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"Latar belakang: Terapi regeneratif pada kerusakan tulang vertikal telah memberikan hasil yang memuaskan, tetapi kerusakan horizontal masih menjadi tantangan bagi klinisi.Tujuan Penelitian: Mengevaluasi penggunaan kitosan, kitosan RGD, dan kombinasi PDL cell sheet terhadap peningkatan densitas radiografis tulang alveolar dengan kerusakan tulang horizontalMetode dan Bahan: Total sampel berjumlah 16 yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kitosan, kitosan RGD, kitosan PDL cell sheet, dan kitosan RGD PDL cell sheet. Evaluasi radiografis dilakukan empat minggu setelah bedah regeneratif.Hasil: Hasil substraksi densitas radiograf tulang alveolar kelompok kitosan 7,31 10,27; kitosan RGD 16,70 13,17; kitosan PDL cell sheet 19,34 21,46; kitosan RGD PDL cell sheet 21,97 7,85.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan kitosan, kitosan RGD, kitosan dan PDL cell sheet, serta kitosan RGD dan PDL cell sheet memiliki potensi meningkatkan densitas tulang alveolar.

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Background: Regenerative therapy in vertical bone defect has been shown to be satisfactory, but horizontal defect remains a challenge for clinicians.

Objective: Evaluate the use of chitosan, chitosan RGD, and combination of PDL cell sheet to increase radiographic density of alveolar bone with horizontal bone defect.

Method and Material: Total samples were 16 and divided into four treatment groups Chitosan, Chitosan RGD, Chitosan PDL cell sheet, and Chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet. Radiographic evaluation was performed four weeks after regenerative surgery.

Result: Alveolar bone radiograph density substraction in chitosan group is 7,31 10,27 chitosan RGD group is 16,70 13,17 chitosan PDL cell sheet group is 19,34 21,46 chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet group is 21,97 7,85.

Conclusions: Chitosan, chitosan RGD, chitosan PDL cell sheet, and chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet application have potential to increase the bone density."

"Latar belakang: Terapi regenerasi jaringan periodontal pada pola kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal selama ini belum membuahkan hasil yang memuaskan. Terapi regenerasi memerlukan scaffold, sel punca, dan signaling molecules. Scaffold dalam terapi regenerasi salah satunya yaitu kitosan. Penambahan arginylglycylaspartic acid RGD pada kitosan membantu adhesi sel. Periodontal ligament PDL cell sheet membantu regenerasi periodontal. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek kitosan, RGD, dan PDL cell sheet terhadap perlekatan jaringan periodontal klinis pada kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal. Metode dan Bahan: Model kerusakan tulang horizontal pada M. nemestrina dibuat dengan bur dan elastik ortodontik. Sampel dibagi empat kelompok n=8 : kitosan, kitosan RGD, kitosan PDL cell sheet, dan kitosan RGD PDL cell sheet. Peningkatan perlekatan jaringan periodontal klinis dievaluasi setelah empat minggu. Hasil: Peningkatan perlekatan jaringan periodontal klinis kelompok kitosan RGD PDL cell sheet 3,00 0,756 mm lebih baik dibandingkan kitosan 1,75 0,707 mm dan kitosan RGD 2,13 0,835 mm. Kesimpulan: Kelompok kitosan RGD PDL cell sheet berpotensi dapat meningkatan perlekatan jaringan periodontal klinis terbaik.

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Background: Periodontal regeneration therapy in horizontal bone defect has not been satisfactory yet. Tissue regeneration require scaffold, stem cells, and signaling molecule. One of scaffold that use in regenerative therapy is chitosan. Combination of chitosan with arginylglycylaspartic acid RGD has the ability to improve cell adhesion. Periodontal ligament PDL cell sheet has the ability to promote periodontal regeneration.

Objectives: Evaluate attachment gaining on clinical periodontal attachment using chitosan RGD, and PDL cell sheet in horizontal bone defect.

Material and Methods: The horizontal bone defect model of M. nemestrina was made using bur and orthodontic elastic. Regenerative therapy divided into four groups n 8 chitosan, chitosan RGD, chitosan PDL cell sheet, and chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet. Clinical periodontal attachment was evaluated after four weeks.

