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"Latar belakang: Risiko kaheksia pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher KKL meningkat akibat tumor itu sendiri, letak tumor, dan pemberian terapi medis. Penurunan berat badan akibat efek samping radioterapi atau kemoradioterapi dapat menurunkan angka kesintasan dan kualitas hidup, serta meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Terapi medik gizi klinik bertujuan mencegah malnutrisi bertambah berat, memperbaiki kualitas hidup, dan mendukung outcome terapi yang baik. Terapi medik gizi klinik berupa konsultasi individu, meliputi pemberian nutrisi adekuat sesuai kebutuhan energi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, dan nutrien spesifik, serta terapi medikamentosa dan edukasi.Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berjumlah empat orang, berusia 32 ndash;53 tahun. Satu orang pasien dengan diagnosis karsinoma lidah dan 3 orang dengan kanker nasofaring. Dua dari 4 pasien menjalani kemoradioterapi. Semua terdiagnosis kaheksia pada awal pemeriksaan. Kebutuhan energi total dihitung menggunakan persamaan Harris-Benedict untuk kebutuhan basal dikalikan faktor stres 1,5. Pemantauan meliputi keluhan subjektif dan pemeriksaan objektif tanda vital, kondisi klinis, antropometrik, massa otot, massa lemak, kekuatan genggam tangan, Karnofsky Performance Status, analisis asupan, dan laboratorium . Pemantauan dilakukan secara berkala setiap minggu untuk menilai pencapaian target pemberian nutrisi.Hasil: Terapi medik gizi klinik pada keempat pasien meningkatkan asupan energi, protein, dan nutrien spesifik asam amino rantai cabang dan eicosapentaenoic acid . Penurunan BB, massa otot, dan kapasitas fungsional yang terjadi pada pasien hanya minimal.Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi klinik pada pasien KKL dengan kaheksia dalam radioterapi atau kemoradioterapi dapat meningkatkan asupan nutrisi dan meminimalkan penurunan status gizi pasien lebih lanjut.

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Introduction: The risk of cachexia of head and neck cancer HNC is increased because of the tumor itself, site of the tumor, and side effects of cancer treatment. Weight loss during radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy will decrease the survival rates and quality of life, and increase morbidity and mortality rates. The purpose of medical therapy in clinical nutrition is to prevent further malnutrition during therapy, improve quality of life, and support the good outcome of cancer treatment. Individual medical therapy in clinical nutrition include adequate energy, macro and micronutrient, and specific nutrients requirements, pharmacotherapy and education.

Methods: Four HNC patients in this case series aged between 32 and 53. One patient diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and 3 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Two of four patients received chemoradiotherapy. Total energy requirement was calculated using Harris Benedict equation for basal energy need multipled by stress factor of 1,5. Monitoring include subjective complaints and objective examination vital sign, physical examination, anthropometric, muscle mass, fat mass, handgrip strength, Karnofsky Performance Status, dietary analysis, and laboratory. Monitoring was performed routinely every week to assess achievement of the nutrition therapy target.

Results: Medical therapy in clinical nutrition to four patients can increase the intake of energy, protein, and specific nutrients branched chain amino acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The decreased of weight, muscle mass, and functional capacity during radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were only minimal.

Conclusion: Medical therapy in clinical nutrition for HNC patients with cachexia on radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy can increase nutrition intake and minimalized further malnutrition."

"Kaheksia merupakan sindrom multifaktorial yang menyebabkan gangguan fungsional progresif dan tidak dapat ditangani dengan terapi nutrisi konvensional. Kaheksia dijumpai pada 45% penderita kanker dan bila tidak diatasi dapat menyebabkan kematian 22% pasien kanker. Terapi medik gizi merupakan bagian dari terapi multimodal yang direkomendasikan dalam tatalaksana kaheksia dengan tujuan menjaga atau meningkatkan asupan makan, status gizi, dan kapasitas fungsional. Serial kasus ini melaporkan empat pasien kaheksia pada kanker dengan intake sulit berusia 42-53 tahun. Tiga pasien berstatus gizi normal, sedangkan satu pasien obes berdasakan kriteria World Health Organization (WHO) Asia Pasifik. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai pedoman pada kanker dengan target pemberian energi sesuai Kebutuhan Energi Total (KET) masing-masing pasien yang dihitung dari Kebutuhan Energi Basal (KEB) yang dikalikan dengan faktor stres 1,5. Protein diberikan minimal 1,2 g/kgBB/hari untuk pasien dengan fungsi ginjal normal dan 0,8 g/kgBB/hari untuk pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronis. Nutrien spesifik asam amino rantai cabang (AARC) dipenuhi melalui pemberian bahan makanan sumber dan oral nutrition supplementation (ONS). Keempat pasien pulang dengan perbaikan asupan makan dan peningkatan kapasitas fungsional. Status gizi keempat pasien dapat dipertahankan selama perawatan. Terapi medik gizi dapat meningkatkan asupan makan, menjaga status gizi, dan meningkatkan kapasitas fungsional pasien kaheksia pada kanker dengan intake sulit.

