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"The genetic improvement of Eucalyptus species in Thailand has been developed at clone or variety levels. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Clone A5 and Clone D1 are two of the most planted varieties at Sa Kaeo province in the eastern region of Thailand. Thus, the selection of clones which emphasize economic traits is not sufficient anymore. Wood density and leaf functional traits should be emphasized also because these characteristics directly affect yields of plantation. The studied area was a six-year-old clone A5 and D1 plantation with spacing of3 m. x 3 m. in the village of Sa Kaeo Province, in eastern Thailand. The basic wood density (WD) of A5 and D1 was 0.7364 and 0.6345 g/cm3, respectively. Stem volume was 0.0512 and 0.0577 m3/tree and the stem dry mass was 28.10 and 26.50 kg/tree, respectively. Although the stem volume of A5 was less than Dl, their WD had significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) because the WD of A5 was higher than Dl. Furthermore, the A5 provided more stem dry mass than Dl, equal to 30.95 and 28.40 ton per hectare, respectively. For the leaves slenderness, A5 and Dl were 1.18and 1.19 respectively, which had insignificant difference (p > 0.05) and the specific leaf weight was 0.0135 and 0.0120 g/cm2 .respectively, which had a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the leaf thickness of A5 was more than Dl. It was affected positively by photosynthesis The results suggest that wood density of stem and thickness of leaves in this study could be used further to improve the genetic Eucalyptus."

"Latar Belakang : Sistem in vitro pendeteksi interaksi protein Vif HIV-1 dengan Apobec3G akan mempermudah identifikasi obat anti HIV-1 yang dapat meghambat replikasi HIV-1 melalui fungsi protein intrinsik Apobec3G. Protein Apobec3G rekombinan yang diperoleh melalui ekspresi pada sistem prokariota dapat digunakan bersama-sama dengan protein vif rekombinan untuk pengembangan sistem identifikasi substansi penghambat interaksi Apobec3G dan Vif HIV-1 dalam rangka eksplorasi protein bahan alam sebagai penghambat infeksi HIV. Metode : Gen Apobec3G diklona ke dalam vektor plasmid pGEX6P-1 dalam E.coli TOP10, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan ekspresi pada sel E.coli BL21 untuk memperoleh protein rekombinan. Proses induksi dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dengan konsentrasi IPTG 0,5 mM, waktu induksi 2 dan 4 jam. Hasil : Gen apobec3G telah berhasil diklona ke dalam vektor ekspresi prokariot, tetapi protein belum berhasil diekspresikan.

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Background: A system for detection of in vitro interaction of HIV-1 Vif protein with apobec3G protein will facilitate the identification of novel anti HIV-1 drug that inhibit the virus replication through functional intrinsic Apobec3G protein. Recombinant Apobec3G protein that is obtained through expression in prokaryotic expression system can be utilized in combination with recombinant HIV-1 Vif protein for the development of a sistem for identification of an inhibitory substance for interaction of Apobec3G and HIV-1 Vif, in order to explore the potential of natural substances as inhibitors of HIV infection.

Methods: The gene encoding the Apobec3G protein was cloned into the plasmid vector pGEX6P-1 in Top10 E. coli, followed by expression in BL21 E. coli to obtain the recombinant protein. Induction of expression was performed at 37oC with IPTG concentration of 0.5 mM for 2 and 4 hours.

Results: The gene encoding the Apobec3G has been successfully cloned in the prokariotic expression vector, however the expression of the corresponding recombinant protein has not been successful."

