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"Teaching Indonesian for Foreign Learners or Indonesian as a Foreign Language (IFL) is different from teaching Indonesian as a first language. The differences are due to the characteristics of the learners. IFL learners generally are adults who have language and cultural background and learning style different from those Indonesian learners have. These differences demand IFL teachers and instructors to prepare teaching-learning materials and the activities of the teaching-learning process in the classroom that are relevant to the learners? needs. Understanding the entry level behavior of the learners, the teaching materials, the teaching-learning approach, and the evalution process is of crucial importance in order to fulfill their needs. Learning needs analysis of IFL learners is also a prerequisite to developing adequate teaching-learning materials of IFL."

"This paper discusses about speech levels in Sasak, the language of the indigeniouspeople of the island of Lombok, examining the style, meaning and some historical backgroundof the speech levels. Based on the data, it shows that Sasak, like Javanese and Balinese, alsocontains low, mid, high and few honorific vocabularies which are assumed to have beenborrowed from Javanese (Steven, 1975; Nothofer, 1975). However, the use of the high andhonorific variations are scarecly heard in the everyday common Sasaks conversation. In mostoccurrences, the high speech level is pronounced only among the so called menak Sasaks andits surrounding. Therefore, it rejects the idea that Sasak speech levels is as elaborate andcomplex as Javanese due to the fact that Sasak has only a few high and honorific vocabulariesknown by the Sasak aristocracy."

"This study discusses the relationship between indirect speech act and politeness in directive speech act. To get the data, questioners with personal indormastion of respondents and nine directive speech acts which must be assessed by these Indonesian speakers in Jakarta are employed. The analysis shows that there is a positive correlation between the indiirectness of a dierctive speech act and the degree of politeness. The more indirect a directive speech act, the more polite it is. Neverthless, the correlation is not absolute. There are other parameters that determine the degree of politeness such as intonation, choice of words, and cultural values of the speakers."

"This paper examines with a particular affixe (keter-/-an) consisting in two primaryaffixes. Through the analyse of terms coined by the Pusat Bahasa and spontaneousterms, the paper distinguishes between ?double? and ?complex? affixation,corresponding to different operating modes of affixation. The first deals withan already affixed and lexicalized word, then reaffixed and relexicalized. Thesecond, almost only found in documents produced by the Pusat Bahasa, refersto a base getting a first affix in a poorly (or not) lexicalized form, constitutingno more than a morphological stage towards the wished form, which is intentas lexicalized. Complex affix keter-R-an is basically a morphological calque andthe author argues that it has been promoted and used during New Order on anideological basis, as a mean to modernize Indonesian terminology by keepingits shape indigenous rather than by direct borrowing of English terms."

"This paper examines with a particular affixe (keter-/-an) consisting in two primaryaffixes. Through the analyse of terms coined by the Pusat Bahasa and spontaneousterms, the paper distinguishes between ?double? and ?complex? affixation,corresponding to different operating modes of affixation. The first deals withan already affixed and lexicalized word, then reaffixed and relexicalized. Thesecond, almost only found in documents produced by the Pusat Bahasa, refersto a base getting a first affix in a poorly (or not) lexicalized form, constitutingno more than a morphological stage towards the wished form, which is intentas lexicalized. Complex affix keter-R-an is basically a morphological calque andthe author argues that it has been promoted and used during New Order on anideological basis, as a mean to modernize Indonesian terminology by keepingits shape indigenous rather than by direct borrowing of English terms."

"This correlational study is to show the role of deductive and inductive reasoningabilities as aspects of cognitive development on expository text comprehensionamong high school students who already have a capacity to think in conceptualand hyphotetical ways and to examine how they correlate and influence the textcomprehension process. This study has broaden our knowledge of languageand thinking, as it is different from other previous studies that focused oncomprehension process among elementary students, narrative, readingstrategies, and comprehension difficulties. It is found that deductive reasoningis more significantly correlated to expository text comprehension than inductivereasoning. There is other significant differences between natural sciences and socialsciences students in expository text comprehension and deductive reasoning,where the average scores of the natural sciences students on both variables arehigher than those of social sciences students. It shows that the ability to analisesyntesise,to relate some basic elements of a text, and to draw a conclusion ormain idea of the text support the process of expository text comprehension,and can be taught and developed by learning process. Meanwhile, inductivereasoning ability is significantly different between male and female students,and it does not correlate to expository text comprehension."

"In the Universitets-Bibliotheek (UB) Leiden there is a pile of Banten letters that are bundled in Cod.Or. 2241 Illb. The 17th (No. 80) letter is a letter from Sultan Anom to the Governour General Willem Arnold Alting and Raad van Indie in Batavia. The content of the letter, which is undated and written in Javanese hanacaraka, is an approval of Sultan given to Raad van Indie for the building of a new house in Indramayu. Based on the codicological analysis of the shape, kind of paper, seal, scripts, and the language, it can be concluded that those letters in the budle were in fact not sent form Sultan Anom of Banten but form Sultan Kanoman of Cirebon."

"Desa Madakaripura adalah desa milik Patih Gajah Mada, patih Kerajaan Majapahit yang sangat terkenal. Namun, hingga saat ini belum jelas lokasi Desa Madakaripura itu. Menurut Prapañca pada tahun 1359 desa itu berada di wilayah Pasuruan. Tulisan ini mengupayakan penemuan desa itu. Dengan metode analisis toponim dan peta-peta akan dicoba untuk dipastikan letak Madakaripura dengan seteliti mungkin agar ahli arkeologi Indonesia bisa mencari situsnya. Sebagai kesimpulan, kemungkinan besar Madakaripura terletak di sebelah tenggara enam kilometer dari kota Pasuruan."