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"Minyak nilam yang disuling dari Pogostemon cablin Benth. merupakan salah satu minyak atsiri yang mempunyai peran penting sebagai bahan baku pengikat minyak atsiri lain dalam kegiatan industri. Mutu minyak nilam ditentukan oleh sifat fisika-kimia dan faktor yang paling menentukan mutu dan kualitas adalah kadar patchouli alkohol PA . Pada penelitian ini dilakukan peningkatan mutu minyak nilam dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis dibandingkan dengan metode distilasi. Membran yang digunakan pada sistem reverse osmosis adalah membran poliamida. Terdapat variasi tekanan pada sistem reverse osmosis berdasarkan flow rate yang digunakan. Kondisi operasi optimum pada sistem reverse osmosis yaitu pada tekanan 145,6 Psi dengan flow rate 25 mL/menit dengan sistem kontinu. Interaksi yang terjadi antara membran dengan patchouli alkohol yaitu melalui ikatan hidrogen. Pada metode distilasi, variasi terhadap temperatur dan durasi distilasi diaplikasikan pada contoh minyak nilam. Parameter uji mutu minyak nilam pada penelitian ini adalah penentuan warna secara visual, penentuan berat jenis, penentuan indeks bias, dan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol dengan kromatografi gas mass spectrometry. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar patchouli alkohol sebesar 47,55 pada permeat dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis bila dibandingkan dengan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol pada contoh minyak nilam awal dan hasil distilasi berturut-turut sebesar 30,12 dan 10,72 .

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Patchouli oil derived from Pogostemon cablin Benth. is one of the essential oil that has an important role as a fixative raw material for other essential oils. Patchouli oil quality is determined by the physico chemical properties of the oil and the most decisive factor quality of patchouli oil is the content of patchouli alcohol PA . In this research, to improve the quality of patchouli oil was conducted by reverse osmosis system compared with distillation method. The membran used in the reverse osmosis system is polyamide membran. Variations in pressure on reverse osmosis system based on the flow rate which is applied to the system. The optimum operating condition on the reverse osmosis system was found at the pressure of 145.6 Psi with a flow rate of 25 mL min under continuous system. The interaction between membran with patchouli alcohol is through the hydrogen bonding. Then, variations in temperature and duration of distillation are applied to the sample of patchouli oil. In this study, the quality of patchouli oil was determined by visual color, specific gravity, refractive index, and the content of patchouli alcohol by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The analysis results showed that the patchouli alcohol content in the permeate obtained by reverse osmosis system was 47.55 compared to 30.12 and 10.72 which were obtained from the initial of patchouli oil and redistillation process."

"Minyak cengkeh dari bunga cengkeh Sygyzium aromaticum umumnya diisolasi dari cengkeh kering. Teknik pengeringan pada cengkeh yang biasa dilakukan oleh petani adalah dengan menjemur cengkeh di terik matahari. Karakteristik minyak cengkeh sangat dipengaruhi oleh penanganan pasca panen seperti pengeringan dan penyimpanan. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan studi mengenai pengaruh proses pengeringan dengan sinar matahari dan penyimpanan cengkeh terhadap kandungan dan komposisi minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Pengeringan dilakukan dengan menjemur cengkeh di bawah sinar matahari hingga kandung airnya mencapai 12-14. Pengaruh penyimpanan cengkeh dipelajari terhadap minyak yang diisolasi dari bunga cengkeh kering yang sudah disimpan selama 6 bulan. Minyak atsiri dari setiap perlakuan diperoleh dengan metode destilasi uap terhadap bunga cengkeh dan komposisi kimianya dianalisa dengan metode Kromatografi Gas/Spektrometer Massa KG/SM. Senyawa-senyawa mayor yang terdeteksi pada minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Manado dan Toli-toli yaitu eugenol, eugenol asetat, dan kariofilena. Pengeringan terhadap cengkeh Manado dan Toli-toli menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan eugenol masing-masing sebanyak 5,187 dan 7,511. Sementara itu, penyimpanan terhadap cengkeh Toli-toli selama 6 bulan menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan eugenol sebanyak 7,382.

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Clove bud oil Sygyzium aromaticum are generally isolated from dried cloves. Conventional drying technique that commonly used by farmer is drying under sunlight. Characteristics of clove oil is strongly influenced by post harvest handling which are drying and storage. This study have been investigated the effects of sun drying process and storage of the content and composition of essential clove oil. Drying of clove was conducted under sunlight until the moisture content reached 12 14. The influence of storage to the clove oil was studied by isolated the oil from dried clove buds that have been stored for 6 months. Essential oil of each treatment is obtained by steam distillation method of clove and their chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer GC MS. The major compounds contained in the clove of Manado and Toli toli are as follow eugenol, eugenol acetate, and carryophyllene. Drying of the Manado and Toli toli cloves caused 5.187 and 7,511 increase of eugenol for each. Meanwhile, the storage of clove Toli toli after 6 months led to the increase in the content of eugenol as much as 7.382."

