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"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas hubungan antara strategi komunikasi dan keterampilan berbicara peserta program Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing BIPA level madya. Penelitian ini berancangan kualitatif. Data penelitian diambil dengan merekam tuturan peserta dalam ujian berbicara. Taksonomi D rnyei dan Scott 1997 serta tahapan keterampilan berbicara Corder 1973 digunakan untuk menganalisis data penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterbatasan perbendaharaan kata merupakan hambatan komunikasi utama bagi peserta selain tekanan waktu, performa peserta, dan performa kawan tutur. Selain itu, keterampilan berbicara peserta dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan strategi komunikasi yang mereka gunakan.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis examines the corelation of communication strategies and speaking skills of the Indonesian Foreign Speakers program BIPA at intermediate level. This study implemented a qualitative method. Data were colected by recording their speech in the speaking test. D rnyei Scott rsquo s 1997 taxonomy and Corder rsquo s 1973 speaking skills stages were used in this research. The research findings indicate that the limited vocabulary is the main communicative barriers. In addition, the other problems are the pressures of time, the participants performance, and the adresse performance. Thus, the speaking skills of participants can be explained based on their communication strategies. "

"ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to find out how the prosodic markers characterize the contrast of declarative and interrogative utterances both in the production and perception perspectives. The research is based on the assumption that studying prosody as a part of the symbols system has to set the prosody completely on the interaction domain, involve how the speaker organizes the prosody component concurrently with segmental and lexical items to enunciate the meaning and how in fact the hearer distinguishes the prosodic symbols to perceive the meaning of the utterance. As well as to find the prosodic marker either an individual part or their configuration to construct melodic and temporal structures, the study is also intended to measure each of the relevant variables within the two structures.

In the production experiment I found that the component of melodic structure such as the reference pitch or initial pitch in tout contour (nada dasar), final pitch (nada final), peak(s) (puncak nada), and pitch range (jam nada.) as well as duration significantly mark the contrast of declarative. and interrogative utterances. In general, the study came to the conclusion that

1. Declaratives reference is about 9.13 st and this is 1 st higher then interrogative reference.

2. The final pitch of declarative is about 7.28 st and it is about 2 st lower than the interrogatives final pitch Compare to the reference, the declarative final pitch feature negative excursion and the interrogative final pitch features positive excursion.

3. The peak(s) excursion of declarative utterances is only about 0.95 st above the reference and this is significantly different from interrogatives peaks, which is about 231 above the reference. Relative to the onset, the peaks are 5.46 st in declaratives contour and 3.14 st in interrogatives.

4. In term of pitch movement (alirnada), the contrasts are mark by the final pitch movement. The contours are closed by flat rise followed fall tail (DNt) in declaratives and by rise followed fall tail (Nt) in interrogatives. Both, declaratives and interrogatives contour started by fall-rise (TN) movement.

5. Moreover, concerning temporal characteristics, the study concludes that the contrast of declarative and interrogatives is marked by lengthening of the syllable at the final constituent It appears that on top of the peak(s), the speaker also indicates the constituent boundaries with length of syllable and the syllabic lengthening that happens at the end of utterance is greater.

In the perception experiment, I found that the declaratives base stimuli could be perceived as fully declarative with perfect intonation if the pitch range of the contour ranges between 3 st to 35 st. In term of excursion size, minimum contour is characterized by P1 onset at the same level of reference (0 st or no excursion), Pi and P2 with excursed 1 st and final pitch excursed about -2 st (or 2 st under the reference). Maximum contour is characterized by P1 onset with excursion approximately -20.11 st P2 about 15.21 st, P2 about 14.28 st, and final pitch -15.53 st

The study did not find minimum contour of interrogative base stimuli since there is no stimulus perceived as perfect interrogative utterance - positively caused by extremely small step size value in stimulus manipulation. However, I found the maximum contour of interrogative base stimuli found with 36 st pitch range which is characterized by onset PI with excursion about -16.6 st, followed, by Pi with 15.8 st, P2 with 19.39 st, and final pitch with 16.04 st

On searching of contrastive threshold, I found that interrogative utterances more sensitive to the prosodic change than declarative utterances. More than 95% of interrogative base stimuli are perceived as declarative, while only about 422% of declarative base stimuli are perceives as interrogative utterance. Regarding excursion, the declarative base stimuli which is initiate interrogative perception has 1.4 st P2 onset, more than 4.3 st

P2, and about 2.4 st excursion of final pitch. On the other hand, the interrogative base stimuli would initiate declarative perception when the stimuli hold and excursion of the P2 onset as much as 03 st with about 1.9 st excursion of P2 and -3.6 st final pitch excursion. In the two base stimuli, the range of syllabic length manipulation is 20% to 60% of the original duration.

