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"Saat ini, plastik menjadi perhatian terkait dengan degradasi dan isu-isu lingkungan. Hal ini menyebabkan penelitian untuk mengembangkan bahan ramah lingkungan. Untuk meminimalkan dampak dari masalah tersebut, baru-baru ini penggunaan serat alam sebagai pengisi diperkenalkan karena biodegradabilitas dan ketersediaan. Serat alami yang menjanjikan adalah serat ijuk dari Arenga pinnata tanaman sebagai pengisi dan polypropylene polimer (PP) sebagai matriks. Sayangnya, serat alam dan polimer memiliki sifat yang berbeda, polimer memiliki sifat polar sedangkan serat alam bersifat non-polar sehingga mengurangi kompatibilitas dan dihasilkan kristalinitas yang sangat rendah. Untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitas dan kristalinitas, serat ijuk diberikan perlakuan dengan beberapa tahapan termasuk alkalinization dengan 5% dan 10% natrium hidroksida (NaOH), oksidasi dengan 3% dan 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) dan hidrolisis dengan asam sulfat 20% (H2SO4) di urutan. Tujuan dari perlakuan bertahap adalah untuk menghapus komponen seperti lignin, lilin, hemiselulosa, memfragmentasi lignin yang tersisa secara oksidatif dan menghilangkan bagian amorf masing-masing. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) mengidentifikasi tingkat kompatibilitas sementara itu Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) menunjukan kristalinitas dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) menampilkan permukaan morfologi polypropylene. Percobaan mengungkapkan bahwa efek dari serat ijuk dengan perlakuan bertahap dari 5% NaOH dan 10% NaOH menghasilkan kristalinitas polypropylene sekitar 31,2% dan 27,64% masing-masing dibandingkan dengan kristalinitas sebelum menambahkan "ijuk" serat untuk 16,8%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa seluruh perlakuan meningkatkan kompatibilitas dan kristalinitas polypropylene. Selain itu, penggunaan 5% NaOH menawarkan kristalinitas lebih baik dari polypropylene non-diobati. Percobaan menyimpulkan bahwa dengan menambahkan alkalinized serat ijuk perlakuan bertahap dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas dan kristalinitas dari polypropylene.

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Nowadays, plastics becomes concern associated with its degradation and environmental issues. It has led studies to develop an environmental-friendly material. To minimize the impact of those problems, recently the usage of natural fibers as a filler are introduced because of biodegradability and availability. The promising natural fiber is ijuk fiber from Arenga pinnata plant as a filler and polypropylene (PP) polymer as a matrix. Unfortunately, the natural fibers and polymers have the different properties on which polymers are polar while natural fibers are non-polar so that reducing the compatibility and resulting the poor crystallinity. To enhance the compatibility and crystallinity, ijuk fibers were prepared by multistage treatments including alkalinization with 5% and 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), oxidation with 3% and 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and hydrolysis with 20% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in sequences.

The purposes of multistage treatments are to remove the components such as lignin, wax, hemicellulose, to cause an oxidative fragmentation of remaining lignin and to annihilate the amorphous parts respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) confirms the compatibility meanwhile Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) reveals the crystallinity and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) displays surface morphology of polypropylene.

The experiments were revealing that the effects of ijuk fibers by the multistage treatments of 5% NaOH and 10% NaOH resulting the crystallinity of polypropylene around 31,2% and 27,64% respectively compared to the crystallinity before adding the ijuk fibers for 16,8%. It indicates that the entire treatments increasing the compatibility and crystallinity of polypropylene. In addition, the use of 5% NaOH offers the better crystallinity than non-treated polypropylene. The experiments conclude that by adding alkalinized ijuk fibers of multistage treatments can increase the compatibility and crystallinity of polypropylene."