"ABSTRAKProses gas sweetening dilakukan terhadap gas alam sebagai solusi untuk menghilangkan gas H2S dan CO2, salah satu caranya adalah dengan penambahan metildietanolamina (MDEA). MDEA selama digunakan dalam proses pemurnian gas dapat menyerap air sehingga menyebabkan konsentrasi MDEA menurun. Untuk meregenerasi larutan MDEA encer menjadi larutan yang pekat kembali, digunakan metode reverse osmosis (RO). Pada penelitian ini telah berhasil dilakukan proses penghilangan air dari larutan MDEA encer menggunakan sistem RO dengan satu membran poliamida komersil, menggunakan flow restrictor 800 mL/menit. Variasi temperatur feed dilakukan pada suhu 200, 290, dan 360 C. Larutan MDEA 1%, 3%, dan 5% v/v diregenerasi dalam waktu masing-masing 1 jam, 3 jam, dan 4 jam. Berdasarkan pengukuran konsentrasi MDEA dengan refraktometer, didapati bahwa penggunaan flow restrictor 800 mL/menit dalam sistem RO mampu memekatkan larutan MDEA 1% v/v menjadi 1,8% v/v dengan faktor pemekatan 1,59. Suhu yang efektif digunakan untuk sistem RO yang telah dilakukan adalah 290C atau suhu ruang, karena dapat memekatkan larutan MDEA 1,13% v/v menjadi 1,8% v/v. Kemudian, semakin lama waktu regenerasi maka semakin besar konsentrasi MDEA dalam konsentrat yang dihasilkan. MDEA 1% v/v dalam waktu 1 jam dapat dipekatkan hingga 6,46% v/v. MDEA 3% v/v dalam waktu 3 jam dapat dipekatkan hingga 9,45% v/v dan MDEA 5% v/v dalam waktu 4 jam dapat dipekatkan hingga 10,79% v/v. Dengan SEM dapat diketahui kerusakan struktur poliamida yang dialami membran.

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ABSTRAKGas sweetening processes is applied to the natural gas as a solution of removing H2S and CO2 gasses, one of them is by adding methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). MDEA during used in the gas sweetening process can absorb water, and the MDEA concentration will be decreased. For regenerating MDEA dilute solution into its former concentration, reverse osmosis (RO) method is used. In this research, water removal process was conducted by RO process using polyamide commercial membrane, under 800mL/min flow restrictor. The feed temperatures were varied 200, 290, dan 360 C. MDEA 1%, 3%, and 5% v/v solution was regenerated in 1 hour, 3 hours, and 4 hours, respectively. Based on determination of MDEA concentration using refractometer, discovered that under 800 mL/min flow restrictor RO system can concentrate MDEA 1% v/v solution into 1,8% v/v with concentrate factor of 1,59. Effective temperature that used in this RO system is 290C or room temperature, because it can concentrate MDEA 1,13% v/v solution into 1,8% v/v. Then, increasing of regeneration time can increase the concentration of MDEA solution in the product of concentrate. MDEA 1% v/v solution in 1 hour can be concentrated up to 6,46% v/v. MDEA 3% v/v solution in 3 hours can be concentrated up to 9,45% v/v and MDEA 5% v/v solution in 4 hours can be concentrated up to 10,79% v/v. The damage of polyamide membrane structure is known by SEM analysis."

"[ABSTRAKPestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri (essential oils) dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagaiprotektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa eugenol dalam minyak atsiri cengkehmenunjukkan beberapa aktivitas sebagai insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri, namunbersifat sensitif terhadap degradasi oleh cahaya, panas, oksigen dan masa simpan yangpendek jika disimpan dalam kondisi tidak tepat. Enkapsulasi senyawa eugenol dirasa sangatpenting untuk melindungi senyawa yang sensitif dari degradasi, menutupi sifat yang tidakdiinginkan dari suatu senyawa, mengurangi kerugian akibat penguapan, mencegah terjadinyaikatan atau interaksi dengan komponen matriks lainnya dan memfasilitasi pelepasan yangterkontrol pada kondisi yang diiinginkan sehingga sesuai untuk dijadikan formula pestisidanabati. Proses optimasi nano enkapsulasi minyak cengkeh menggunakan Response SurfaceMethodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) digunakan untuk mempelajaripengaruh konsentrasi cengkeh, buffer fosfat dan kalsium klorida terhadap loading capacitydan efisiensi enkapsulasi produk nano-cengkeh. Persamaan kuadratik terhadap responloading capacity didapatkan Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC +2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2 , dan terhadap respon efisiensi enkapsulasi Y= 57,65 -20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimasi variabel bebas untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimal respon loading capacity danefisiensi enkapsulasi berturut-turut sebesar 64,67% dan 79,64% dengan volume cengkeh ,fosfat dan kalsium masing-masing sebesar 9,82 ; 75 dan 18 ml. Diameter rata-ratananocengkeh terbaik yang didapatkan 179,83 nm. Dari uji sitotoksisitas dengan Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) didapatkan data LC50 minyak cengkeh tanpa enkapsulasi sebesar 7,35ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 4,445 μg/ml) sedangkan sediaan nanocengkeh sebesar 11,50 ppm(konsentrasi eugenol 0,264 μg/ml ) menunjukkan secara statistik efek enkapsulasi berbedasangat signifikan terhadap kematian larva Artemia salina Sp. dibandingkan tanpa enkapsulasidengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.