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Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome responsible for progressive functional impairment that cannot be overcome with conventional nutrition therapy. Cachexia was found in 45% of cancer patients and will lead to death in 22% cancer patients. Nutrition therapy is a part of multimodal therapy that was recommended in cachexia therapy to maintain or increase food intake, nutritional status, and functional capacity. This case series report four cancer cachexia patients with low intake aged 42-53 years old. Three patients have normal nutritional status, while one patient is obese based on World Health Organization (WHO) for Asia Pacific criteria. Nutrition therapies were given based on cancer guideline with energy target prescriptions according to total energy requirements for each patients. Proteins were given with minimal 1,2 g/kgBW/day for patients with normal kidney function and 0,8 g/kgBW/day for patient with chronic kidney disease.  Specific nutrient branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) requirements are fulfilled by administration of Oral Nutrition Supplementation (ONS). All four patients were discharged with improvements in food intake and functional capacity. No nutritional status were declined during hospitalization. Medical nutrition therapy could improve food intake, maintain nutritional status, and improve functional capacity in cachexia cancer with low intake patients."

"Latar belakang: Kanker sel skuamosa (KSS) lidah adalah keganasan rongga mulut tersering dengan prognosis terburuk. Insiden KSS lidah cenderung meningkat dan semakin banyak pada usia kurang dari 45 tahun. Hampir semua pasien kanker kepala leher mengalami malnutrisi saat didiagnosis kanker. Tiga puluh satu persen pasien KSS kepala leher dengan kaheksia memiliki disease-free survival lebih rendah dibandingkan pasien yang tidak kaheksia. Modalitas terapi KSS lidah seperti radioterapi, kemoterapi, pembedahan, maupun kombinasi ketiganya dapat memperburuk malnutrisi atau kaheksia yang telah terjadi jika tidak ditatalaksana dengan baik. Terapi medik gizi diperlukan pada pasien KSS lidah yang menjalani radioterapi untuk mencegah malnutrisi atau kaheksia.Metode: Pasien KSS lidah berusia 41-53 tahun. Tiga pasien berjenis kelamin perempuan dan satu orang laki-laki. Dua pasien telah menjalani pembedahan, semua pasien menjalani radioterapi bersamaan dengan kemoterapi. Satu pasien memiliki hasil skrining MST kurang lebih 5, dan selebihnya memiliki nilai 4. Pemantauan dilakukan sebelum, saat, dan sesudah radioterapi meliputi keluhan subjektif, kondisi klinis, pemeriksaan laboratorium, antropometri, komposisi tubuh, kapasitas fungsional dan analisis asupan. Keempat pasien mendapatkan edukasi nutrisi, oral nutrition support (ONS), suplementasi vitamin dan mineral serta asam lemak omega-3.Hasil: Keempat pasien dapat meningkatkan asupan makanannya. Pasien mengalami penurunan berat badan, tiga pasien mengalami kenaikan berat badan pasca radioterapi. Dua pasien menggunakan NGT serta memiliki penyulit berupa hipertiroid subklinis dan DM tipe 2. Pasien mengalami anemia, dua di antaranya mengalami perbaikan kadar Hb. Terjadi penurunan massa otot namun terdapat perbaikan kekuatan genggaman tangan dan skor EGOG.Kesimpulan: Terapi medik gizi dapat memperbaiki keluaran klinis, kapasitas fungsional, antropometri, dan laboratorium terutama pada pasien tanpa penyulit

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Background. Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCOT) is the most common oral cavity cancer with the worst prognosis. The incidence of SCCOT tends to increase at the age of less than 45 years old. Almost all head and neck cancer patients are malnourished at the time of diagnosis. Thirty-one percent of head and neck SCC cachexia patients have a lower disease-free survival than non cachexia. Modalities of tongue SCC therapy such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, or a combination of all three can worsen malnutrition or cachexia that has occurred if it is not managed properly. Early medical nutrition therapy is required in SCCOT patients undergoing radiotherapy to prevent cachexia or malnutrition.