"[Polipropilena (PP) kopolimer impak merupakan salah satu jenis PP yangcukup banyak digunakan. PP kopolimer impak dibuat dengan penambahan etilena yang mengakibatkan penurunan kristalinitas PP. Usaha yang dilakukan untuk memperbaiki sifat kristalinitas PP yaitu dengan menambahkan agen nukleasi. Pada penelitian ini PP ditambahkan agen nukleasi serat ijuk yang mendapatkan perlakuan alkali, dilanjutkan dengan oksidasi menggunakan katalis yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat waktu kristalisasi PP. Serat ijuk ditambahkan sebanyak 10% volum. Morfologi, kandungan kimia dan kristalinitas serat ijuk dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Terbukti bahwa telah terjadi perubahan diameter dan morfologi serat ijuk menjadi mikrofibril setelah perlakuan alkali yang dilanjutkan dengan oksidasi menggunakan katalis. Hal tersebut menunjukkan telah terjadi penggerusan permukaan serat ijuk yaitu dengan menurunnya kadar lignin dan hemiselulosa yang merupakan pengikat antara lignin dan selulosa. Hasil karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan kristalinitas serat ijuk yang tidak diberi perlakuan adalah 42% sedangkan yang mendapat perlakuan NaOH 2% selama 1 jam dilanjutkan oksidasi menggunakan NaClO 5% selama 5 jam dan katalis KMnO4 0,01 N selama 15 menit menunjukkan kristalinitas sebesar 60,75%. Untuk mengerahuiefek serat ijuk sebagai agen nukleasi dilakukan uji DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) pada sampel campuran PP-serat ijuk. Hasil DSC menunjukkan ada perubahan kecepatan kristalisasi PP-serat ijuk yang menunjukkan efek serat ijuk sebagai agen nukleasi. Pada kecepatan pendinginan 10 ° C/menit, PP murni memiliki waktu kristalisasi 1,2 detik, PP-serat tanpa perlakuan memiliki waktu kristalisasi 1 detik sedangkan PP-serat ijuk dengan perlakuan NaOH 2% selama 1 jam dilanjutkan oksidasi menggunakan NaClO 5% selama 5 jam dan katalisKMnO4 0,01 N selama 15 menit memiliki waktu kristalisasi 0,9 detik.;Polypropylene (PP) copolymer impact is one type of PP is quite widely used. PP impact copolymer is made by adding ethylene which resulted in a decrease in crystallinity PP. Efforts are being made to improve the properties of PP crystallinity by adding a nucleating agent. In this study PP nucleating agent added “Ijuk” fibers that get alkali treatment, followed by oxidation using a catalyst which aims to accelerate the crystallization of PP time. “Ijuk” fibers was added as much as 10% volume. Morphology, chemistry and crystallinity of “Ijuk”fibers were characterized by using FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). It was proved that there has been a change in fiber diameter and morphology of fibers into microfibrils after alkali treatment followed by oxidation using a catalyst. It showed that there has been annihilation of surface fibers with reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose which is a binder between lignin and cellulose. XRD characterization result indicated the fiber crystallinity untreated fibers was 42% while with treatment 2% NaOH for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5% for 5 hours and the catalyst KMnO4 0.01 N for 15 minutes showed crystallinity of 60.75%. To determine “Ijuk” fiber as nucleating agents, the sample of PP-fiber mixture was tested by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). DSC results showed change in rate of crystallization of PP-fiber fibers that indicate the effects of “Ijuk” fiber as a nucleating agent. In the cooling rate of 10 ° C / min, pure PP has a crystallization time of 1.2 seconds, the PPfibers without treatment had a crystallization time of 1 second while the PP-fiber fibers with 2% NaOH treatment for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5% for 5 hour and 0.01 N KMnO4 catalyst for 15 minutes had a crystallization time of 0.9 seconds., Polypropylene (PP) copolymer impact is one type of PP is quite widelyused. PP impact copolymer is made by adding ethylene which resulted in adecrease in crystallinity PP. Efforts are being made to improve the properties ofPP crystallinity by adding a nucleating agent. In this study PP nucleating agentadded “Ijuk” fibers that get alkali treatment, followed by oxidation using acatalyst which aims to accelerate the crystallization of PP time. “Ijuk” fibers wasadded as much as 10% volume. Morphology, chemistry and crystallinity of “Ijuk”fibers were characterized by using FESEM (Field Emission Scanning ElectronMicroscope), FTIR (Fourier Transmission Infra Red), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Itwas proved that there has been a change in fiber diameter and morphology offibers into microfibrils after alkali treatment followed by oxidation using acatalyst. It showed that there has been annihilation of surface fibers with reducedlevels of lignin and hemicellulose which is a binder between lignin and cellulose.XRD characterization result indicated the fiber crystallinity untreated fibers was42% while with treatment 2% NaOH for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO5% for 5 hours and the catalyst KMnO4 0.01 N for 15 minutes showedcrystallinity of 60.75%. To determine “Ijuk” fiber as nucleating agents, thesample of PP-fiber mixture was tested by DSC (Differential ScanningCalorimetry). DSC results showed change in rate of crystallization of PP-fiberfibers that indicate the effects of “Ijuk” fiber as a nucleating agent. In the coolingrate of 10 ° C / min, pure PP has a crystallization time of 1.2 seconds, the PPfiberswithout treatment had a crystallization time of 1 second while the PP-fiberfibers with 2% NaOH treatment for 1 hour followed oxidation using NaClO 5%for 5 hour and 0.01 N KMnO4 catalyst for 15 minutes had a crystallization time of0.9 seconds.]"