Results: Clinical periodontal attachment of chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet 3,00 0,756 mm was better than chitosan 1,75 0,707 mm and chitosan RGD 2,13 0,835 mm.

Conclusion: Chitosan RGD PDL cell sheet groups has the potential to increase clinical periodontal attachment."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Terapi regeneratif periodontal GTR memiliki keterbatasan pada defek tulang alveolar satu dinding. Rekayasa jaringan menggunakan teknologi periodontal ligament cell sheet pada chitosan dengan kombinasi molekul adhesif Arginylglycyaspartic Acid RGD diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kadar periostin sebagai indikator regenerasi tulang. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi peningkatan kadar periostin pascaaplikasi RGD pada chitosan-periodontal ligament cell sheet PDLCS . Metode: Aplikasi chitosan-PDLCS dengan penambahan RGD n=3 dan tanpa RGD n=3 pada defek tulang satu dinding yang dibuat pada insisif lateral M. nemestrina. Sampel CKG dikumpulkan setiap minggu selama empat minggu dan disimpan dalam suhu -80 C. Analisis kadar protein menggunakan perangkat ELISA Human POSTN Elabscience. Hasil: Terdapat peningkatan kadar periostin pascaaplikasi RGD pada PDLCS dibandingkan kelompok non-RGD pada minggu pertama dan kedua, dan penurunan kadar periostin pada minggu ketiga dan keempat dengan perbedaan bermakna pada minggu kedua dan keempat p.

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ABSTRACTBackground Periodontal regenerative therapy has limitations on one wall alveolar bone defect. Tissue engineering using periodontal ligament cell sheet on chitosan addition of adhesive molecule Arginylglycyaspartic Acid RGD is expected to increase periostin levels as an indicator of bone regeneration. Objective To see levels of periostin post application of RGD on chitosan periodontal ligament cell sheet PDLCS . Method Application of chitosan PDLCS with addition of RGD n 3 and without RGD n 3 on one wall bone defect made on the lateral incisor of M. nemestrina. The CKG sample was collected weekly for four weeks and stored at 80 C. Analysis of protein content using ELISA Human POSTN Elabscience. Results Periostin level was increased in RGD PDLCS compared to non RGD groups in the first and second weeks, and decreased periostin levels in the third and fourth weeks with significant differences in second and fourth weeks p "

"Background. Periodontal therapy for treatment of periodontitis jnvolves the elimination of anatomic defect. There are two primary approaches to eliminating these anatomic defects : resective (gingivectomi, osseous resection, and apically positioned flaps), and regenerative surgery (osseous graft, guided tissue regeneration, resorbable barriers, coronally position flap). Aims. The dentist know the outcomes after periodontal surgery. References. Periodontal regeneration means healing after periodontal surgery that results in the formation of a new attachment apparatus. Consisting of cementum. Periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Periodontal repair implies healing without restoration of the normal attachment apparatus. Histologic evaluation is the only reliable method to determine the true efficacy of periodontal therapies. Discussion. The variables involved in periodontal wound healing to solve how to achieve periodontal regeneration are manipulation of progenitor cell, alteration of pathologically exposedroot surfaces, exclusion of gingival epithelium, and wound stabilization. Conclusions. Periodontal surgery usually do not result in periodontal regeneration. Gingival epithelium that proliferates apically can be enhibited by stabilization of the flap margin and regenerative surgery."