Compared to the acoustic characteristics in their utterances, it seems that the speaker of the language can perceived more than that they produce. The pitch range of their utterances distributes from 5 st to 22 st, but the can perceive stimuli as perfect utterances in range of 3 st to 35 st. They are also able to perceive much higher peaks and final pitch excursion then what they can produce."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas efektivitas media video berseri dalam buku ajar Tendances dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis. Adapun rumusan masalah dan tujuan penelitian ini ada dua yaitu menganalisis efektivitas media video berseri dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara dan menganalisis persepsi siswa yang menggunakan media video berseri dalam pemelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis mereka. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas menggunakan dua siklus dengan 30 subjek penelitian yang mempelajari Bahasa Prancis pada tingkat A2. Penelitian dilakukan selama empat bulan dengan total 15 pertemuan. Data penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kuantitatif seperti pre-test, progress-test dan post-test serta data kualitatif seperti kuesioner awal, kuesioner akhir, jurnal pelajar dan wawancara. Seluruh kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan Repeated Measures Anova. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kelebihan dan kekurangan media video berseri, efektivitas media ajar itu dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis serta faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam menggunakan media ajar itu.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the effectiveness of video series media in textbooks Tendances in teaching French speaking skills. The research questions and the research purposes of this study are analyzing the effectiveness of video series media in teaching French speaking skills and analyzing the perceptions of students who use video series media in learning their French speaking skills. The research methodology used in this study is Action Research using two cycles with 30 research subjects studying French at A2 level. The study was conducted over four months with a total of 15 meetings. The research data used in this study are quantitative data such as pre-test, progress-test and post-test as well as qualitative data such as the initial questionnaire, final questionnaire, student journal and interview. All quantitative data were analyzed using Repeated Measures Anova. The results of this study indicate the advantages and disadvantages of video series media, the effectiveness of the media in teaching French speaking skills and the factors that must be considered for using the media."

"The essays in this volume are all original contributions dealing in one way or another with the analysis of prosody - primarily intonation and rhythm, and the role it plays in everyday conversation. They take as their methodological starting-point the contention that the study of prosody must begin with genuine interactional rather than pre-fabricated laboratory data. Through close empirical analysis of recorded material from genuine English, German and Italian conversations, prosody emerges here as a strategy deployed by interactants in the management of turntaking and floor-holding; in the negotiation of conversational activities such as repair, assessments, announcements, reproaches and news receipts; and in the keying of the tone or modality of interactional sequences."

"Text-to-speech research in several languages in under development, and has reached a satisfactory result in certain language. But, some problems in text-to-speech have not been completely solved yet...."

"Kartun-kartun yang dimuat di media cetak, khususnya koran, biasanya mengungkap tema yang dekat dengan kehidupan masyarakat. Kartun tidakhanya terdiri dari unsur gambar saja, namun juga memiliki unsur bahasa. Bahasa di dalam kartun dapat diteliti secara liunguistis, salah satunya melalui pragmatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aspek-aspek pragmatik yang cenderung digunakan kartunis di dalam kartun yang diciptakannya. Aspek-aspek tersebut adalah praanggapan, implikatur, pertuturan, dan dunia kemungkinan. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hubungan kartun dengan konteks di luar bahasa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis dengan teknik sadap. Data penelitian diambil dari kartun Timun yang terbit setiap hari Minggu di koran Kompas. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, aspek pragmatik yang cenderung digunakan kartunis adalah praanggapan. Dari 13 kartun Timun, terdapat 9 kartun yang menandung praanggapan. Aspek pragmatik yang berikutnya adalah implikatur. Implikatur yang terdapat dalam kartun Timun muncul secara tersirat melalui ujaran para tokohnya. Sementara itu, dunia kemungkinan terlihat dari gambar-gambar yang karyunis ciptakan. Apa yang digambar kartunis mustahil terjadi dalam dunia nyata, seperti ayam yang berbicara kepada manusia. Hubungan kartun dengan konteks di luar bahasa diperlihatkan kartunis melalui gambar dan penggunaan kata-kata tertentu di dalam ujaran tokoh. Melalui gambar dan ujaran para tokoh terlihat bahwa kartunis menggunakan peristiwa aktual yang terjadi pada saat kartun tersebut diterbitkan. Oleh karena itu, dalam memahami kartun Timun, pembaca harus mengetahui peristiwa, konteks, dan waktu yang melatarbelakangi cerita dalam kartun."