"Urgensi akan permasalahan limbah makin meningkat. Salah satu limbah yang paling sulit di olah adalah limbah plastik, maka kebutuhan akan plastik yang dapat di degradasi secara cepat menjadi salah satu alternatif solusi untuk permasalahan tersebut. Material berbahan dasar organik seperti serat ijuk dan polylactic acid mulai di kembangkan. Akan tetapi perbedaan sifat permukaan kedua bahan tersebut menimbulkan masalah apabila di padukan. Untuk mengatasi masalah kompatibilitas tersebut dibutuhkan perlakuan alkalinisasi pada kedua bahan tersebut. Alkalinisasi dilakukan dengan larutan NaOH 0,25 M dan 0.5 M selama 6 jam ,8 jam, dan 10 jam di harapkan dapat meingkatkan kompatibilitas antar 2 bahan tersebut. Kompatibiltas dapat di tunjukan melalui sifat mekanis material komposit tersebut. Mencari fraksi volum serat yang optimal menjadi suatu hal yang harus di lakukan karena dapat berpotensi menimbulkan void. Maka fraksi volume 5%, 7,5%, dan 10% menjadi variabel dalam penentuan fraksi volume yang optimal.

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Nowadays the urgency of the waste problem is increasing. One of the most difficult waste to be processed is plastic waste, the idea of plastic that can be degraded quickly become one of alternative solutions to these problems. materials such as organic fibers and polylactic acid bio-polymer begin to develop. However, differences in the surface properties of the two materials is become a problem to be solved. To overcome the compatibility issues, Fibers need alkalinization treatment on both of the materials.

Alkalinization performed with NaOH solution 0.25 M and 0.5 M for 6 hours, 8 hours, and 10 hours are expected to boost the compatibility of surface properties between two materials. Good compatibility can be indicated through the mechanical properties of the composite material. Searching for the optimal fiber volume fraction becomes a thing that should be done because it can potentially resulting voids in the microstructure. Then the volume fraction of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% are the variables to determine the optimal volume fraction of the composite."