Method. Four SCCOT patients 41-53 years old. Three patients were females and one patient was male. Two patients underwent surgery, and all patients underwent concurrent radio-chemotherapy. One patient had MST score more less than 5, and the rest had a score of 4. Monitoring was carried out before, during and after radiotherapy including subjective complaints, clinical conditions, laboratory examinations, anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity and food intake analysis. Four patients received nutritional education, oral nutrition support (ONS), supplementation of vitamins and minerals and omega-3 fatty acid.

Results. All patients can increase their food intake. Patients experienced weight loss, most of them experienced weight gain after radiotherapy. Two patients used tube feeding and had complications of subclinical hyperthyroidism and type 2 diabetes. Patients had anemia, two of them had improved hemoglobin level. There was a decrease in muscle mass but there was an improvement in the strength of hand grip and EGOG score, especially after radiotherapy.

Conclusion. Medical nutrition therapy can improve clinical outcomes, functional capacity, anthropometry, and laboratory especially in patients without complications."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Kanker kepala dan leher merupakan salah satu keganasan yang dapat menyebabkan malnutrisi. Radioterapi dan kemoterapi merupakan bagian dari terapi pasien yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai efek samping sehingga dapat memperburuk status gizi pasien. Tujuan tatalaksana nutrisi adalahmeningkatkan asupan pasien, mempertahankan berat badan dan meminimalkan penurunan berat badan selama radiasi dan kemoterapi, meningkatkan kualitas hidup, menurunkan angka mortalitas pasien KKL pasca radioterapi dan kemoterapi. Tatalaksana nutrisi yang diberikan meliputi pemberian makronutrien, mikronutrien, nutrien spesifik serta konseling dan edukasi.Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berjumlah empat orang dan berusia antara 41 hingga 57 tahun. Ketiga pasien menjalani kemoradiasi dan hanya satu pasien yang menjalani radioterapi. Hasil skrining pada semua pasien dengan menggunakan malnutrition screening tool (MST) mendapatkan nilai ≥2. Kebutuhan energi pasien dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus Harris Benedict selanjutnya dihitung kebutuhan energi total dengan faktor stres 1,5. Pemantauan yang dilakukan pada pasien meliputi keluhan subyektif, kondisi klinis, tanda vital, antropometri, kapasitas fungsional, dan analisis asupan. Monitoring dan evaluasi dilakukan secara teratur untuk memantau pencapaian target nutrisi.Hasil: Dukungan nutrisi yang diberikan pada keempat pasien dapat meningkatkan asupan dan menaikkan berat badan pasien ketiga, mempertahahankan berat badan pasien pertama dan keempat, serta meminimalkan penurunan berat badan pasien kedua. Kapasitas fungsional pasien tidak mengalami penurunan.Kesimpulan: Dukungan nutrisi yang diberikan pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher dalam terapi radiasi dapat meminimalkan, mempertahankan, dan meningkatkan berat badan, serta mempertahankan kapasitas fungsional pasien.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Head and Neck Cancer is malignant disease associated with malnutrition. Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy will give side effect which can worsen nutritional status. The goal of nutritional management are to maintain or increase nutritional status, improve quality of life, and prolong survival of patients. Nutrition management include provide macronutrient, micronutrient, specific nutrients, counseling, and education. Methode: Patient in this case series were between 41 to 57 years old. Three of patients undergoing chemoradiation and one of patients on radiation therapy. All patients had a screening score ≥2 using a Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST). Nutritional status of patients were obese, normoweight with risk of malnutrition, and normoweight. Basal energy requirement were calculated using Harris Benedict Formula then calculated with stress factor 1.5 for total energy requirement. Monitoring included subjective complaints, clinical condition, vital signs, anthropometric, functional capacity and nutrition analysis. Monitoring and evaluation were done for accomplishment of nutritional targets.Results : Nutritional support could increase intake and weight gain in third patients, weight maintaining in first and fourth patients, and for second patients were minimizing weight loss. There was no decrease in functional capacity.Conclusion: Nutritional support in head and neck cancer with radiotherapy could minimizing, maintaining, and increasing body weight also maintaining functional capacity., Introduction: Head and Neck Cancer is malignant disease associated withmalnutrition. Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy will give side effect which canworsen nutritional status. The goal of nutritional management are to maintain orincrease nutritional status, improve quality of life, and prolong survival ofpatients. Nutrition management include provide macronutrient, micronutrient,specific nutrients, counseling, and education. Methode: Patient in this case series were between 41 to 57 years old. Three ofpatients undergoing chemoradiation and one of patients on radiation therapy. Allpatients had a screening score ≥2 using a Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST). Nutritional status of patients were obese, normoweight with risk of malnutrition,and normoweight. Basal energy requirement were calculated using HarrisBenedict Formula then calculated with stress factor 1.5 for total energyrequirement. Monitoring included subjective complaints, clinical condition, vitalsigns, anthropometric, functional capacity and nutrition analysis. Monitoring andevaluation were done for accomplishment of nutritional targets. Results : Nutritional support could increase intake and weight gain in thirdpatients, weight maintaining in first and fourth patients, and for second patientswere minimizing weight loss. There was no decrease in functional capacity.Conclusion: Nutritional support in head and neck cancer with radiotherapy could minimizing, maintaining, and increasing body weight also maintaining functional capacity.]"

