasien dalam serial kasus ini terdiri dari 3 perempuan dan 1laki-laki, berusia 21?42 tahun. Terhadap pasien ditegakkan diagnosis IF denganberbagai etiologi, yaitu 3 pasien dengan fistula enterokutan (FEK) dan 1 pasiendengan short bowel syndrome (SBS) end jejunostomy. Terapi gizi pada pasien IFberdasarkan etiologinya. Pada pasien FEK high output, kebutuhan energi 1,5?2kali resting energy requirement (RER) atau 37?45 kkal/kg BB/hari, protein 1,5?2g/kg BB/hari. Pada FEK low output kebutuhan energi 1?1,5 kali KEB (25?30kkal/kg BB/hari), protein 1?1,5 g/kg BB/hari. Pada pasien FEK yang mendapatterapi konservatif, didapat outcome peningkatan kadar albumin serum dan beratbadan, serta produksi fistel yang berkurang. Pasien FEK dengan persiapanrekonstruksi usus halus terdapat perbaikan keadaan umum dan peningkatan kadaralbumin serum. Pada pasien SBS, terkait kondisi pascabedah maka terapi gizisesuai rekomendasi Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), dengankebutuhan energi 25?30 kkal/kg BB/hari dengan komposisi makronutrien yangseimbang. Pada pasien ini dilakukan distal feeding dan pengaturan laju tetesankimus untuk mencegah sindrom dumping. Pasien SBS didapat outcomepeningkatan kadar albumin dan berat badan selama masa perawatan. Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi klinik yang adekuat memberikan outcome yang baik pada pasien IF.ABSTRACT Background: Intestinal failure (IF) is a postoperative complication with poor

outcome. Nowadays, many of nutritional management recommendations based on

etiologies of IF, but no report about those application.

Case Presentation: Three female and one male patients were included in this case

series, aged 21?42 years old. Nutritional needs in IF patients are determined by

their etiologies. IF in this case series caused by enterocutaneous fistula (ECF)

and short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nutritional needs on ECF patients depend on

their fistula production. In patients with high output ECF, energy requirement is

in 1.5?2 resting energy requirement (RER) or 37?45 kcal/kg BW/day, protein

1,5?2 g/kg BW/day. In low output ECF, energy requirement is 1?1.5 RER or 25?

30 kcal/kg BW/day hari, protein 1?1.5 g/kg BW/day. In ECF patients given

conservative therapy, serum albumin and body weight increased, while the fistula

production decreased. In patients with preoperative of intestine reconstruction

surgery, there were improvement in general condition with the increase of serum

albumin. In SBS patients, related to the postoperative condition, energy was given

according to Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) recommendation 25?30

kkal/kg BW/day with balance of macronutrient composition. In SBS end

jejunostomy patient the food was given through distal feeding with adjusted

chymus drip to prevent dumping syndrome. There were increased in serum

albumin and body weight of the patients.

Conclusion: Adequate support medical therapy of clinical nutrition in IF patients give good outcome. , Background: Intestinal failure (IF) is a postoperative complication with poor

outcome. Nowadays, many of nutritional management recommendations based on

etiologies of IF, but no report about those application.

Case Presentation: Three female and one male patients were included in this case

series, aged 21–42 years old. Nutritional needs in IF patients are determined by

their etiologies. IF in this case series caused by enterocutaneous fistula (ECF)

and short bowel syndrome (SBS). Nutritional needs on ECF patients depend on

their fistula production. In patients with high output ECF, energy requirement is

in 1.5–2 resting energy requirement (RER) or 37–45 kcal/kg BW/day, protein

1,5–2 g/kg BW/day. In low output ECF, energy requirement is 1–1.5 RER or 25–

30 kcal/kg BW/day hari, protein 1–1.5 g/kg BW/day. In ECF patients given

conservative therapy, serum albumin and body weight increased, while the fistula

production decreased. In patients with preoperative of intestine reconstruction

surgery, there were improvement in general condition with the increase of serum

albumin. In SBS patients, related to the postoperative condition, energy was given

according to Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) recommendation 25–30

kkal/kg BW/day with balance of macronutrient composition. In SBS end

jejunostomy patient the food was given through distal feeding with adjusted

chymus drip to prevent dumping syndrome. There were increased in serum

albumin and body weight of the patients.

Conclusion: Adequate support medical therapy of clinical nutrition in IF patients give good outcome. ]"