"Saat ini penggunaan material berbasis polimer semakin meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan populasi manusia. Kebutuhan akan material berbasis polimer tersebut didasari oleh harga yang relatif murah dan fungsinya serba guna. Polimer berbasis pada minyak bumi merupakan jenis polimer yang sulit untuk diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme sehingga dibutuhkan material polimer alternative yang berasal dari alam untuk mengatasi isu lingkungan tersebut. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) merupakan salah satu polimer alam yang cukup banyak digunakan. Namun PLA memiliki sifat mekanik dan ketahanan termal yang kurang baik, sehingga dibutuhkan pengisi dari bahan alam seperti serat ijuk untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan percobaan untuk mengetahui kompatibilitas pengisi dan matriks, konsentrasi optimal pemutihan serat, waktu optimal pemutihan serat dan komposisi optimal antara pengisi dan matriks. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap morfologi permukaan serat ijuk dan fraktografi material komposit menggunakan FE-SEM, mengetahui perubahan kristalinitas serat ijuk menggunakan X-RD, mengetahui gugus fungsi dari serat ijuk untuk melihat kandungan lignin dan hemiselulosa menggunakan FTIR serta kekuatan tarik material komposit menggunakan micro-tensile. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pemutihan dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas pengisi dan matriks, konsentrasi optimal pemutihan adalah 7,5% NaClO selama 2 jam dan waktu optimal pemutihan adalah 1 jam dengan 10% NaClO. Dengan penambahan komposisi ijuk 10%, 20%, 30% ke dalam matriks PLA maka kekuatan tarik material komposit semakin meningkat.

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Nowadays, The necessity of polymer-based material is getting higher because of its versatile utilization and relatively low cost. Petroleum polymer is difficult to be processed by micro-organism so that the alternative natural polymer is required to tackel this issue. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is one of the polymer used in many industries but PLA has the poorness on its mechanical properties and thermal resistance. Therefore, the addition of reinforcement such as ijuk fiber can be used to optimize its properties.

In this research, the compability of reinforcement and matrix, the optimum concentration of bleaching, the time of bleaching and the composition of reinforcement and matrix are studied. Visual observation on the morfology and fractography of ijuk fiber surface was performed using FE-SEM, the crystallinity of ijuk fiber was conducted using XRD, the functional group of ijuk fiber was carried out using FTIR to examine lignin and hemi-cellulose content and the tensile test of this composite material was performed using micro-tensile test.

From the data, it was acquired that bleaching enhance the compability between filler and matrix, the optimum concentration of bleaching is 7,5% NaClO for 2 hours and the optimum time of bleaching is 1 hour with 10% NaClO. In the mechanical properties aspect, it is obtained that as the higher ijuk addition, from 10% to 30%, into the PLA matrix, the tensile strength of the composite is improve."

"Efek penambahan serat ijuk (Arenga Pinata) terhadap perilaku kristalisasi Polipropilena Kopolimer Impak (IPC) ditelaah menggunakan model kinetika Nakamura untuk solidifikasi non-isotermal. Model tersebut merupakan pengembangan dari model isotermal Avrami. Hasil permodelan kemudian dibandingkan dengan data DSC dari hasil eksperimen IPC yang ditambahkan 1%, dan 5% serat ijuk dengan temperatur pencampuran masing-masing 160 ^oC dan 165 o^C. Serat ijuk yang digunakan pada penilitian, sebelumnya telah diberi perlakuan alkalinisasi dengan larutan NaOH 6% selama 8 jam. Penambahan serat ijuk dapat menggeser nilai indeks Avrami (n) spesimen IPC yang pada kondisi murni memiliki nilai n=3. Penambahan serat ijuk sebesar 1% dan 5% fraksi masss pada suhu 160 ^oC dapat menurunkan nilai indeks Avrami masing-masing sampel menjadi 2.9268 dan 2.506. Nilai n yang mendekati 2 ini  menunjukan bahwa sampel cenderung mengalami pertumbuhan secara 1-dimensi dan menghasilkan struktur yang lebih kristalin Sedangkan penambahan serat ijuk sebesar 1% dan 5% pada suhu 160 ^oC menaikkan nilai indeks Avrami masing-masing menjadi 3.2726 dan 3.2489. Nilai n yang lebih besar dari 3 menunjukan arah pertumbuhan 2 dimensi dan menghasilkan struktur yang kurang kristalin.