"PT. X adalah salah satu perusahaan HTI yang mendapatkan ijin seluas 296.262 ha.Merujuk pada tabel normal KLHK untuk spesies Eucalyptus pellita adalah sebesar 121 m3, sedangkan di lokasi penelitian potensi Eucalyptus pellita sebesar 100 m3. Perbandingan perbedaan pada tabel normal adalah pada jarak tanam yaitu pada jarak tanam tabel normal sebesar 3 m x 2 m sedangkan pada jarak tanam penelitian yaitu 3 m x 2,5 m, volume per pohon pada penelitian adalah sebesar 0,078 m3 sedangkan tabel normal 0,083 m3, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa potensi tegakan di Distrik Rasau Kuning belum optimal dan dapat dikembangkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan: menganalisis potensi tegakan di lokasi penelitian, menganalisis kondisi silvikultur, jarak tanam, pendidikan dan pelatihan di lokasi penelitian, menganalisis kondisi silvikultur, pendapatan pekerja borongan, pengelolaan tmpat tumbuh di lokasi penelitian, menganalisis peran silvikultur, pendapatan pekerja tidak tetap, pengelolaan tempat tumbuh dengan potensi tegakan, mengidentifikasi model potensi hutan tanaman industri yang berkelanjutan. Analisis faktor menggunakan menggunakan Analitical Hierarchy Process (AHP) sebagai metode dalam model potensi tegakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi tegakan mencapai volume sebesar 100 m3/ha. Kondisi sarana dan prasarana produksi nilai rerata (0,92), jarak tanam nilai rerata (0,76), pendidikan dan pelatihan nilai rerata (0,90). Kondisi silvikultur nilai rerata (0,983), pendapatan pekerja tidak tetap nilai rerata (0,81), pengelolaan tempat tumbuh jika dibandingkan dengan penelitian yang tumbuh di Perawang termasuk dalam kategori baik. Analisis AHP peran silvikultur, pendapatan pekerja borongan, pendidikan dan pelatihan terhadap potensi tegakan adalah silvikulur dengan nilai (0,523). Analisis AHP pada potensi tegakan Eucalyptus pellita hutan tanaman industri yang berkelanjutan dengan hasil alternatif prioritas adalah sarana dan prasarana produksi (0,408) pada pengelolaan hutan tanaman industri. Kata kunci: Hutan Tanaman Industri, Potensi Tegakan, Keberlanjutan.

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PT. X is one of the HTI companies that obtained a permit covering 296,262 ha. Refer to the normal table of volume for Eucalyptus pellita from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry is 121 m3 / ha, but in the location of research, the volume of Eucalyptus pellita in 2018 is 100 m3/ha. This study aims to: analyze potential in the research location, analyze silvicultural conditions, ratio of plant, education and training at the research location, analyze silvicultural conditions, income of precarious workers, manage growth in research locations, analyze the role of silviculture, income of temporary workers, management of growing places with stand potential, identifying sustainable industrial plantation management models. Factor analysis uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a method in the industrial plantation management model. The results showed that the stand potential reached a volume of 100 m3/ha. The condition of facilities and infrastructure produced an average value (0,92), planting distance average value (0,76), education and training average value (0,90). The silvicultural condition of the average value (0,983), the income of bulk workers is the average value (0,81), the management of the growing place when compared to the research that grows in Perawang is included in the good category. AHP analysis is the role of silviculture, the income of precarious workers, education and training on stand potential is silviculur with a value (0,523). AHP analysis on sustainable industrial plantation management with priority alternative results is production facilities and infrastructure (0,408) in industrial plantation management. This research proves that silvicultural criteria and alternative production facilities and infrastructure have a major role in the sustainable industrial plantation management model. Keyword: Industrial Plantation Forests, Potential Stands, Sustainability."

"Kejadian AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) yang disebabkan Human Immunodeficiency Virus tipe 1 (HIV-1) terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pencegahan penularan virus HIV-1 masih sulit karena belum ada vaksin yang telah ditemukan untuk mencegah penularan atau transmisi virus ini. Selain itu, faktor lainnya adalah jarangnya diagnostik yang tersedia untuk awal infeksi, serta variasi genetik virus HIV-1 yang meningkat dengan cepat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengembangkan virus dengan menggunakan klona galur sel T CD4 yaitu CEM-GFP dengan virus HIV-1 CRF01_AE untuk mendapatkan virus dengan sifat genetik yang relatif homogen dan sifat virus yang sama. Ekspresi virus dalam sel target dimonitor melalui induksi green fluorescent protein yang akan diekspresikan oleh CEM-GFP ketika sel ini terinfeksi oleh virus HIV-1. Infeksi dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu direct cell to cell transmission dan cell-free virus infection, hasil infeksi kedua metode ini dibandingkan fluoresensinya dengan mikroskop fluoresensi dan pengukuran ekspresi GFP dengan sitometer.Setelah 7 hari kultur, pengamatan dengan mikroskop fluoresensi menunjukkan bahwa sel terinfeksi dengan metode direct cell to cell transmission lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan cell-free virus infection. Pengukuran ekspresi GFP dengan sitometer pun menunjukkan hal serupa dimana ekspresi GFP sel terinfeksi dengan metode direct cell to cell transmission lebih banyak dibanding dengan cell-free virus infection. Untuk melihat apakah virus berhasil dikeluarkan dari sel terinfeksi dilakukan dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa virus telah berhasil terdeteksi pada supernatan kultur sel CEM-GFP terinfeksi virus HIV-1.