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ABSTRACTEssential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests.Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterialbut it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life whenstored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important toprotect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducinglosses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, andfacilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant basedpesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using ResponseSurface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effectconcentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacityresponse was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ?4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 -20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil,phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameterof the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm(eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenolconcentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different verysignificantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with aconfidence level of 95%., Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests.Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterialbut it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life whenstored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important toprotect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducinglosses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, andfacilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant basedpesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using ResponseSurface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effectconcentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacityresponse was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C –2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC –4,99A2 – 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 -20,67A – 1,13B + 10,68 C –5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC – 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil,phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameterof the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm(eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenolconcentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different verysignificantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with aconfidence level of 95%.]"

"ABSTRAKTesis ini menganalisa pengaruh daya saing terhadap kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan ekspor. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan utama secara positif. Berdasarkan perhitungan RCA Dinamis pada negara Amerika Serikat, India, Cina, Perancis, Belanda, Spanyol, Swiss, Inggris dan Jerman diketahui minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Rising Star, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia memiliki keunggulan daya saing pada negara-negara tersebut. Di Singapura, minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Lagging Opportunity, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia kehilangan peluang pasarnya

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ABSTRACTThis thesis analyzes competitive effects of Indonesian essential oil exports performance in ten export destinations. By using regression panel data and interviews. The results showed that the competitiveness influence the Indonesian essential oil export performance in ten main destination countries. Based on RCA Dynamic calculations on the United States, India, China, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and Germany are known Indonesian essential oil in the category of Rising Star, which means the essential oil Indonesia has a competitive advantage in these countries. In Singapore, Indonesia essential oil into the category Lagging Opportunity, means the essential oil Indonesia lost market opportunities."

"Minyak atsiri merupakan minyak yang diekstrak dari tanaman yang memiliki banyak kegunaan, terutama dalam industri farmasi, kosmetik, dan aroma terapi untuk kesehatan. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan alat penyuling minyak atsiri agar minyak atsiri lebih memasyarakat dan sumber daya alam dalam bidang perkebunan dapat lebih termanfaatkan.Untuk tujuan tersebut di atas, maka dibuat alat penyuling minyak atsiri skala kecil/lab dengan menggunakan bahan yang lebih murah agar terjangkau oleh masyarakat yang ingin memproduksi sendiri minyak atsiri atau melakukan percobaan-percobaan dalam rangka pengembangan proses penyulingan minyak atsiri.Dari hasil percobaan proses penyulingan menggunakan alat yang telah dibuat, dapat simpulkan bahwa kualitas dan kuantitas minyak tergantung dari kondisi bahan baku, kepadatan bahan baku, jenis material alat dan lamanya waktu penyulingan.Bahan bakar briket lebih murah digunakan daripada minyak tanah, tetapi waktu penyulingan menjadi lebih lama. Alat penyuling skala kecil kurang ekonomis untuk keperluan produksi massal / bisnis, sehingga lebih tepat digunakan untuk percobaan-percobaan atau produksi sendiri dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis bahan baku.

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Essential Oils are extracted from plants which very useful, especially in farmacy, cosmetics industries and aroma theraphy for health.

So, it is very important to develop essential oil distiller in order to make the essential oils more popular and get more benefits from our nature recources in botanical/plantations.

For those purposes, mini essential oil disstiller was made using cheaper material, so it can be reached by people who want to produce essential oils by themselves or to do experiments in order to develop essential oils distillation process.

From essential oil distillation experiments used this mini distiller, can be concluded that the quality and quantity of essential oil depend on raw plantation condition, it's density, kind of material which is used to make distiller and how long the distillation process is.

The use of coal briquet is more economical than kerosine, but it takes longer time to do distillation process. This mini essential oil distiller is not economical for mass production or business, so it is more appropriate for experiments or self production uses many kind of raw plantations."