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"ABSTRAKJurnal ini menguraikan pembahasan yang berkaitan dengan dampak perpindahan kepemimpinan Suriah dari Hafez al-Asad ke Bashar al-Asad 2000. Karakter kepemimpinan dan kepribadian Hafez al-Asad merupakan beberapa alasan yang mengubah Suriah menjadi negara yang lebih baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan melalui besarnya pengaruh kebijakan oleh Hafez al-Asad bagi negara dan masyarakat. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam jurnal ilmiah ini adalah penulisan deskriptif, di mana penulis menjelaskannya berdasarkan penjelasan dengan melakukan pendekatan analisis konteks terhadap jurnal atau sumber yang berkaitan dengan perpindahan kepemimpinan 2000.Hasil hipotesa yang telah berhasil ditemukan adalah pada masa kepemimpinan Hafez, anggota kepemimpinan masih diduduki oleh kelompok Sunni, karena Suriah sebagian besar dari kelompok Sunni, dan motif dari perpindahan kekuasaan merupakan murni politik dinasti karena awalnya diturunkan kepada Rif 39;at, akan tetapi diganti oleh Basil yang kemudian meninggal dalam kecelakaan dan keputusan akhirnya adalah Bashar, maka dilantiklah Bashar menjadi presiden. Akhir pembahasan dari penulisan ini bahwa ketika Bashar al-Asad menjabat sebagai presiden banyak kebijakan Hafez yang diubah, salah satunya anggota kepemerintahan didominasi oleh kelompok Alawi serta kesejahteraan yang diberikan pemerintah tidak merata hanya dirasakan oleh golongan Alawi atau yang dekat dengan pihak pemerintahan saja.

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ABSTRACT

This journal outlining the discussions relating the impact of leadership transition Syria from Hafez al Asad to Bashar al Asad in 2000. The leadership character and personality of Hafez al Asad are some of the reason that changyria into a better country. It was showed by the big influence of his policies toward the country and society. The methodology of this scientific journal is descriptive writing, by explaining the case with context analysis approach based on journal or other sources which related with the leadership transition in 2000.

The hypothesis that has been obtained for now, is in the leadership of Hafez, member of Syria governanve was still occupied by a Sunni group, because the majority of Syrian are Sunni, and the real motives of this transition period was a political dynasty as originally handed down to Rif 39 at, but was replaced by Basil which has passed away in an accident, and the final decision passed to Bashar, thus in the end, Bashar was inducted as a new president of Syria. The last part of this paper analysisis, when Bashar al Asad has served as president, many of Hafez policies were changed, one of it was the goverment member are mostly dominated by Alawi 39 s group and the public welfare that provided by the governmnet are uneven, thus only the Alawi 39 s group or people that close to Alawi and the government who get the attention."

"[Empat tahun sejak dimulainya pemberontakan, Suriah masih terjebakdalam perang sipil yang telah menghancurkan setiap segi wilayahnya. Jumlah korban tewas melampaui 200.000 jiwa, akan tetapi solusi politik masih jauh dari harapan. Penelitian ini menyoroti bagaimana persepsi ancaman, internal dan eksternal, mempengaruhi perilaku rezim Bashar al-Asad dalam upayanya mempertahankan legitimasi politiknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami proses pembuatan kebijakan oleh pemerintah pada situasi krisis dan untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana perang sipil yang berkepanjangan disebabkan oleh kesediaan rezim yang berkuasa untuk mengadopsi kebijakan berisikosekalipun untuk melanggengkan kekuasaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa untuk memahami kompleksitas perang sipil, diperlukan kajian dari berbagai sudut pandang, termasuk perspektif rezim yang berkuasa, untuk menemukan solusi politik yang terbaik bagi tercapainya resolusi konflik.;Four years since the start of its uprising, Syria is still caught in a civil war that has torn every facet of the country. The death toll has exceeded 200.000 lives with no political solution in sights. This research highlights on how threats perceptions, both internal and external, affect behavior of Bashar al-Asad’s regime in order to protect its political legitimacy. The purpose of this research is to understand policy-making process by a government during crisis and to explore on how a long-lasted civil war is caused by the will of the government to have a risky policy for its survival. This research is done by qualitative method with a case study approach. The researcher suggest that to understand the complexity of civil war, the other analysts shall look from many angles, including government’s perspective, to find any political solution that may best resolve the conflict., Four years since the start of its uprising, Syria is still caught in a civil warthat has torn every facet of the country. The death toll has exceeded 200.000 liveswith no political solution in sights. This research highlights on how threatsperceptions, both internal and external, affect behavior of Bashar al-Asad’sregime in order to protect its political legitimacy. The purpose of this research isto understand policy-making process by a government during crisis and to exploreon how a long-lasted civil war is caused by the will of the government to have arisky policy for its survival. This research is done by qualitative method with acase study approach. The researcher suggest that to understand the complexity ofcivil war, the other analysts shall look from many angles, including government’sperspective, to find any political solution that may best resolve the conflict.]"