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The incidents of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) that caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) are increasing every year. The prevention of HIV transmission is still difficult to be done because HIV vaccine has not been found yet. Besides, another factor in HIV therapy is the rare early diagnostic available and the genetic variation of HIV-1 virus that increased rapidly. This study was aimed for propagating virus by using CEM-GFP clones, the derivative of CD4 T cells infected with CRF01_AE for obtaining virus with relatively homogen genetic variation and possessing the same characteristic. The virus expression in the target cell was observed by the induction of green fluorescent protein expressed by CEM-GFP when this cell was infected by HIV-Virus. The infection was held by two methods, cell-to-cell transmission and cellfree virus infection, the fluorescent of infected cell of this two methods was compared with fluorescent microscope and GFP expression assay with cytometer.

Within 7 days of culture, observation with fluorescent microscope showed that the infected cells of direct cell-to-cell transmission method was higher than the cellfree virus infection. GFP expression assay also showed the same result. The GFP expression of infected cells with direct cell-to-cell transmission was higher than cell-free virus infection. To investigate whether the virus was released from the infected cells, Polymerase Chain Reaction, were applied in this study. The result showed that the cell-free virus can be detected in culture supernatant of CEMGFP cells infected with HIV-1."

"ABSTRAKSubunit protein NS2B-NS3 merupakan protein nonstruktural penyusun virus dengue. Kedua protein tersebut berperan dalam proses replikasi, memodulasi patogenesis, serta respons terhadap sel inang. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memvalidasi hasil kloning yang telah dilakukan oleh peneliti BPPT, mengekspresi dan mempurifikasi protein rekombinan NS2B-NS3 DENV serotipe 3. Vektor yang digunakan untuk kloning dan ekspresi ialah vektor plasmid pYES2/CT. Proses kloning yang telah dilakukan belum tervalidasi sehingga perlu divalidasi dengan metode digesti menggunakan enzim restriksi serta diamplifikasi menggunakan metode PCR. Plasmid yang telah tervalidasi ditransformasi menggunakan metode heat shock ke Saccharomyces cerevisiae sehingga memudahkan proses ekspresi. Hasil ekspresi kemudian divisualisasi menggunakan SDS-PAGE dan western blot. Hasil purifikasi kemudian divisualisasi menggunakan SDS-PAGE saja. Plasmid rekombinan pYES2/CT(NS2B-NS3) yang telah tervalidasi, terekspresi dan terpurifikasi kemudian dikirim untuk proses sekuensing. Hasil visualisasi ekspresi menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE dan western blot ialah terlihat pita spesifik pada ukuran 83 kDa. Hasil visualisasi purifikasi menggunakan SDS-PAGE terlihat muncul pita spesifik pada ukuran 83 kDa pada bagian flow-through dan resin. Hasil sekuensing menunjukan nilai kemiripan 96--99% antara plasmid rekombinan NS2B-NS3 dengan DENV serotipe 3 (DENV-3). Analisis homologi hasil sekuensing dengan isolat nomor 141 asal Jakarta menunjukan nilai 91--94% dan 97% untuk asam amino penyusun DENV.

