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"Psychological analysis on terrorism as jihad in Indonesia and other countries."

"ABSTRAKStudi tentang proses radikalisasi dan terorisme telah banyak dilakukan, namun studi tentang proses meninggalkan jalan teror masih sangat kurang. Untuk mengisi kekurangan itu, studi disertasi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana dan mengapa para pelaku teror di Indonesia meninggalkan jalan teror. Studi disertasi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode grounded research. Lima orang mantan pelaku teror dan anggota Jamaah Islamiyah yang pernah terlibat dalam aksi terorisme dan pelatihan militer dipilih untuk menjadi subyek studi dengan kriteria yang sesuai dengan tujuan studi. Lebih dari 40 orang yang memiliki hubungan kekeluargaan, kekerabatan dan pertemanan dipilih untuk menjadi narasumber studi. Data studi dikumpulkan melalui wawancara langsung dengan subyek studi dan dianalisis dengan teknik grounded theory.Dari hasil studi diperoleh tema-tema tertentu melalui proses open coding, pengelompokan ke dalam kategori tertentu atau dikonseptualisasi menjadi relasi sosial dan meninggalkan jalan teror. Kemudian, dihasilkan teori berbasis data tentang dinamika relasi sosial dalam proses meninggalkan jalan teror.Kesimpulan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaku teror di Indonesia bisa meninggalkan jalan teror, ada rasa bersalah menjadi penyebab penting meninggalkan jalan teror, ada perubahan keyakinan tentang konteks jihad tetapi jihad tetap ada di dalam pikiran subyek. Selain itu, disimpulkan bahwa ada tiga dimensi relasi sosial yang ditemukan yaitu dimensi personal, organisasi dan sosial. Relasi sosial mendorong meninggalkan jalan teror melalui evaluasi individual dan kolektif dan tindakan mengubah keyakinan tentang jihad dan outgroup. Kelemahan dan rekomendasi studi didiskusikan.

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ABSTRACT

Many studies on the radicalization and terrorism processes have been conducted. However the study on process of leaving terrorism is still overlooked. To fill this gap, present study attempted to address the question of how and why terrorists leave terrorism in Indonesia. This research employed qualitative method with grounded theory as design and tool of analysis. Five former terrorists and members of Jamaah Islamiyah who have involved in terror action and military training were selected as respondents of the study. More than 40 people who have family relation, kindship and friendship were selected as research resources. Data were taken by direct in-depth interview and were analyzed using grounded theory technique.

Through open coding process, specific themes were found and then grouped into some categories, and through selective coding process a theory on leaving terrorism was built. The theory insisted on role of dynamic of social relation in process of leaving terrorism. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that terrorists could leave terrorism, guilty feeling was one cause of leaving terrorism, and belief about jihad context could be changed although the idea of jihad could not be left.

Besides, it was concluded that there were three dimensions of social relation dynamic: personal dimension, organizational dimension, and social dimension. Social relation dynamic pushed terrorists to leave terrorism through individual and collective evaluation and belief change on jihad context and outgroup attitudes. Weaknesses and recommendations of the study were further discussed."

"Fenomena desistensi dari terorisme tidak hanya sebatas menjelaskan bagaimana mantan pelaku teror dapat berhenti menjadi teroris atau kembali terlibat dalam kelompok teroris.  Di sisi lain, penelitian tentang Desistensi dari terorisme harus menjawab berbagai macam faktor dan pengaruh lain yang mendukung seseorang mengalami Desistensi dari terorisme. Peneliti memulai penelitian ini dengan tinjauan existing literatur tentang Desistensi dari terorisme, dengan mempertimbangkan tantangan konseptual dan meninjau teori utama kerangka kerja dan temuan empiris dari Desistensi dari terorisme khususnya di Indonesia. Didasarkan pada hal ini terdapat kemungkinan pembentukan tipologi Desistensi dari terorisme berserta peramalannya dapat memberikan pandangan yang berbeda terkait penanganan dan pencegahan tindak pidana terorisme. Peramalan tersebut akan mencakup berkembangnya kondisi idling mode yang cenderung dialami oleh mantan pelaku teror. Setelah idling mode, ditemukan catalyst event yang mendorong mantan pelaku teror kembali melakukan aksinya. Kondisi ini juga tidak terlepas dari pengaruh globalisasi yang telah mengakibatkan badai informasi, di mana mantan pelaku teror terlibat dan memiliki peran dalam organisasi terorisme. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap 35 Mantan Teroris, serta melakukan Focus Group Disscussion (FGD) bersama 13 Pakar intervensi pelaku teror. Dari hasil penelitian ini, tergambarkan bagaimana wujud dari tipologi Desistensi dari terorisme. Berdasarkan tipologi tersebut, dapat dilihat faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat terjadinya Desistensi dari terorisme, seperti catalyst event dan idling mode. Di bagian akhir, penelitian ini membahas tentang bentuk intervensi yang dapat dilakukan kepada Mantan pelaku teror, yaitu pendekatan heaven, home, dan habit.