"Latar Belakang: Kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal merupakan defek tulang yang umum ditemukan dalam kasus periodontal, namun belum dapat direkontruksi secara optimal. Kemanfaatan Background: sebagai bahan regeneratif pada defek tersebut telah dilaporkan secara klinis dan radiografis, namun evaluasi secara histologis belum banyak dilakukan. Adanya ekspresi kolagen tipe I pada jaringan periodontal merupakan salah satu indikator keberhasilan terapi regeneratif. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efektivitas chitosan dan RGD-modified chitosan dalam meningkatkan ekspresi kolagen tipe I secara histologis pada terapi regeneratif dengan pola kerusakan tulang horizontal. Metode dan Bahan: Sampel adalah sediaan biologis tersimpan berupa jaringan periodontal regio gigi insisivus lateral Macaca nemestrina setelah 4 minggu terapi regeneratif dengan chitosan dan RGD-modified chitosan scaffold. Ekspresi kolagen tipe I dievaluasi dengan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi primer COL1A1. Perbedaan area pewarnaan positif dan intensitas warna kolagen tipe I dianalisis dengan metode grid pada ImageJ serta uji statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Kelompok penelitian dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu kelompok chitosan dan kelompok RGD-modified chitosan. Hasil: Median area pewarnaan positif chitosan 61,53(46,64-77,67), lebih besar dari RGD-modified chitosan 25,69(17,94-35,20) namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik(p>0,05). Median intensitas pewarnaan lemah 35,40(26,23-50,34), sedang 24,48(3,25-34,95) dan kuat 3,16(0,34-11,65) area pewarnaan positif kelompok chitosan lebih besar dari kelompok RGD-modified chitosan, namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Simpulan: Terapi chitosan scaffold dan RGD-modified chitosan berpotensi meregenerasi jaringan periodontal dengan pola kerusakan tulang horizontal. Penambahan RGD pada scaffold tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap ekspresi kolagen tipe I.

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Horizontal alveolar bone damage is a common bone defect found in periodontal cases, but cannot be reconstructed optimally. The usefulness of the use of chitosan and RGD-modified chitosan scaffold as a regenerative material in the defect has been reported clinically and radiographically, but histological evaluation has not been done much. The presence of type I collagen expression in periodontal tissue is one indicator of the success of regenerative therapy.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan and RGD-modified chitosan in histologically increasing type I collagen expression in regenerative therapy with horizontal bone damage patterns.

Methods and Materials: Samples were stored biologically in the form of periodontal tissue of the lateral incisor Macaca nemestrina after 4 weeks of regenerative therapy with chitosan and RGD-modified chitosan scaffold. Type I collagen expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using primary antibody COL1A1. Differences in positive staining areas and color intensity of type I collagen were analyzed by the grid method on ImageJ and statistical tests using the Mann-Whitney test. The research group was divided into two, namely the chitosan group and the RGD-modified chitosan group.

Results: The median chitosan positive staining area was 61.53 (46.64-77.67), greater than the RGD-modified chitosan 25.69 (17.94-35.20) but did not differ statistically (p> 0, 05). Median intensity of staining is weak 35.40 (26.23-50.34), moderate 24.48 (3.25-34.95) and strong 3.16 (0.34-11.65) positive staining area for chitosan groups is more were large in the RGD-modified chitosan group, but were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Chitosan scaffold therapy and RGD-modified chitosan have the potential to regenerate periodontal tissue with a pattern of horizontal bone damage. The addition of RGD to scaffold has no effect on the expression of type I collagen.penggunaan chitosan dan RGD-modified chitosan scaffold."

"Generally the signs and symptoms of advances periodontal disease are periodontal pockets formation to alveolar bone defect. Bone defect treated with placement a preparation material to promote new bone formation. Tissue transplantation were developed to reconstruct bone defect with the placement of bone graft material. This paper will discussed the used of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and anorganic bone mineral combined with synthetic 15 amino acid sequence within type 1 collagen (PepGen P-15), the potential healing of bone defect to enhance the optimum treatment of periodontal disease."

"Latar Belakang: Terapi regeneratif jaringan periodontal pada kasus kerusakan tulang alveolar horizontal telah dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan perlekatan jaringan periodontal secara klinis. Tetapi, efek perawatan pada sintesis matriks ekstraseluler tulang belum diketahui. Osteopontin merupakan salah satu marker penanda tulang sehingga dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis keberhasilan regenerasi jaringan periodontal pascaterapi regeneratif. Tujuan: Menganalisis ekspresi osteopontin pascaterapi regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold terhadap regenerasi jaringan periodontal. Metode dan Bahan: Sampel penelitian adalah sediaan mikroskopik jaringan periodontal M.nemestrina yang telah ditanam bahan regeneratif PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dan PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold selama empat minggu setelah perawatan. Sediaan diwarnai dengan metode imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi osteopontin. Ekspresi osteopontin dianalisis area dan intensitas pewarnaannya dengan metode grid pada ImageJ, serta uji statistik menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Median area pewarnaan positif pada PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan 74,81% (53,48%-81,06%) lebih besar dari PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold 63,99% (52,43%-80,31%), namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik pada kedua bahan tersebut (p >0,05). Median intensitas area pewarnaan positif lemah 43,05% (14,16%-61,52%), sedang 14,49% (6,70%-22,81%), dan kuat 17,82% (3,66%-20,20%) pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan lebih besar dibanding PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, namun tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi osteopontin lebih tinggi pada kelompok PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan dibanding kelompok PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, meskipun kedua bahan tersebut tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: Periodontal regenerative therapy in bone horizontal defect cases has been reported to increase clinical periodontal tissue attachment. However, the outcome treatment on the synthesis of bone extracellular matrix is unknown. Osteopontin is one of the bone markers that can be used in analyzing the effectiveness regeneration after periodontal regenerative therapy.