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We use Nakamura kinetic model for non-isothermal solidification to investigate the effect on the addition of Arenga Pinata fiber to the crystallization behavior of impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC). We compared the model predictions with the DSC non-isothermal crystallinity results of IPC with additions of 1%, and 5% Arenga Pinata fiber each mixed  at 160 ^oC and 165 ^oC. The fiber used in this experiment was previously pre-treated with 6% NaOH for 8 hours. The addition of Arenga Pinata fiber shift the Avrami index of pure IPC from the original value of 3. The addition of 1% and 5% of fiber at 160 ^oC mixing temperature decrease the Avrami Index to 2.9268 dan 2.506 respectively. It is indicating that the crystallization process was experiencing a 1-dimensional growth and result in a more crystalline structure. However, the addition of fiber at 165 ^oC mixing temperature increase the Avrami Index to 3.2726 dan 3.2489 respectively. It is indicating that the crystallization process was experiencing a 2-dimensional growth and result in a less crystalline structure."

"[Pada penelitian ini, serat ijuk dihancurkan dan diayak ukuran 40 # setelah itu serat ijuk diberi perlakuan kimia dengan NaOH 2 % selama 1 jam, KMnO4 0,1 N selama 15 menit, dan NaClO 5 % selama 5 jam dengan tujuan mendapatkan selulosa kristalin. Setelah itu dilakukan proses pencampuran kering (hotmelt mixing) antara polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuan kimia dengan 7,5 % volum serat ijuk terhadap polipropilen dengan variabel temperatur 160°C, 165°C, dan 170°C dan variabel waktu pencampuran 15 menit dan 20 menit. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian uji FTIR buat serat, sedangan buat komposit adalah uji tarik, uji STA, uji XRD, dan uji FE-SEM hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sifat kristalinitas dan mekanik dari komposit polipropilen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan lebih kristalin dari pada serat ijuk tanpa perlakukan, polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan kimia cukup kompatibel terhadap polipropilen, dari penelitian didapatkan sifat kristalinitas terbaik pada variabel 165°C selama 20 menit. Dan yang memiliki sifat kekuatan tarik paling baik adalah variabel 170°C selama 20 menit, sedangkan yang memiliki % elongasi paling baik adalah dengan variabel 160°C 20 menit.

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In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes., In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.]"

"Pada penelitian ini dibuat komposit menggunakan polipropilena sebagai matriks dan serat sorghum sebagai penguat. Namun, polipropilena dan serat sorghum memiliki permasalahan yaitu sifat permukaan antara keduanya berbeda. Untuk memperbaiki sifat permukaan serat sorghum, perlu dilakukan modifikasi permukaan dengan perlakuan kimiawi seperti alkalinisasi, pemutihan dan hidrolisis asam. Proses alkalinisasi dilakukan menggunakan larutan NaOH 10% selama 2 jam. Proses pemutihan dilakukan dengan larutan NaClO2 1,7% selama 4 jam dan proses hidrolisis asam dilakukan dengan larutan H2SO4 25% selama 1 jam. Kemudian dilakukan proses hot melt mixing untuk dilakukan pencampuran antara PP dan serat sorghum. Pengaruh komposisi serat dan modifikasi serat sorghum menjadi fokus pada penelitian ini.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kristalinitas, kompatibilitas dan kuat tarik komposit berpenguat serat perlakuan pemutihan lebih baik dibandingkan komposit berpenguat serat tanpa perlakuan. Sedangkan penambahan komposisi 5% & 10% serat perlakuan hidrolisis asam mengalami penurunan kekuatan tarik dibandingkan kuat tarik PP.

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In this research composites was made using polypropylene as matrix and sorghum fibers as reinforcement. However, polypropylene and sorghum fiber has a problem that have different surface properties. To improve the surface properties of the sorghum fiber, surface modification needs to be done by chemical treatment such as alkalinization, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. alkalinization process is done by 10% NaOH solution for 2 hours. The bleaching process is done by 1,7% NaClO2 solution for 4 hours and the process of acid hydrolysis carried out by 25% H2SO4 solution for 1 hour. Then do the hot melt mixing process to do the mixing between the PP and fiber sorghum. The influence of fiber composition and modification of sorghum fiber on manufacture of PP/sorghum composites to be focused on this research.