"Latar belakang: Kanker kepala dan leher merupakan salah satu kanker yang berisiko tinggi malnutrisi. Pada kanker kepala dan leher stadium lanjut lokal, radioterapi dengan atau tanpa kemoterapi merupakan terapi pilihan dan berkaitan dengan berbagai efek samping yang berperan dalam penurunan asupan makan dan berefek negatif pada status nutrisi. Tata laksana nutrisi bertujuan untuk mengurangi risiko malnutrisi, mendukung keberhasilan terapi kanker, meningkatkan kualitas hidup, serta menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Pemberian terapi nutrisi berupa konsultasi individu yang meliputi perhitungan kebutuhan energi, makronutrien, mikronutrien, dan nutrien spesifik, serta pemberian medikamentosa bila diperlukan. Metode: Pasien pada serial kasus ini berjumlah empat orang dengan rentang usia 3055 tahun. Dua dari empat pasien mendapat kombinasi kemoterapi. Hasil skrining keempat pasien dengan malnutrition screening tools (MST) didapatkan skor ≥2. Kebutuhan energi total dihitung menggunakan persamaan Harris-Benedict yang dikalikan dengan faktor stres sebesar 1,4. Pemantauan yang dilakukan berupa anamnesis keluhan subyektif dan analisis asupan, pemeriksaan fisik, antropometri, massa otot skelet, massa lemak, kekuatan genggam tangan, dan hasil laboratorium. Pemantauan dilakukan secara rutin dengan frekuensi satu kali per minggu untuk menilai pencapaian target nutrisi. Hasil: Terapi nutrisi dapat meningkatkan asupan protein dan nutrien spesifik, namun tidak dapat mencegah penurunan BB, massa otot skelet, dan kekuatan genggam tangan pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher stadium lanjut lokal yang menjalani terapi radiasi dengan atau tanpa kemoterapi. Kesimpulan: Tata laksana nutrisi pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher stadium lanjut lokal yang menjalani terapi kanker dapat memberikan efek positif pada asupan nutrien pasien.

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Introduction: Head and neck cancer is one of malignancy with higher risk of malnutrition. Treatment of choice for locally advanced head and neck cancer is radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy and is associated with various side effects that may decrease food intake and negatively affect nutritional status. The aim of nutrition management is to reduce the risk of malnutrition, to support the success of cancer therapy, to enhance the quality of life, and to reduce morbidity and mortality. Nutrition therapy in the form of consultation includes calculation of energy needs, macronutrient, micronutrient, and specific nutrients, as well as drug therapy when needed.

