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"Japan and the Netherlands have maintained a special relationship for about 300years since the adoption of the National Seclusion policy, the so-called sakoku bythe Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The Dutch began trading with Japan andengaging with Japanese society in 1600, when a Dutch ship, De Liefde, arrived inKyushu. The Tokugawa government measures regarding foreign policy includedregulations on foreign access to Japan and a prohibition on Japanese goingabroad. Between the middle of the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century,Japan was characterized by a stable political pattern in which representativesof the VOC (Dutch East India Company), were the only Europeans with a rightto trade in Japan. In the course of this period, the Japanese evaluation of theDutch changed from regarding them as commercial agents to seeing them asimporters of European knowledge. This paper is especially concerned with theinfluence of the so-called ?Dutch Studies? (rangaku) on the early modernizationof Japan, especially with regard to medicine and the natural sciences. Thisresearch examines the development of rangaku and the trading between Japanand VOC at Dejima"

"This article attempts to give a brief picture about the genre and themes in theDutch-Indies Literature from the VOC period. During the VOC-period, morethan six months was needed to embark on a journey by sea from the Netherlandsto Batavia. Undertaking this journey meant encountering many obstacles whichoccurred through the work of man as well as nature. In addition, a successfullanding on the shores of the East did not always ensure a friendly reception. Dueto these obstacles which they encountered, only a small number of those whohad set sail from Europe were able to return home safely. Most of those whomanaged to survive this long and dangerous journey to the land of spices, finallychose to stay and start a new life in the East. Some of these men, in an effort toestablish their new life, were able to make contact and build relationships withthe local women. This paved the way for the emergence of the Mestis culture,in which we find the elements of East and West."

"This paper discusses about speech levels in Sasak, the language of the indigeniouspeople of the island of Lombok, examining the style, meaning and some historical backgroundof the speech levels. Based on the data, it shows that Sasak, like Javanese and Balinese, alsocontains low, mid, high and few honorific vocabularies which are assumed to have beenborrowed from Javanese (Steven, 1975; Nothofer, 1975). However, the use of the high andhonorific variations are scarecly heard in the everyday common Sasaks conversation. In mostoccurrences, the high speech level is pronounced only among the so called menak Sasaks andits surrounding. Therefore, it rejects the idea that Sasak speech levels is as elaborate andcomplex as Javanese due to the fact that Sasak has only a few high and honorific vocabulariesknown by the Sasak aristocracy."

"Bushido is most often translated as the way of the warrior caste in Japan. Bushirefers to warriors in feudal Japan while do means several things including: the correct way,the path, or the road. Another interpretation of Bushido could be the way of preserving peacethrough the use of force. Bushido comes out of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism. Thecombination of these schools of thought and religions has formed the code of warrior valuesknown as Bushido. A key to our understanding of how the concepts of Bushido fit into Japanesemodern lives is to understand the historical and societal aspects of Bushido. Today, this meaningcan be modernized to include minimizing violent conflict. The code of Bushido, the Samurai'scode of honor, upholds loyalty, discipline, total dedication, honor and valor, and numerousexamples of these elements can be witnessed today or in recent history."