"[ABSTRAK Dominasi politik yang dilakukan Bashar al Assad melanjutkan kepemempinan Hafiz al Assad selama dua periode kepemimpinan menimbulkan gejolak politik dalam negeri Suriah Bashar Al Assad yang didukung oleh Partai Ba rsquo ats dan militer dengan berbagai kebijakan dalam negeri dan luar negerinya tidak mampu membendung konflik politik yang terjadi Konflik politik yang meletus pada tahun 2011 sampai sekarang telah menimbulkan korban dan meruntuhkan sendi kehidupan di Suriah Konflik politik yang terjadi di Suriah juga dianggap bagian dari rencana Arab Spring Dominasi politik yang dilakukan oleh bashar al Assad dianalisis dengan pendekatan teori Max Weber. Dominasi politik yang dijelaskan dengan teori dominasi tradisional kharismatik dan legal rasional Konflik politik yang terjadi melibatkan banyak pihak baik pihak dalam negeri Suriah sendiri maupun pihak luar negeri dimana bisa dilihat beberapa negara Amerika Serikat Rusia Cina Iran Turki dll Hampir semua Negara yang terlibat dalam konflik Suriah memiliki kepentingan dan diantara kepentingan yang bermain dalam konflik tersebut dapat di klasifikasi dalam kepentingan ekonomi stabilitas kawasan dan politik luar negeri Kata kunci Dominasi Politik Bashar al Assad arab spring konflik politik dan kepentingan,

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ABSTRACTPolitical domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad ;Political domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad ;Political domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad ;Political domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad ;Political domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad , Political domination undertaken Bashar al Assad continued leadership of Hafiz al Assad during two periods of the leadership of the political turmoil in the country of Syria Bashar Al Assad that is supported by the Ba 39 ath Party and the military with a wide range of domestic and foreign policy of the country was not able to stem the political conflict The political conflict that erupted in 2011 until now has caused the victims and undermine the joint life in Syria Political conflict in Syria is also considered part of the plan of the Arab Spring Political domination undertaken by Bashar al Assad analyzed with Max Weber 39 s theory approach Political domination described by the theory of traditional domination charismatic and rational legal Political conflict involving many parties both parties in Syria it self and the country abroad where can be seen a few countries United States Russia China Iran Turkey etc Almost all the countries involved in the Syrian conflict has an interest and between the interests at play in these conflicts can be in the classification in economic interests political stability in the region and abroad ]"

"Skripsi ini bertujuan menganalisa faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kemenangan Jabhat Al-Nusra dalam Anfal Campaign di Kassab, Suriah, 21-23 Maret 2014. Pemahaman militer konvensional melihat bahwa aktor dengan power yang lebih unggul akan memenangkan perang. Namun, Jabhat Al-Nusra yang kapabilitas power nya relatif lebih lemah dibandingkan dengan pihak rezim Bashar Al-Assad dapat memenangkan pertempuran di Kassab. Penelitian ini menganalisis menggunakan teori asymmetric warfare oleh Patricia L. Sullivan dan merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode process tracing. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kemenangan di Kassab diakibatkan oleh besarnya toleransi biaya dari JN karena bantuan dari Tier JN dan Turki.

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This undergraduate thesis seeks to analyze the cause of Jabhat Al-Nusra`s winning on Anfal Campaign in Kassab, Syria, March 21st-23rd, 2014. According to the conventional military understanding, those who have military superiorities will inevitably win the war. However, Jabhat Al-Nusra as a military oppoisition as a weak actor against Bashar Al-Assad`s regime as a strong actor, could win the battle on Anfal Campaign in Kassab. On making the analysis, this research is using the asymmetric wafare theory by Patricia L. Sullivan and done in a process tracing method. This research shows that JN has a greater cost tolerance because there were several supports from JN`s Tier and Turkey which helped JN in winning the battle against regime."