Objectives: To analyse osteopontin expression after periodontal regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold.

Methods and Materials: Specimen was used from M.nemestrina periodontal tissue that had been planted for four weeks after regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan and PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold.

Results: Median value of positive staining area in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan with 74.81% (53.48%-81.06%) is greater than in PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold with 63.99% (52.43%-80.31%), and the two groups statistically showed no significant differences. Median value of positive staining intensity in weak area 43.05% (14.16%-61.52%), moderate 14.49% (6.70%-22.81%), and strong 17.82% (3.66%-20.20%) in PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan is greater than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, but there were no significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion: Regenerative therapy with PDL cell sheet + RGD-modified chitosan increased osteopontin expression higher than PDL cell sheet + chitosan scaffold, even though there were no significant differences between the two groups."

"Katalis merupakan doping suatu reaksi dengan maksud memperbesar kecepatan reaksi. Katalis terlibat dalam reaksi tetapi tidak mengalami perubahan kimiawi yang permanen sehingga pada akhir reaksi katalis akan dijumpai kembali dalam bentuk dan jumlah yang sama seperti sebelum reaksi.Namun katalis tidak dapat digunakan selamanya. Deaktivasinya aktivitas katalis diduga disebabkan karena terjadi penutupan pori oleh kokas (coke). Regenerasi merupakan proses yang dilakukan untuk menghilangkan kandungan kokas di dalam katalis. Siklus deaktivasi dan regenerasi katalis ini dapat melihat berapa lama masa aktif dari katalis. Siklus aktif katalis yang paling lama terjadi saat proses rentang waktu deaktivasi 3 jam dan suhu regenerasi 450oC. produk akhir siklus yang masih bisa terproduksi sebesar 1.9% Benzena, 0.9% Toluenea dan 0.7 % Xylene.Dari hasil siklus deaktivasi dan regenerasi katalis HZSM-5 dapat terlihat pula kemampuan shape selectivity dari katalis HZSM-5.

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The catalyst is a reaction with the intention of doping increase the reaction rate. Catalyst in the reaction but not a permanent chemical change so that at the end of the catalytic reaction will be found back in shape and the same number as before the reaction. However, the catalyst can not be used forever. Deactivated catalyst activity alleged to be caused due to the closure of pores by coke. Regeneration is a process to eliminate the content of coke in the catalyst. In this case regeneration is using air resulting in oxidation reactions. Cycle Deactivation and regeneration of Catalyst can knowing how long active time from catalyst. Cycle active catalyst who longest active at process 3 hours deactivation and 450oC regeneration temperature. The last product who can still production at last cycle is 1.9 % Benzene, 0.9 % Toluene and 0.7 % Xylene. From the results cylcle deactivation and regeneration of catalyst HZSM-5 can we see shape selectivity from catalyst HZSM-5."

"Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) merupakan partai politik Islam yang lahir dari sebuah gerakan sosial keagamaan yang sering disebut Tarbiyah. Universitas Indonesia merupakan salah satu kampus yang menjadi titik awal berkembangnya Jamaah Tarbiyah di Indonesia. Hingga saat ini Tarbiyah kampus masih menjadi salah satu basis sosial utama PKS. Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana Jamaah Tarbiyah UI sebagai basis sosial PKS melakukan proses kaderisasi terhadap anggotanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data wawancara mendalam. Skripsi ini memaparkan Jamaah Tarbiyah UI memiliki struktur organisasi yang berkoordinasi dengan PKS, namun hal ini disamarkan. Jamaah Tarbiyah UI membangun sistem mulai dari rekrutmen, kaderisasi, dan pembinaan yang sistematis. Hal ini tidak lain adalah strategi yang dilakukan PK dalam rangka mempertahankan basis sosialnya dari kalangan kaum muda terdidik.