Methods: This case series consist of four patients between 3055 years old. Half of the patients received combination with chemotherapy. All patients had screening score with malnutrition screening tools (MST) ≥2. The total energy requirement was calculated using Harris-Benedict equation then multiplied with stress factor 1.4. Monitoring was done by anamnesis of subjective complaints and food intake, physical examination, anthropometric, muscle mass, fat mass, hand grip strength, and laboratory results. Monitoring was performed frequently once a week to assess the accomplishment of nutritional target.

Results: Nutrition therapy could improve intake of protein and specific nutrients, but couldn't prevent weight loss, a decrease in muscle mass and hand grip strength in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy.

Conclusion: Nutrition management in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients receiving anticancer therapy positively affect patient's nutrient intake."

"Latar Belakang: Sebanyak 40 pasien kanker laring mengalami malnutrisi sebelum protokol terapi dimulai, dan meningkat menjadi 54 pasca laringektomi. Laringektomi total menyebabkan pasien bernapas melalui trakeostomi sehingga terjadi disabilitas fisik, perubahan psikis, dan juga masalah nutrisi. Radioterapi merupakan pilihan terapi pada kanker laring dan seringkali memengaruhi status gizi dan kapasitas fungsional.Metode: Pasien kanker laring stadium III dan IV ini berusia antara 50 ndash;66 tahun. Seluruh pasien telah menjalani laringektomi dengan trakeostomi dan radioterapi eksterna, dan tiga orang menjalani kombinasi dengan kemoterapi. Dua orang menggunakan nasogastric tube NGT untuk asupan nutrisi dan dua orang dengan asupan per oral. Pasien memiliki hasil skrining MST > 2. Pemantauan dilakukan meliputi keluhan subjektif, kondisi klinis, tanda vital, pemeriksaan laboratorium, antropometri, komposisi tubuh, kapasitas fungsional dan analisis asupan 24 jam. Keempat pasien mendapatkan edukasi nutrisi, oral nutrition support ONS dan kapsul omega-3.Hasil: Dari hasil pemantauan diketahui bahwa pasien kanker laring yang mendapatkan terapi nutrisi dapat meningkatkan asupan makanannya, berat badan, massa otot, kekuatan genggam tangan, dan kadar hemoglobin. Karnofsky Performance Score dari keempat pasien tidak mengalami perubahan.Kesimpulan: Pemberian terapi nutrisi dapat memperbaiki status gizi, parameter laboratorium dan komposisi tubuh pada semua pasien dalam serial kasus ini.Kata Kunci: kanker laring; radioterapi; terapi medik gizi

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Objective: Forty percent of laryngeal cancer patients were already malnourished before the therapy protocol began and increased to 54 post laryngectomy. Total laryngectomy causes the patient to breathe through the tracheostomy resulting physical disability, psychic changes, as well as nutritional problems. Radiotherapy is a treatment of choices for laryngeal cancer, often affects nutritional status and functional capacity.

Methods: Stages III and IV of laryngeal cancer patients aged 50 66 years old with. All patients had undergone laryngectomy with tracheostomy and external radiotherapy, and three patients underwent a combination with chemotherapy. Two patients used nasogastric tube NGT for nutritional intake and two patients with oral intake. All patients had a screening score of MST 2. Monitoring included subjective complaints, clinical conditions, vital signs, laboratory tests, anthropometric measured, body composition analysis, functional capacity and 24 hour records of intake analysis. All patients received nutritional counselling, oral nutrition support ONS and omega 3 capsules.

Results: From the result of monitoring, laryngeal cancer patients who get nutrition therapy could increased their food intakes, body weight, skeletal mass, handgrip strength, and hemoglobin level. The Karnofsky Performance Score of all patients was unchanged.

Conclusions: Nutritional therapy may improve nutritional status, laboratory parameters and body composition in laryngeal cancer patientsKey Word larynx cancer radiotherapy nutritional therapy."

