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"This volume presents a new contribution for the field of Tissue Engineering with a focus on the development of mathematical and computational methods that are relevant to understand human tissues, as well to model, design, and fabricate optimized and smart scaffolds."

"Latar Belakang: Ti-6Al-4V merupakan material implan yang sering digunakan untuk aplikasi biomedis, tetapi biaya produksi yang masih mahal. Sehingga diperlukan perlakuan panas untuk mengurangi biaya produksi dengan hasil produk yang optimal. Salah satu syarat diterimanya material implan yaitu harus kompatibel dengan jaringan sekitar. Tujuan: Mengamati efek implantasi material implan Ti-6Al-4V ELI dengan perlakuan panas 850°C pada regenerasi tulang femur tikus yang diamati melalui gambaran histologi. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekperimental pada 2 tikus betina Sprague Dawley di setiap kelompok. Terdapat 3 kelompok penelitian yang mencakup kelompok kontrol normal, kelompok kontrol defek, serta kelompok perlakuan yang diberi defek dan diimplantasi bahan uji material implan Ti-6Al-4V ELI dengan perlakuan panas 850°C. Tikus dikorbankan pada minggu ke-4 lalu dilakukan pengamatan histologis menggunakan skoring histologi Salkeld yang dimodifikasi. Hasil: Hasil skor histologi pada kedua sampel kelompok kontrol defek dan sampel-1 kelompok perlakuan yaitu 2 yang menandakan proses pembentukan tulang baru mencapai tahap pembentukan fibrokartilago. Pada sampel-2 kelompok perlakuan didapatkan hasil skor histologi 3 yang menandakan proses pembentukkan tulang sudah mencapai tahap terjadinya mineralisasi kartilago. Kesimpulan: Implantasi material implan Ti-6Al-4V ELI dengan perlakuan panas 850°C dapat diterima oleh jaringan tulang disekitarnya diamati dari proses regenerasi tulang yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya fibrosa, fibrokartilago, dan kartilago yang termineralisasi. 

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Background: Ti-6Al-4V is an implant material that is often used to biomedis application but the production costs are still expensive, so that heat treatment is needed to reduce production costs with optimal product results. One of the conditions for implant material is that it must be compatible with surrounding tissue.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Ti-6Al-4V ELI implan material implantation with 850°C heat treatment on the regeneration of rat femoral bone observed through histology.

Method: This study used an experimental study design with two female Sprague Dawley Rattus novergicus rat on each group. There were three observation groups including normal control group, defect control group, and one treatment group that was given a defect and implanted by the implant material (Ti-6Al-4V ELI) with 850° C heat treatment. Rats were sacrificed in the fourth week and performed histological observation using modified Salkeld scoring.

Result: The results obtained from histological scoring of 2 samples of control group and sample-1 of treatment group are 2 which indicate that they reached the formation stage of fibrocartilago tissue. The histological results of sample-2 treatment groups is 3 which indicates the recovery process have reached mineral cartilage mineralization.

Conclusion: Implantation of Ti-6Al-4V ELI implant material with 850°C heat treatment is acceptable within the nearest bone tissue, observed from bone regeneration process which is indicated by the presence of fibrous, fibrocartilages, and mineralized cartilages."

"Latar Belakang: Ti-6Al-4V adalah salah satu bahan implan yang paling umum digunakan. Dalam upaya mengurangi biaya produksi implan titanium, bahan dipanaskan untuk mengoptimalkan produk akhir mereka. Salah satu kondisi yang perlu dipenuhi untuk bahan implan baru adalah biokompatibilitas bahan untuk jaringan di sekitarnya. Tujuan: Untuk memahami efek implantasi material implan Ti-6Al-4V ELI yang dipanaskan pada 10500C pada tulang paha tikus Sprague Dawley melalui studi histologis. Metode: Desain penelitian eksperimental digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan tikus Sprague Dawley betina yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok: kelompok perlakuan; kelompok kontrol normal; dan kelompok kontrol cacat, yang dibuat lubang pada tulang paha. Dua tikus digunakan di masing-masing kelompok. Pada kelompok yang diberi perlakuan, defek tulang paha diimplantasikan dengan material implan Ti-6Al-4V ELI yang dipanaskan 10500C. Tikus dikorbankan setelah empat minggu dan dievaluasi secara histologis menggunakan Salkeld Histological Scoring yang dimodifikasi. Hasil: Skor histologis kelompok sampel 1 yang diobati adalah 3 yang berarti regenerasi tulang yang hampir sempurna, ditunjukkan oleh penampilan tulang rawan mineral. Nilai untuk kelompok perlakuan sampel 2 dan kelompok kontrol cacat sampel 1,2 adalah 2, yang berarti regenerasi tulang hanya mencapai fase pembentukan fibrocartilage. Kesimpulan: Regenerasi tulang dapat diperoleh di sekitar lokasi implantasi 10500C yang dipanaskan Ti-6Al-4V ELI material implan yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya jaringan fibrosa, fibrocartilage, dan tulang rawan termineralisasi.