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PKS is an Islamic political party which was formed by a social of religious movement named Tarbiyah. UI is one of Universities that becomes the starting point of Jamaah Tarbiyah development. Tarbiyah is still one of the main bases of PKS. This thesis use qualitative method with indepth interview. This thesis deals with how Jamaah Tarbiyah UI as the social base of PKS does the process of cadre formation to their members. It also discusses further that Jamaah Tarbiyah UI has an organization structure that is coordinated with PKS which is not officially published. Jamaah Tarbiyah UI also develops the system of the recruitment, cadre formation, and systematical training. All of these are the strategies done by PKS in order to maintain their social base of educated youth."

"[ABSTRAKInjectable bone substitute (IBS) merupakan metode penanganan kerusakan tulang yang efektif, karena dapat mempermudah proses operasi dan memberi kenyamanan bagi pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan material pengisi tulang mampu injeksi berbasis kalsium fospat dengan perbandingan Ca/P (1.67) dan kitosan. Sintesis dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan semen kalsium fosfat dan kitosan sebesar 0%, 4%, 8%, 11% dalam larutan Na2HPO4 (1mol/L) yang kemudian dicetak dan dipanaskan pada suhu 370C selama 2 jam. Sampel hasil percobaan kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, SEM, FTIR, serta pengujian kemampuan injeksi dan setting time. Dari hasil karakterisasi tersebut didapatkan bahwa proses injeksi yang baik dapat dilakukan dengan perbandingan larutan dan serbuk (0.68 ml/gram). Setting time dan kekuatan tekan meningkat dengan penambahan kitosan, sedangkan modulus kompresi-nya berkurang dari 140-106 MPa. Terbentuknya senyawa HA yang diindikasikan dari uji XRD serta hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan tidak ada ikatan secara kimia antara semen kalsium fospat (HA,DCPD) dan kitosan, melainkan berupa ikatan hidrogen. Adapun hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa produk IBS yang telah disintesis berpotensi untuk dijadikan material pengisi tulang. ABSTRACTInjectable bone substitute (IBS) is an effective methode to treat bone damage, because it can provide a minimun surgical and make the patient feel comfort. The aim of this study is to make injectable calcium phosphate-based bone substitute material with a ratio of Ca/P (1.67) and chitosan. Synthesis was performed by mixing calcium phosphate cement and chitosan at 0, 4, 8, 11 wt.% in Na2HPO4 (1 mol/L) as a solvent. Sampels were then characterized by using XRD, SEM, FTIR, injectability and seting time. The results showed that the injection process can be performed with liquid and powder rasio of 0.68 ml/g. Setting time and compression strength increases with the addition of chitosan, while its Young's modulus decreases. Formation of HA indicated by XRD and FTIR showed that there is no chemical bond between calcium phosphate cement (HA, DCPD) and chitosan, but in the form of hydrogen bonds. Based on the aforementioned data, the results showed that IBS produced in this work has the potential to be used as a bone substitute material., Injectable bone substitute (IBS) is an effective methode to treat bone damage, because it can provide a minimun surgical and make the patient feel comfort. The aim of this study is to make injectable calcium phosphate-based bone substitute material with a ratio of Ca/P (1.67) and chitosan. Synthesis was performed by mixing calcium phosphate cement and chitosan at 0, 4, 8, 11 wt.% in Na2HPO4 (1 mol/L) as a solvent. Sampels were then characterized by using XRD, SEM, FTIR, injectability and seting time. The results showed that the injection process can be performed with liquid and powder rasio of 0.68 ml/g. Setting time and compression strength increases with the addition of chitosan, while its Young's modulus decreases. Formation of HA indicated by XRD and FTIR showed that there is no chemical bond between calcium phosphate cement (HA, DCPD) and chitosan, but in the form of hydrogen bonds. Based on the aforementioned data, the results showed that IBS produced in this work has the potential to be used as a bone substitute material.]"