"Pasien kanker kepala-leher berisiko tinggi mengalami malnutrisi disebabkan oleh perubahan metabolisme, lokasi tumor, serta gejala toksisitas akut akibat kemoradiasi. Terapi medik gizi secara dini sejak pasien terdiagnosis kanker untuk mencapai asupan energi dan protein yang adekuat, didukung asupan branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) dan eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) sesuai target, serta aktivitas fisik dapat menjaga massa otot dan status gizi pasien. Acute kidney injury (AKI) merupakan efek toksisitas obat kemoterapi berbasis platinum yang sering dialami pasien. Kondisi tersebut dapat menghambat optimalisasi pemberian nutrisi khususnya protein pada pasien kanker. Tiga dari empat pasien serial kasus sudah mengalami penurunan berat badan drastis, juga pre-kaheksia atau kaheksia sebelum mendapat terapi medik gizi. Selama menjalani kemoradiasi, asupan keempat pasien mengalami penurunan akibat gejala toksisitas akut yang semakin memberat mulai minggu ke-2 radiasi, sehingga tiga dari empat pasien tidak dapat mencapai target asupan energi dan protein pada sebagian besar pemantauan, dengan kisaran antara 6–41 kkal/kgBB/hari dan 0,3–1,6 g/kgBB/hari. Pemberian oral nutrition supplements (ONS) dan nutrisi enteral melalui nasogastric tube (NGT) membantu pemenuhan makronutrien, mikronutrien, serta nutrien spesifik. Berbagai studi menyatakan bahwa pasien yang mendapat terapi medik gizi disertai konseling nutrisi rutin mengalami penurunan berat badan lebih sedikit selama menjalani kemoradiasi. Keempat pasien serial kasus ini mengalami penurunan berat badan >10% selama menjalani kemoradiasi, terutama dari penurunan massa otot. Pasien juga mengalami penurunan kapasitas fungsional dan kualitas hidup. Dua orang pasien yang mendapat terapi medik gizi sejak sebelum kemoradiasi disertai asupan nutrien spesifik sesuai target, dengan rentang asupan BCAA 3,5–16,2 g/hari dan EPA 1–1,38 g/hari, mengalami penurunan berat badan dan kualitas hidup relatif lebih sedikit dibanding dua pasien lainnya. Dibutuhkan asupan energi ≥30 kkal/hari dan asupan protein ≥1,2 g/hari disertai peningkatan aktivitas fisik untuk mempertahankan atau meningkatkan massa otot. Penurunan asupan masih dapat terjadi hingga beberapa minggu pascakemoradiasi, sehingga pemberian terapi medik gizi juga harus dilanjutkan setelah terapi kanker selesai.

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Patients with head and neck cancer are at risk of malnutrition as a result of the metabolic alteration, site of their cancer, also acute toxicity following chemoradiation therapy. Early nutrition intervention consisted of adequate energy, protein, BCAA, and EPA intake, including physical activity initiated immediately after diagnosis was made, may maintain skeletal muscle mass and nutritional status. Platinum-based chemotherapy drug-induced nephrotoxicity can hinder the optimization of protein intake in cancer patients. Three out of four patients in this case series had experienced severe weight loss, also pre-cachexia and cachexia before initiation of nutrition intervention. Energy and protein intake of three patients remained insufficient until the end of chemoradiation therapy, ranged from 6–41 kcal/kg/day and 0,3–1,6 g/kg/day. These inadequacies were mainly caused by acute radiation toxicities that worsen as radiation went on. Oral nutrition supplements and enteral tube feeding may help to achieve adequate macronutrient, micronutrient, and specific nutrient intake. A number of studies demonstrated that regular dietary counseling during chemoradiation was associated with less weight loss. All patients in this case series suffered from weight loss >10%, mainly from skeletal muscle loss. Functional status and quality of life during chemoradiation therapy were also reduced. Better quality of life and less weight loss were seen in two patients who received early nutrition intervention and reached the daily intake target of specific nutrient, ranged from 3,5–16,2 g/day for BCAA and 1–1,38 g/day for EPA. Energy intake ≥30 kcal/day and protein intake ≥1,2 g/day combined with increased physical activity are needed to maintain or increase muscle mass. Side effects of radiation can last for months after treatment; therefore, nutrition intervention should be continued to maintain good nutrition after radiation therapy."