The results showed that the crystallinity, compatibility and tensile strength of composite reinforced by bleaching treatment fiber is better than the composite reinforced by untreated fiber. While, the addition of the composition by 5% and 10% fiber to acid hydrolysis treatment decreased the tensile strength than tensile strength of PP.

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"Konsumsi polimer dalam jumlah besar, menekan industri polimer untuk menghemat bahan baku material dan mempercepat laju produksi. MFC berbasis serat alam telah dipelajari mampu memperbaiki sifat dan kecepatan laju proses dari polimer. Indonesia sebagai negara agraris memiliki banyak sumber serat alam, salah satunya serat ijuk. Melalui proses perlakuan, serat alam diproses hingga didapatkan MFC yang akan dipelajari sifatnya sebagai agen penukleasi didalam polimer polipropilena jenis kopolimer impak. Dengan penambahan MFC, dapat meningkatkan 2% kristalinitas dan kecepatan kristalinitas hingga 12 detik. Penelitian ini menitik beratkan pada kemampuan kristalinitas dari PP setelah ditambahakan MFC.

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Polymer comsumption in large scale, pushing polymer industry to reduce consumption of base material and increasing production time. ?Ijuk? based MFC has been studied can improve quality and accelerate process on PP. Indonesia as a maritime nation had many kind land riches, the one is ?ijuk? fiber. By conditioning process, ?ijuk? fiber made into MFC than have good bonding and will be studied his properties as nucleating agent on polymer polypropylene copolymer impact. With addiction of "

"Polipropilena (PP) adalah polimer termoplastik yang digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Proses kristalisasi adalah proses yang memiliki peranan penting dalam produksi PP. Penambahan nucleating agent yang berfungsi mempersingkat waktu induksi kristalisasi polimer tertentu, termasuk PP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) dan microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) sebagai aditif nucleating agent pada proses kristalisasi PP dan memperoleh persentase optimum yang dibandingkan terhadap Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) sebagai nucleating agent komersial dan PP murni. MFC dibuat dengan alkalisasi, bleaching dan hidrolisis. MFC dan MCC dikarakterisasi dengan SEM dan XRD. Masing-masing dari MFC, MCC dan HPN dilakukan internal mixing dengan PP pwd dengan konsentrasi 0,10; 0,20; 0,40; 1,00 dan 2,00 phr untuk selanjutnya diwakili dengan penomoran 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5 dan PP pwd untuk blangko. Sampel masterbatch MFC, MCC, HPN dan PP dilakukan karakterisasi dengan uji FTIR, XRD, DSC dan Tarik. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa MCC dan MFC dapat meningkat derajat kristalinitas, suhu leleh, suhu kristalisasi dan kekuatan tarik polimer PP walaupun belum menyamai kinerja dari HPN. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC4 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas masing-masing sebesar 19,96% dan 18,24% terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan derajat kristalinitas sebesar 54,80%. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu leleh masing-masing sebesar 2,8°C dan 3,3°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN2 dan masterbatch PP+HPN3 dengan peningkatan suhu leleh yang sama yaitu sebesar 4,4°C. Persentase optimum masterbatch PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 dan PP+MCC5 pada peningkatan suhu kristalisasi masing-masing sebesar 5,0°C, 5,0°C dan 5,7°C terhadap PP murni. Namun, belum dapat menyamai kinerja HPN pada kondisi optimum masterbatch PP+HPN5 dengan peningkatan suhu kristalisasi sebesar 19,0°C.