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Background: Ti-6Al-4V is one of the most commonly used implant materials. In an effort to reduce the cost of producing titanium implants, the material is heated to optimize their final product. One of the conditions that need to be met for new implant material is the biocompatibility of the material for the surrounding tissue.

Objective: To understand the effect of implantation of TiI 6Al-4V ELI material that was heated at 10500C on the femur of Sprague Dawley rats through histological studies.

Methods: The experimental research design used in this study with female Sprague Dawley mice was divided into three groups: the treatment group; normal control group; and the deformed control group, which made a hole in the femur. Two mice were used in each group. In the treated group, femur defects were implanted with the implant material 10500C EL-Ti-6Al-4V. Mice were sacrificed after four weeks and evaluated histologically using modified Salkeld Histological Scoring.

Results: The histological score of the sample group 1 treated was 3, which means almost perfect bone regeneration, indicated by the appearance of mineral cartilage. The values ​​for the sample 2 treatment group and the sample defect control group 1,2 are 2, which means bone regeneration only reaches the fibrocartilage formation phase.

Conclusion: Bone regeneration can be obtained around the implantation site of ELI Ti-6Al-4V implant material heated by 10500C which is indicated by the presence of fibrous tissue, fibrocartilage, and mineralized cartilage."

"Latar Belakang : Konsep minimal intervention dentistry adalah membuang infected dentin dan meninggalkan affected dentin yang dapat mengalami remineralisasi. Berdasarkan cara terjadinya, remineralisasi affected dentin dapat melalui dua cara yaitu metode konvensional dan Guided Tissue Remineralization GTR . GTR adalah proses remineralisasi yang melibatkan Dentin Matrix Protein1 DMP1 . Peran DMP1 adalah mengikatAmorphous Calcium Phosphat ACP dalam skala nano, membentuk ikatan elektrostatik yang stabil menuju zona gap dalam fibril kolagen dan menghasilkan remineralisasi mineralisasi intrafibrilar.DMP 1 yang rusak oleh proses karies digantikan oleh protein analog Carboxymetil Chitosan/Amorphous Calcium Phosphate CMC/ACP . Tujuan: Melihat remineralisasi yang terjadi setelah peletakan CMC/ACP pada demineralized dentin dan diperiksa menggunakan micro-CTpada hari ke-7 dan hari ke-14.Metode: Dua kelompok dilakukan demineralisasi buatan, salah satunya diaplikasikan material CMC/ACP, evaluasi grey level dengan menggunakan micro-CT. Hasil: Terlihat remineralisasi pada permukaan demineralized dentin dengan naiknya grey level pada hari ke-7 dan hari ke-14. Kesimpulan: CMC/ACP berpotensi untuk remineralisasi metode Guided Tissue Regeneration pada demineralized dentin. Kata kunci : Carboxymethyl Chitosan/ Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Remineralisasi Metode Guided Tissue Regeneration.

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Background. The concept of minimal intervention dentistry showed that only the lsquo infected rsquo dentine needed to be removed as part of the cavity preparation process, and that the lsquo affected rsquo dentine could remain. Remineralization of affected dentine was possible through two methods conventional remineralization techniques and Guided Tissue Remineralization GTR . GTR is a process of remineralization involving Dentin Matrix Protein 1 DMP1 . Dentin matrix protein 1 DMP1 is a non collagenous calcium binding protein that plays a critical role in biomineralization at the nanoscale, forming stable electrostatic bonds to the gap zone in collagen fibrils and resulting in remineralization of intrafibrillar mineralization. DMP1 is replaced by an analog protein Carboxymethyl Chitosan Amorphous Calcium Phosphate CMC ACP . Objective to evaluate demineralized dentin remineralization after application CMC ACP using micro CT. Methods Two groups performed artificial demineralisation, one of which applied CMC ACP material whereas, the other group was not applied CMC ACP. Evaluation of remineralization with micro CT. Result After 7 days and 14 days CMC ACP application, remineralization was obsrved.Conclusions CMC ACP has the potential to remineralize the demineralized dentin.Key words Carboxymethyl Chitosan Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Guided Tissue Regeneration "

"This book that addresses the modern aspects of bone healing and repair. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the regulatory aspects of bone formation and resorption, in both research and clinical arenas offer new modalities to induce, enhances and guide repair processes in bone for the benefit of millions of patients with conditions such as nonunion fractures, critical size defects, orthodontic tooth movement, periodontal bone loss, intraosseous implants and deformed bones."