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ABSTRACTNS2B-NS3 protein subunit are nonstructural protein which construct dengue virus. Both of these proteins take a role in the replication process, modulating pathogenesis, and responding to the host cell. This research aimed to validate the cloning product that had been conducted by BPPT researchers, express and purify recombinant proteins NS2B-NS3 DENV serotypes 3. The vector used for cloning and expression was a plasmid pYES2/CT vector. Furthermore, the cloning product was validated using restriction enzyme digest and amplified using PCR method. Then the plasmid vectors that had been validated were transformed using a heat shock method into Saccharomyces cerevisiae to facilitate the expression process. The results of expression were visualized using SDS-PAGE and western blot. Whereas, the results of purification were visualized using SDS-PAGE only. Recombinant plasmid pYES2/CT (NS2B-NS3) that had been validated, expressed, and purified were proceed to the sequencing process. The visualized expression showed a band of 83 kDa. The visualized purification showed a band of 83 kDa in the flow-through and resin part. The sequencing results showed 96--99% sequence similarity between NS2B-NS3 recombinant plasmid and DENV serotypes 3 (DENV-3). The homology analysis of the sequencing results using isolates number 141 from Jakarta showed 91--94% value and 97% for the amino acid which construct DENV."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai fenomena peniruan yang dilakukan terhadap suatu permainan video sehingga menghasilkan permainan video lainnya yang serupa dengan permainan video tersebut. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, skripsi ini membahas mengenai bagaimana hak cipta terkhususnya hak cipta Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 2014 memandang fenomena ini, mencakup bagaimana suatu permainan video dapat dilindungi oleh hak cipta dan sejauh mana perlindungan hak cipta yang dapat diberikan, serta lebih lanjut menelaah apakah tindakan peniruan tersebut termasuk dalam pelanggaran hak cipta atau tidak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif. Berdasarkan peninjauan maupun penelitian yang telah dilakukan, untuk dapat dilindungi oleh hak cipta, permainan video tersebut haruslah berupa ekspresi yang orisinal, yaitu seluruh unsur penyusunnya dibuat berdasarkan pemikiran masing-masing dari si pencipta unsur penyusun tersebut. Selanjutnya, peniruan pada dasarnya merupakan pelanggaran hak cipta. Namun jika hanya didasarkan kepada Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 2014, untuk dapat dikatakan sebagai pelanggaran hak cipta, peniruan harus dilakukan dengan mengambil dan/atau menggunakan ekspresi permainan video lain yang mencakup seluruh atau hampir seluruh unsur penyusun yang dapat dilindungi hak cipta dan termasuk juga serangkaian pengkombinasian unsur-unsur penyusun tersebut, secara seluruh atau sebagian yang substansial tanpa izin sehingga terdapat persamaan substansial antara karya orisinal dengan karya yang diduga meniru.

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In general, this thesis discusses about the phenomenon of video game copying that results in another video games that is similar to the original game. In relation to that, this thesis also discusses how copyright, especially Indonesians copyright based on Law Number 28 Year 2014 views this phenomenon, including how a video game can be protected by copyright and how far copyright protection can be provided, and whether or not the act of copying is included in the copyright infringement. The research method used in this thesis is juridical normative with secondary data type. Based on the review and the research that have been done, for it to be protected by copyright, the video games should be an original expression whereas the whole constituting elements are created based on the individual thoughts of the creators of the constituent elements. Furthermore, copying is basically an act of copyright infringement. However, if it is only based on the Indonesian Law No. 28 Year 2014, for it to be considered as a copyright infringement, copying should be done by taking and or using another video games expressions that includes all or nearly all of the constituent elements which can be protected by copyright which also includes a series of combination of the constituent elements, as a whole or substantially without permission thus the substantial similarities between the original works and the work that is allegedly doing the copying."

"Daerah sembalun yang berada di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat memiliki Potensi panas bumi yang besar. Potensi panas bumi yang besar tersebut haruslah dapat segera dimanfaatkan untuk mempercepat proses transisi ke energi baru terbarukan. Dalam proses eksplorasi energi panas bumi tersebut, salah satu tahapan yaitu pengeboran merupakan suatu tahapan penting dan juga mahal dalam eksplorasi panas bumi. Untuk itu diperlukan proses perencanaan yang matang, salah satunya dalam persiapan lokasi pengeboran. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengumpulan informasi geologi teknik dari daerah sembalun untuk menilai kesesuaian dari daerah penelitian untuk pembangunan dudukan sumur pengeboran. Metode penelitian meliputi pemetaan langsung di lapangan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kondisi lahan, data sifat fisik batuan dan tanah serta data diskontinuitas. Hasil akhir dari penelitian berupa peta geomorfologi sembalun yang terdiri atas satuan perbukitan tinggi vulkanik berlereng agak curam dan satuan pegunungan berlereng curam, peta geologi teknik yang tersusun atas satuan endapan tanah, satuan kolovium, satuan andesit lapuk rendah, satuan andesit lapuk tinggi, satuan breksi vulkanik lapuk rendah dan satuan breksi vulkanik lapuk tinggi, nilai kestabilan lereng dari Slope Mass Rating pada batu andesit adalah 62.4 dengan jenis kegagalan yang mungkin terjadi adalah wedge failure, selanjutnya nilai Slope Mass Rating breksi vulkanik adalah 58.07 dengan kegagalan jenis toppling failure. Dari keempat titik lokasi penelitian didapatkan lokasi SBL-2 merupakan titik dengan kesesuaian lahan yang baik.