"Kanker kepala dan leher merupakan kanker yang menggambarkan berbagai tumor ganas yang berasal dari saluran aerodigestif atas, yang meliputi kanker pada mata, telinga, rongga hidung, sinus paranasal, nasofaring, orofaring, hipofaring, laring, kelenjar saliva, dan kelenjar tiroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi akupunktur manual terhadap kadar MDA dan skor NAS dibandingkan dengan akupunktur manual sham pada penderita kanker kepala dan leher pasca terapi radiasi. Uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal dengan kontrol dilakukan terhadap 30 pasien kanker kepala dan leher yang dibagi secara acak menjadi kelompok akupunktur manual n=15 dan kelompok akupunktur manual sham n=15. Pemeriksaan kadar MDA dilakukan sebelum perlakuan dan setelah sesi ke-12. Penilaian skor NAS dilakukan pada saat sebelum perlakuan, setelah sesi ke-6, dan setelah sesi ke-12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok akupunktur manual dengan kelompok akupunktur manual sham terhadap penurunan kadar MDA sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan p=0,787. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok manual dengan akupunktur manual sham terhadap penurunan skor NAS sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan yang diukur pada sesi ke-6 p=0,001 dan sesi ke-12 p=0,003. Kesimpulan penelitian ini terapi akupunktur manual efektif untuk menurunkan skor NAS, namun kurang efektif untuk menurunkan kadar MDA pada penderita kanker kepala dan leher pasca terapi radiasi.

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Head and neck cancer encompasses a wide range of malignant tumours arising from the upper aerodigestive tract, includes eyes, ears, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.

This study aims to determine the effect of manual acupuncture therapy on MDA levels and NAS scores compared with manual sham acupuncture in patients with head and neck cancer post radiation therapy. Single blinded randomized clinical trials with control were performed on 30 head and neck cancer patients divided randomly into manual acupuncture groups n = 15 and the sham manual acupuncture group n = 15. The examination of MDA levels is performed before treatment and after the 12th session. Assessment of NAS scores is performed before the treatment, after the 6th session, and after the 12th session.

The result showed no significant difference between manual acupuncture group and sham manual acupuncture group to decrease MDA level before and after treatment p = 0,787. There was a significant difference between manual group and sham manual acupuncture on NAS score decrease before and after treatment measured at 6th session p = 0,001 and 12th session p = 0,003.

The conclusion: manual acupuncture therapy effectively decrease NAS scores, but statistically less effective to reduce levels of MDA in patients with head and neck cancer after radiotherapy."

"Studi kasus serial ini bertujuan untuk memberikan tatalaksana nutrisi pada pasien kanker kepala dan leher yang menjalani terapi kemoradiasi. Status nutrisi seorang pasien kanker merupakan salah satu prediktor dalam menentukan QOL dan survival, tetapi status nutrisi pada kasus serial ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor antara lain metabolisme sel kanker, perubahan metabolisme dalam tubuh, efek samping radiasi, efek samping kemoterapi, serta faktor-faktor lain seperti psikis dan ekonomi. Serial kasus ini merupakan empat pasien kanker kepala dan leher berusia 30-57 tahun yang sedang menjalani kemoradioterapi dan telah mengalami penurunan berat badan bahkan sebelum dilakukan kemoradioterapi. Dalam perjalanan penyakitnya pasien mengalami efek samping terapi yang mempengaruhi status nutrisi pasien. Kebutuhan nutrisi pasien pada kasus serial ini dihitung menggunakan rumus Harris Benedict dengan faktor stres 1,5 dan diberikan protein sebanyak 1,5-2,0 g/kgBB/hari serta lemak 25-30%. Pemberian mikronutrien disesuaikan dengan RDA. Hasil dari kasus serial ini menunjukkan bahwa pasien yang status nutrisinya dapat dipertahankan menghasilkan outcome yang lebih baik daripada pasien yang status nutrisinya menurun. Untuk itu pada kasus keganasan kepala dan leher yang menjalani kemoradiasi sebaiknya diberikan konseling dan terapi nutrisi sejak awal sebelum timbul efek samping kemoradioterapi.