"Fundamentals of Implant Dentistry is a basic guide to foundational knowledge and skills and their application in clinical practice. More comprehensive than a procedural atlas and more accessible than a specialist reference, this text is an indispensable tool for dental students and clinicians beginning work with dental implants.Fundamentals of Implant Dentistry provides a concise yet comprehensive look at the basic background and science of implantology and includes practical, evidence‐based instruction on common procedures such as single implant crowns, bridges and overdentures. Well‐illustrated with clear line drawings and clinical photos, the book serves as the perfect introduction to this exciting area of dentistry."

"Latar belakang: Pemasangan implan pada tulang dengan densitas rendah dapat meningkatkan resiko kegagalan perawatan. Desain geometri implan, karakteristik permukaan serta kualitas dan kuantitas tulang merupakan merupakan faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas primer implan. Tujuan: Memperoleh desain prototipe implan gigi dengan modifikasi ulir dan permukaan serta mengevaluasi aspek biomekanik, kekasaran permukaan, dan stabilitas primer implan pada tulang densitas rendah tipe 3 dan 4. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan 48 implan yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok berdasarkan desainnya (Prototipe Implan = 12, Straumann BLT (SBLT), n = 12; Zimmer TSV (ZTSV), n = 12; dan Dentium Superline (DSL), n = 12). Implan dipasang dalam polyurethane bone block dengan densitas rendah (20 PCF dan 15 PCF). Pengujian beban statis dan dinamis berdasarkan standar ISO 14801:2016. Morfologi permukaan dievaluasi menggunakan SEM dan kekasaran permukaan (Ra) dievaluasi dengan 3D Optical Microscope. Stabilitas primer implan dievaluasi berdasarkan implant stability quotient (ISQ), insertion torque (IT), dan removal torque (RT). Hasil: Prototipe implan mampu menahan beban sebesar 290 N selama 5 juta siklus pembebanan. Modifikasi permukaan yang optimal dengan metode sandblast dan acid etching menghasilkan nilai Ra = 2,60mm. Desain prototipe implan dengan kombinasi ulir trapezoidal dan ulir V menunjukan nilai IT dan RT yang lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok implan lainnya, dengan rata-rata nilai IT sebesar 34.69±1.97 Ncm untuk tulang tipe 3 dan 25.47±1,37 Ncm untuk tulang tipe 4, serta rata-rata nilai RT sebesar 29.48±1.78 N cm untuk tulang tipe 3 dan 14.61±2.15 untuk tulang tipe 4. Rata-rata nilai ISQ untuk prototipe implan pada tulang tipe 3 sebesar 62.04±0.81 dan pada tulang tipe 4 sebesar 57.71±1.28. ISQ, IT, dan RT untuk setiap kelompok implan berbeda secara signifikan (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Prototipe implan dengan kombinasi ulir trapezoidal dan ulir V terbukti memberikan stabilitas primer implan yang baik pada tulang dengan densitas rendah berdasarkan nilai IT dan RT jika dibandingkan dengan desain implan lainnya.

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Background: Implant placement in low-density bone might increase the risk of treatment failure. The geometry of implant design, surface characteristics, bone quality, and quantity can affect primary stability. Objective: This study aimed to develop a new dental implant prototype with thread and surface modifications and to evaluate biomechanical aspects, surface roughness, and primary stability of implants in low-density bone types 3 and 4. Method: The study included 48 implants divided into four groups based on their design (Implant Prototype = 12, Straumann BLT, n=12; Zimmer TSV, n=12; and Dentium Superline, n=12). The implants were placed in polyurethane bone blocks with low bone density (20 PCF and 15 PCF). Static and dynamic load testing based on ISO 14801:2016 standard. Surface morphology was evaluated using SEM, and surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a 3D optical microscope. The primary stability of all implants was assessed using the implant stability quotient (ISQ), insertion torque (IT), and removal torque (RT). Results: The implant prototype endured a load of 290 N for 5 million loading cycles. Optimal surface modification by sandblast and acid etching method resulted in Ra = 2.60mm. The implant prototype design with a combination of trapezoidal and V threads showed higher IT and RT values than the other implant groups, with average IT values of 34,69±1.97 Ncm for bone type 3 and 25,47±1.37 Ncm for bone type 4, and average RT values of 29,48±1.78 N cm for bone type 3 and 14,61±2.15 for bone type 4. The average ISQ value for the implant prototype in bone type 3 was 62.04±0.81 and in bone type 4 was 57.71±1.28. The ISQ, IT, and RT of the implant groups were significantly different (p<0.05) across all measured outcomes. Conclusion: The new design implant prototype with a combination of trapezoidal and V threads demonstrated good primary implant stability in low-density bone based on IT and RT values compared to other implant designs."