"Tulisan ini membahas kesalahan gramatikal dan hambatan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam tulisan peserta BIPA. Kesalahan gramatikal terjadi pada keempat aspek, yaitu kesalahan fonologi, kesalahan morfologi, kesalahan sintaksis, dan kesalahan semantik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi kesalahan gramatikal dan hambatan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam tulisan peserta BIPA berkewarganegaraan Korea Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (mix method). Sumber data diambil dari tulisan yang berasal dari 20 responden berkewarganegaraan Korea Selatan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah ditemukan keempat aspek kesalahan gramatikal dalam bahasa Indonesia, yaitu kesalahan fonologi, kesalahan morfologi, kesalahan sintaksis, dan kesalahan semantik. Kesalahan yang paling banyak dimuncul pada aspek sintaksis. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini juga menemukan hambatan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia cenderung akibat pengaruh dari bahasa pertama dalam keempat aspek tersebut.

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This paper discusses the grammatical errors and writing of BIPA participants interference into Indonesian. Grammatical errors occur in four aspects, which phonological errors, morphological errors, syntactic errors, and semantic errors. The purpose of this study is to classify grammatical errors and identify the grammatical errors that Korean interference into Indonesian in writing of South Korean BIPA participants. The method used in this research is mix method. The source of data used comes from writing of 20 respondents who are South Korean. The result of this study showed that four aspects of grammatical errors in Indonesian, namely phonological errors, morphological errors, syntactic errors, and semantic errors. The most common error is syntactic errors. In addition, this study also found that the interference to using Indonesian tend to be the first language in four aspects."

"This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and prosodic structure from a phonological perspective. It explores topics such as individual tones and how they combine, how information This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and prosodic structure. Taking a phonological perspective, it shows how morpho-syntactic constituents are mapped to prosodic constituents according to well-formedness conditions. Using a tone-sequence model of intonation, it explores individual tones and how they combine, and discusses how information structure affects intonation in several ways, showing tones and melodies to be 'meaningful' in that they add a pragmatic component to what is being said. The author also shows how despite a superficial similarity, languages differ in how their tonal patterns arise from tone concatenation. Lexical tones, stress, phrase tones, and boundary tones are assigned differently in different languages, resulting in great variation in intonational grammar, both at the lexical and sentential level. The last chapter is dedicated to experimental studies of how we process prosody. The book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in linguistics, and particularly in phonological theory."

"Injil, selain berperan untuk keperluan minoritas, juga dapat menggambarkan dan mewakili bahasa pada zamannya. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan perbedaan bentuk verba pada bahasa Melayu Rendah (BMR) dan bahasa Melayu Tinggi (BMT) yang terdapat pada Injil Matius Terjemahan Klinkert perbedaan verba tidak hanya dilihat dari segi morfologis, tetapi dari segi pola urutan, kecenderungan penggunaan bentuk verbal, serta kecenderungan bentuk aktif-pasif pada BMR dan BMT. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data analisis dokumen.

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Gospel not only used for missionary, but also described and represented language for its period. This research described the distinction of verb form in Low Malay and High Malay which are found in the Gospel of Matthew Klinkert Translation. The distintion of verb form can be seen not only from morphology side, but also from the sides of sequence pattern, the tendency of verb phrase using, and the tendency of actoive-passive form of Low Malay and High Malay. This research use qualitative method with literature analysis for collecting data."