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Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer used in a variety of applications. Crystallization process is a process that has an important role in PP production. The addition of a nucleating agent that serves to shorten the crystallization induction time of certain polymers, including PP. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as nucleating agent additives to the PP crystallization process and to obtain the optimum percentage compared to Hyperform HPN-20E (HPN) as commercial nucleating agent and Pure PP. MFC is made by alkalization, bleaching and hydrolysis. MFC and MCC were characterized by SEM and XRD. Each of the MFC, MCC and HPN were internally mixed with PP pwd with a concentration of 0.10; 0.20; 0.40; 1.00 and 2.00 phr are then represented by numbering 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and PP pwd for blanks. The MFC, MCC, HPN and PP masterbatch samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC and Tensile tests. The results show that MCC and MFC can increase the degree of crystallinity, melting temperature, crystallization temperature and tensile strength of PP polymer although they cannot match the performance of HPN. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC4 masterbatches with increasing degree of crystallinity were 19.96% and 18.24%, respectively, compared to pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in the degree of crystallinity of 54.80%. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing melting temperatures were 2.8°C and 3.3°C, respectively, for pure PP. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN2 masterbatch and PP+HPN3 masterbatch with the same increase in melting temperature of 4.4°C. The optimum percentages of PP+MFC4, PP+MFC5 and PP+MCC5 masterbatches at increasing crystallization temperature were 5.0°C, 5.0°C and 5.7°C for pure PP, respectively. However, it has not been able to match the performance of HPN under the optimum conditions of the PP+HPN5 masterbatch with an increase in crystallization temperature of 19.0°C."

"Kelangkaan minyak bumi yang tidak terbarukan terus mendorong kenaikan produk-produk turunannya, salah satunya adalah plastik. Untuk mencari alternatif dari hal tersebut, dikembangkanlah plastik komposit yang terbuat dari Polylactic Acid (PLA) dengan penambahan serat ijuk diharapkan mempunyai sifat mekanis yang cukup tinggi dan ramah lingkungan. Kompatibilitas dari kedua bahan tersebut menjadi perhatian utama untuk menciptakan material komposit dengan sifat mekanis yang baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan matriks PLA dengan serat ijuk yang dicampur dengan metode pelarutan menggunakan Dichloromethane dan kemudian dicetak menjadi sampel uji tarik dengan metode cetak panas. Variabel yang digunakan adalah fraksi volum penguat 0%; 10%; 20%; 30%; 40% dan 50%, serta modifikasi permukaan serat dengan perlakuan alkali (NaOH) 0,25 M selama 30 menit untuk meningkatkan kompatibilitas serat terhadap matriks. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan penurunan sifat kekuatan tarik dan Modulus Young terhadap fraksi volum penguat dari 0% hingga 50%, yang tidak menunjukkan efek penguatan serat terhadap matriks untuk sampel tanpa modifikasi perrmukaan, sementara nilai elongasi menunjukkan tren peningkatan. Hal ini diakibatkan kompatibilitas yang buruk antara matriks dan serat. Setelah dilakukan modifikasi permukaan serat, terjadi peningkatan dari sifat mekanis komposit tersebut. Hasil pengujian FTIR menunjukkan terjadinya pengurangan lignin dan hemiselulosa yang dapat meningkatkan kompatibilitas matriks dan serat.

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Petroleum as a non-renewable resources shows price increment for its derivative products, which one of those is plastics. The development for an alternative solution are developed, that is composite material from Polylactic Acid (PLA) which combined with Ijuk (Arenga pinnata) with the main focus in their compatibility to meet the demand for high specific strength and environmetalfriendly material. This research use PLA as a matrices dan Ijuk as a reinforcement, which is solution mixed using Dicholoromethane and then pressed by hot pressing method to formed tensile test specimens. The variations are volume fraction and fiber surface modification. Volume fraction used are 0%; 10%; 20%; 30%; 40% and 50%, while alkali treatment with NaOH 0,25M for 30 minutes is used for surface modification. Tensile test results show the decreament in tensile strength and Young’s Modulus versus fiber addition from 0-50%, while the elongation shows the conversely results, is showing no strengthening effect of fiber to the matrices for untreated composites. This is due to poor compatibility between matrices and fibers. After surface modification, tensile test results show the improvement in the mechanical properties due to elimination of lignin and hemicellulose which increases its compatibility, supported by the FTIR test results."