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Sembalun region, located in West Nusa Tenggara Province has a large geothermal potential. The enormous geothermal potential must be used immediately speed up transition process to renewable energy. In the geothermal energy exploration process, one of the stages, namely drilling, is an important and costly stage in geothermal exploration. For this reason, a careful planning process is needed, one of which is in the preparation of drilling locations. In this study, geological engineering information was collected from the Sembalun area to decide the most suitable location for the construction of drilling well pad. The research method includes field mapping to get an overview of land conditions, data on physical properties of rocks and soils as well as discontinuity data. The final results of the research are sembalun geomorphological maps, consist of volcanic high hill with gently steep slope unit and volcanic mountain with steep slope unit. Geological engineering maps consist of soil sediment unit, colovium unit, high weathered andesit unit, low weathered andesit unit, high weathered volcanic breccia unit, low weathered volcanic breccia unit. SMR value of andesit rock is 62.4 with potential wedge failure and breccia volcanic with SMR value 58.07 with potential toppling failure. Of all locationin sembalun SBL-2 is the most suitable location."

"Kawasan Gunung Endut memiliki manifestasi panas bumi yang potensial dan pengembangannya sedang dalam tahap eksplorasi. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan data geologi teknik sebagai parameter yang digunakan untuk melakukan analisis kelayakan daerah penelitian dalam pembangunan infrastruktur wellpad. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kondisi geomorfologi, karakteristik geologi teknik tanah dan batuan, serta analisis kelayakan daerah penelitian. Dalam tahapan penelitian ini dilakukan pemetaan geologi teknik untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengamati parameter geologi teknik yang meliputi deskripsi geologi teknik batuan dan tanah, aspek morfogenesa yang bekerja, tingkat pelapukan, kekuatan batuan, dan bidang diskontinuitas pada batuan. Dilakukan juga pengolahan data digital untuk analisis aspek geomorfologi dan uji mekanika tanah untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah. Selain parameter geomorfologi dan geologi teknik batuan dan tanah, dalam analisis kelayakan dilakukan juga identifikasi kesesuaian lahan dalam aspek aksesibilitas jalan dan konektivitas dengan sumber air. Berdasarkan analisis kondisi geomorfologi, didapatkan dua satuan yang terdiri dari Satuan Perbukitan Vulkanik Sangat Landai-Agak Curam dan Satuan Perbukitan Vulkanik Agak Curam-Sangat Curam. Ditinjau dari karakteristik geologi teknik, diperoleh 4 satuan yang terdiri dari Satuan Andesit Lapuk Rendah (ALR), Satuan Tuf Lapuk Kuat (TLK), Satuan Endapan Koluvium (EK), Satuan Tanah Pasir Gradasi Baik (SW). Akses jalan berjarak sekitar 300 meter dari daerah penelitian, sedangkan untuk sumber air dapat diperoleh dari sungai yang berada di dalam daerah penelitian. Berdasarkan integrasi data geomorfologi, karakteristik geologi teknik, dan kesesuaian lahan, daerah penelitian dinyatakan kurang layak untuk pembangunan wellpad panas bumi.

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The Mount Endut area has potential geothermal manifestations and its development

is in the exploration stage. Therefore , engineering geological data is needed as a

parameter used to analyze the feasibility of the research area in the wellpad. The purpose

of this study is to determine the geomorphological conditions, geological characteristics

of soil and rock engineering, and analysis of the feasibility of the research area. In this

research stage, engineering geological mapping is carried out to identify and observe

technical geological parameters which include descriptions of rock and soil engineering

geology, working morphological aspects, weathering levels, rock strength, and

discontinuity areas in rocks. Digital data processing is also carried out for analysis of

geomorphological aspects and soil mechanics tests to determine soil characteristics. In

addition to the geomorphological and engineering geology parameters of rock and soil,

the feasibility analysis also identifies land suitability in terms of road accessibility and

connectivity with water sources. Based on the analysis of geomorphological conditions,

two units were obtained consisting of a Very Sloping-Slightly Steep Volcanic Hills Unit

and a Slightly Steep-Very Steep Volcanic Hills Unit. In terms of technical geological

characteristics, 4 units were obtained consisting of Slightly Weathered Andesite Unit

(SWA), Strongly Weathered Tuff Unit (SWT), Coluvium Deposits Unit (CD), Well

Gradient Sand Soil Unit (SW). Road access is about 300 meters from the research area,

while water sources can be obtained from rivers located within the research area. Based

on the integration of geomorphological data, characteristics of engineering geology, and

land suitability, the research area was declared unfit for geothermal wellpad."

"Rock compressibility is an important formation rock properties. It influences various processes in reservoir and rock formations that encompass from sources of reservoir driving energy, changes in other reservoir properties, to land subsidence. "