"Pergolakan yang terjadi di Suriah hingga belakangan ini merupakan salah satu pergolakan di era ArabSpring. Pergolakan yang terjadi karena adanya tuntutan kesejahteraan ekonomi dari rakyatnya, berujungpada munculnya konflik vertikal, yaitu perlawanan rakyat Suria pada Pemerintah pimpinan BasharAssad. Dalam perkembangannya, konflik internal ini meluas hingga menjadi konflik internasional dandampaknya pun juga dirasakan oleh negara-negara lain selain Suriah. Turki menjadi salah satu negarayang mendapatkan dampak langsung dari konflik di Suria dengan kedatangan para pengungsi Suria keTurki, baik untuk menetap dan mendapatkan perlindungan dari Pemerintah Turki maupun menjadikanTurki sebagai tempat transit dengan tujuan menuju negara-negara di wilayah Eropa Barat. Tulisan inibertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana pergolakan di Suriah bisa terjadi dan bagaimana Turki sebagainegara yang berbatasan langsung dalam menyikapi imbasnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studipustaka dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisis sumber-sumber jurnal dan surat kabar yang membahaspersoalan Suriah tersebut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan Turki terhadap pengungsi Suriahdipengaruhi dua faktor, yaitu: politik dan ideologi.

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The turbulence in Syria until recently was one of the upheaval in the Arab Spring era. The turbulence which was

caused by the demands of economic welfare of the people, led to the emergence of vertical conflict, the government

run by Bashar Assad and the opposing Syrian people. But in its development, this turbulence extends to international

conflicts and the impact is also felt by other countries besides Syria. Turkey becomes one of the directly affected

country as refugees fled to the country either for residing and getting protection from the Turkish Government or

making the country as a transit before moving to Western European countries. This article aims to explain how the

turbulence in Syria happened and how Turkey as a country that borders directly, responses to the impact. The method

used is the bibliography method by collecting and analyzing sources from journals and newspaper which discuss the

issues obtained by the author. The result of the analysis shows that Turkish policy is influenced by two factors in

dealing with the Syian refugess: politics and ideology."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pendudukan ISIS terhadap warisan budaya benda di Irak dan Suriah. ISIS menguasai beberapa wilayah di Irak dan Suriah selama kurang lebih tiga tahun. Selama periode tersebut kelompok ini melakukan aktivitas yang dianggap oleh PBB sebagai kejahatan perang. Bukan hanya terhadap kemanusiaan, tetapi kelompok ini juga menyerang situs-situs warisan budaya di Irak dan Suriah. Permasalahan yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana kondisi warisan budaya benda Irak dan Suriah sebelum pendudukan ISIS, serta apa dampak dari pendudukan ISIS terhadap warisan budaya Irak dan Suriah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Data yang diperoleh berasal dari buku, jurnal, dan artikel-artikel dari situs resmi. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teori warisan budaya UNESCO dan teori arkeologi. Adapun hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini yaitu (1) kondisi warisan budaya Irak dan Suriah sebelum masa pendudukan ISIS kurang baik dan (2) pendudukan ISIS di kedua negara tersebut mengancam eksistensi warisan budaya benda yang ada di Irak dan Suriah.

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This study discusses about the impact of ISIS’ occupation on Iraq and Syria’s tangible cultural heritages. ISIS occupied some of Iraq and Syria’s territory for about three years. During this period of time the group has been doing some activities the UN deemed as war crime. Not only against humanity, but this group also attacked cultural heritages sites in Iraq and Syria. The problems found in this study are about the conditions of the cultural heritage in Iraq and Syria before ISIS occupation and the impact ISIS occupation in Iraq and Syria has on the countries’ cultural heritage. Qualitative method is used for this study. The data for this study acquired from books, journals, and articles from official websites. Theories used for this study are UNESCO’s cultural heritage theory and archaeology theory. The result of this study shown that (1) the condition of Iraq and Syria’s cultural heritage before ISIS occupation was not very good and (2) ISIS occupation in Iraq and Syria threatened these countries’ cultural heritage existence."