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This case studies aims to provide nutritional management of head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiation therapy. Nutritional status of a patient's cancer is one of the predictors in determining QOL and survival. Nnutritional status is influenced by many factors, such as cancer cell metabolism, metabolic changes, the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy, as well as other factors such as psychological and economic. This is a case series of four head and neck cancer patients aged 30-57 years who were undergoing chemoradiotherapy and has lost weight even before chemoradiotherapy. In the course of illness of patients experience side effects of therapy affects the nutritional status of patients. Nutritional needs of patients in the case series were calculated using the Harris Benedict formula and stress factor 1.5. Protein was given 1.5 to 2.0 g protein/kgBW/day and 25-30% of fat. Micronutrient was provide as RDA. Results of this case series suggests that the nutritional status of patients who can be maintained produced better outcomes than patients whose nutritional status declined. For it is in the case of head and neck malignancies who underwent chemoradiation should be given counseling and nutrition therapy early before any side effects of chemoradiotherapy."

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan pada aksis hipotalamus hipofisis merupakan salah satu efek samping lanjut akibat radiasi yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hipogonadism. Namun sedikit diketahui tentang pengaruh dosis radiasi di hipofisis dengan risiko terjadinya hipogonadism.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui adakah perubahan hormon FSH, LH dan testosteron pada pasien pasca radiasi serta mengetahui hubungan antara dosis radiasi di hipofisis dengan perubahan nilai hormon tersebut.Metode: Penelitian retrospektif pada pasien yang telah menjalani radiasi lebih dari 1 tahun yang lalu. Dosis radiasi di hipofisis didapatkan dari data pada Treatment Planning System (TPS) saat perencanaan radiasi dan nilai hormon FSH, LH, dan testosteron didapatkan dari pemeriksaan laboratorium.Hasil: Didapatkan 20 pasien yang masuk dalam kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi pada penelitian ini dengan rerata usia 40,2±6,66 tahun, median follow up 20,5 (13-66) bulan dan median Dmax hipofisis 49,81 (2,72-73,34) Gy. Tidak didapatkan kasus dengan defisiensi FSH dan LH, namun didapatkan 1 kasus (5%) dengan defisiensi testosteron. Rerata nilai hormon FSH adalah 10,65±5,42 mIU/mL, LH 6,25±2,51 mIU/mL, dan testosteron 4,83±1,40 ng/mL. Terdapat korelasi positif antara Dmax hipofisis dengan FSH (r 0,409) dan korelasi negatif antara Dmax hipofisis dengan LH (r -0,230) dan testosteron (r -0,302). Pada subgrup analisis didapatkan pada kelompok dengan Dmax hipofisis >60 Gy terdapat median nilai FSH yang lebih tinggi (p 0,015) serta median nilai LH dan testosteron yang lebih rendah dibandingkan pada kelompok dengan Dmax hipofisis ≤60 Gy.<Kesimpulan: Gangguan pada aksis hipotalamus hipofisis dapat menyebabkan perubahan nilai hormon FSH, LH, dan testosteron. Dosis radiasi di hipofisis berhubungan dengan perubahan nilai hormon tersebut.

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Background: Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is one of the late side effects of radiation which can cause hypogonadism. However, little information about the influence of radiation dose in pituitary due to risk of hypogonadism.

Objectives: To determine changes of patient's FSH, LH, testosterone after radiation and relationship between radiation dose in pituitary.

Methods: Retrospective study of patients who underwent radiation more than 1 year ago. The radiation dose of pituitary is obtained from data in Treatment Planning System (TPS) and values ​​of the FSH, LH,

Results: There were 20 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria in this study with mean age of 40.2 ± 6.66 years, median follow-up of 20.5 (13-66) months and median Dmax pituitary of 49.81 (2.72-73 .34) Gy. There were no cases with FSH and LH deficiency, but there was 1 case (5%) with testosterone deficiency. The mean FSH value was 10.65 ± 5.42 mIU/mL, LH 6.25 ± 2.51 mIU/mL, and testosterone 4.83 ± 1.40 ng/mL. There is positive correlation between pituitary Dmax and FSH (r 0.409) and negative correlation with LH (r -0.230) and testosterone (r -0.302). In the subgroup analysis, it was found that in the Dmax pituitary >60 Gy there was a higher median FSH value (p 0.015) and lower median LH and testosterone values ​​than in the Dmax pituitary ≤60 Gy.

Conclusion: Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis can cause changes in the values ​​of FSH, LH, testosterone. The radiation dose of pituitary is related to changes in hormone values."