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The phenomenon of Desistance from Terrorism is not only limited to explaining how former terrorists can stop being terrorists or get involved in terrorist groups again. On the other hand, research on Desistance from Terrorism must address various other factors and influences that support a person experiencing Desistance from Terrorism. The researcher started this research by reviewing the existing literature on Desistance from Terrorism, taking into account the conceptual challenges and reviewing the main theoretical framework and empirical findings of Desistance from Terrorism, especially in Indonesia. Based on this, there is a possibility that the establishment of a typology of Desistance from Terrorism along with its forecasting can provide different views regarding the handling and prevention of terrorism crimes. The forecasting will include the evolving conditions of idling mode that former perpetrators of terror tend to experience. After idling mode, a catalyst event was found that pushed former terror perpetrators back into action. This condition is also inseparable from the influence of globalization which has resulted in a storm of information, in which former terror perpetrators are involved and have a role in terrorism organizations.  Using qualitative methods, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 35 former terrorists, as well as conducted a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with 13 terrorism intervention experts. From the results of this study, it is described how the form of the tipology of Desistance from Terrorism is described. Based on this tipology, it can be seen the factors that support and inhibit the occurrence of Desistance from Terrorism, such as catalyst events and idling modes. In the end, this study discusses the forms of intervention that can be done to ex-terrorists, namely heaven, home, and habit approaches."

"Penelitian ini ingin menganalisis migrasi atau pergeseran gerakan pelaku teror di Indonesia mulai dari perencanaan, propaganda, perekrutan, pendanaan, konsolidasi dan pelatihan, dari cara-cara konvensional ke cara-cara digital dengan memanfaatkan media baru (new media). Pertanyaan penelitian yang ingin dijawab dalam riset ini adalah bagaimana pengalaman, teknik dan metode yang digunakan para pelaku teror, serta migrasi gerakan terorisme itu sendiri, dari cara- cara konvensional ke penggunaan media baru (new media)/konvergen. Permasalahan penelitian ini dibedah dengan menggunakan teori media dan media baru, teori radikalisme, teori social movement, konsep terorisme, konsep globalisasi dan konsep migrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa model analisis, yaitu pendekatan fenomenologi, studi kasus, dan analisis teks. Dalam pendekatan fenomenologi, kuesioner digunakan untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman individu yang terlibat dalam gerakan terorisme. Dalam studi kasus, memfokuskan pada beberapa kasus teror di Indonesia yang dilakukan melalui cara-cara konvensional hingga bermigrasi melalui media baru/kovergen. Sedangkan dalam analisis teks, peneliti memeriksa berbagai teks yang tersebar di berbagai media mainstream dan platform sosial media, untuk memahami dan memetakan bagaimana keenam aspek gerakan teror tadi; perencanaan, propaganda, perekrutan, pendanaan, konsolidasi, hingga pelatihan dilakukan. Selain itu, semua hasil wawancara dan riset dari narasumber para pelaku teror, penulis ekstrak melalui analisis sofware deedose. Tujuannya untuk memetakan pola migrasi secara nyata dari model konvensional (cara-cara lama) ke model digital (cara-cara baru) dengan memanfaatkan media baru. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keenam aspek gerakan teroris berubah dari cara lama ke cara baru, mulai dari perencanaan, propaganda, perekrutan, pendanaan, konsolidasi dan pelatihan melalui Google, YouTube, dan internet archive yang mereka produksi dan kemudian diviralkan melalui sosial media. Riset ini merekomendasikan pihak berwajib untuk memahami trend penggunaan media baru oleh para pelaku teror dan memperkuat deteksi dini aparat untuk menanggulanginya, serta meningkatkan literasi digital masyarakat agar mampu memilah informasi yang benar agar terhindar dari propaganda terorisme.

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This research aims to analyze the migration or shift in the movement of terror perpetrators in Indonesia starting from planning, propaganda, recruitment, funding, consolidation and training, from conventional methods to digital methods by utilizing new media. The research questions to be answered in this research are the experiences, techniques and methods used by terror perpetrators, as well as the migration of the terrorist movement itself from conventional methods to the use of new/convergent media. This research problem is dissected using media and new media theory, radicalism theory, social movement theory, the concept of terrorism, the concept of globalization and the concept of migration. This research uses several analytical models, namely phenomenological approaches, case studies, and text analysis. In the phenomenological approach, questionnaires are used to explore the experiences of individuals involved in terrorist movements. In the case study, it focuses on several terror cases in Indonesia which were carried out through conventional methods and migrated through new/convergent media. Meanwhile, in text analysis, researchers examined various texts spread across various mainstream media and social media platforms, to understand and map the six aspects of the terrorist movement; planning, propaganda, recruitment, funding, consolidation and training were carried out. Apart from that, the author extracted all the results of interviews and research from sources from terror perpetrators through deedose software analysis. The aim is to map real migration patterns from conventional models (old ways) to digital models (new ways) by utilizing new media. Research findings show that the six aspects of the terrorist movement changed from the old way to the new way, starting from planning, propaganda, recruitment, funding, consolidation and training through Google, YouTube and internet archives which they produced and then made viral through social media. This research recommends that the authorities understand the trend in the use of new media by terror perpetrators and strengthen early detection by authorities to deal with it, as well as increasing the digital literacy of the public so they are able to sort out the correct information to avoid terrorism propaganda."