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Laurensia
"ABSTRAK
Sekitar 95 dari seluruh bijih kromit yang ditambang di dunia digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan ferrochromium FeCr . Pada penelitian sebelumnya, peleburan pasir kromit kadar rendah tidak dapat menghasilkan ferrochromium dengan kadar Cr ge; 60 sehingga pasir kromit kadar rendah harus dilakukan proses benefisiasi untuk meningkatkan kadar Cr dan rasio Cr/Fe sebelum proses peleburan menjadi ferrochromium. Penelitian ini menggunakan pasir kromit kadar rendah asal Kabupaten Konawe, Sulawesi Selatan. Proses benefisiasi yang dilakukan adalah magnetic separation menggunakan medan magnet 800 Gauss dan reduction roasting selama 60 menit pada temperatur 1000 C dengan variabel jumlah reduktor, yaitu 5 lean carbon, stokiometri, 5 excess carbon dan 10 excess carbon serta jumlah aditif CaSO4, yaitu 5 , 10 , 15 , dan 20 . Rasio Cr/Fe dan kadar Cr pada bahan baku pasir kromit adalah 0,9 dan 19,27 . Kromium dalam pasir kromit kadar rendah berada dalam mineral magnesiochromite, aluminian, yang terasosiasi dengan unsur besi dalam struktur spinel. Magnetic separation yang dilakukan pada bahan baku pasir kromit menghasilkan kenaikan rasio Cr/Fe dan kadar Cr menjadi sebesar 1,31 dan 21,33 akibat adanya pemisahan antara kromit yang bersifat paramagnetik dan pengotornya yang bersifat magnetik. Selanjutnya, hasil terbaik dari reduction roasting yang dilanjutkan dengan magnetic separation diperoleh pada proses reduction roasting dengan menggunakan 10 excess carbon dan 20 CaSO4, yaitu menghasilkan rasio Cr/Fe dan kadar Cr sebesar 1,19 dan 20,48 atau setara dengan FeCr yang mengandung 54,5 Cr.

ABSTRACT
Around 95 of mined chromite ore in the world is utilized as raw material for ferrochromium making process. According to the previous research, the melting of low grade chromite sand could not produce ferrochromium with Cr ge 60 so that low grade chromite sand has to be beneficiated to enhance the chromium grade and Cr Fe ratio before the melting process to produce ferrochromium. This research utilized low grade chromite sand from Konawe District, South Sulawesi. The beneficiation processes that was conducted were magnetic separation, which used magnetic field of 800 Gauss and reduction roasting for 60 minutes at 1000 C with various reductant dosage, 5 lean carbon, stoichiometry, 5 excess carbon and 10 excess carbon along with various dosage of CaSO4 as additive, 5 , 10 , 15 , and 20 . Cr Fe ratio and chromium content in low grade chromite sand are 0.9 and 19.27 . Chromium, in low grade schromite sand, was existed as magnesiochromite, aluminian, which associated with iron in spinel structure. Magnetic sseparation process that was conducted to the raw material, resulted in enhancement of Cr Fe ratio and chromium content to 1.31 and 21.33 due to separation of the paramagnetic chromite from the magnetic gangue. Furthermore, the best result from reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation was obtained when reduction roasting used 10 excess carbon and 20 CaSO4, which resulted at 1.19 of Cr Fe ratio and 20.48 of chromium content or equivalent to FeCr with 54.5 Cr."
2017
S66515
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nur Arief Meyviawan
"ABSTRAK
Ferokrom (45-75% Cr dan 35-50% Fe) adalah paduan yang sangat penting dalam pembuatan baja tahan karat karena sifat kekuatan dan ketahanan terhadapa korosi yang tinggi. Ferokrom dibuat dari bijih kromit, sumber kromium yang paling ekonomis untuk di eksploitasi, melalui proses peleburan dengan menggunakan submerged arc furnace. Proses benefisiasi dengan metode roasting adalah proses yang digunakan oleh industri ferokrom dengan rasio Cr/Fe sebagai parameter utama dalam menentukan efisiensi operasi. Semakin tinggi nilai rasio Cr/Fe hasil benefisiasi, semakin tinggi efisiensi yang dicapai saat proses peleburan. Tujuan dari penelirian ini adalah untuk mencapai rasio Cr/Fe tertinggi dengan melakukan beberapa parameter selama proses roasting. Separasi magnet menggunakan kuat magnet 500 gauss dilakukan terhadap pasir kromit kadar rendah.
Roasting dilakukan pada temperatur 800, 1000 dan 1200 oC selama 30, 60, dan 90 menit. 100 gram produk non magnet hasil separasi magnet awal digunakan sebagai material utama, 30,6 gram batubara sebagai reduktor dan 10 gram CaCO3 sebagai flux. Separasi magnet dilakukan untuk memisahkan senyawa yang bersifat magnet hasil roasting. Respon dari roasting di lihat dengan X-ray diffraction (XRD), sedangkan efek separasi magnet dievaluasi dengan X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan rasio Cr/Fe tertinggi adalah 1,54 pada roasting 1000 oC selama 60 menit. Terlihat bahwa roasting dapat memisahkan senyawa FeO dari struktur spinel dan separasi magnet dapat mengurangi unsur besi untuk meningkatkan rasio Cr/Fe.

ABSTRACT
Ferrochromium (45-70 % Cr and 35-50% Fe) is a vital alloy mostly used for the production of stainless steel due to its high strength and corrosion resistance. It is produced from chromite ore, the only economically exploitable resource of chromium, through carbo-thermic smelting in submerged arc furnaces. The beneficiation-roasting process of chromite is currently applied as ferrochromium industrial production with the Cr/Fe ratio as the main parameter to determine the efficiency of the operation. The higher Cr/Fe ratio obtained during beneficiation-roasting process, the higher efficiency of smelting would be achieved. The objective of this research is to get the highest Cr/Fe ratio with conducting several parameters during roasting operation. Magnetic separation using 500 gauss of the magnetic intensity was carried out to the low grade chromite ore.
Roasting was conducted at 800, 1000 and 1200 oC for 30, 60 and 90 minutes with the 100 grams of non-magnetic product as the main material, 30.6 gram of coal as reductor and 10 gram of CaCO3 as flux. Afterwards, magnetic separation was reconducted to separate the magnetic constituent. The roasting response was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the effect of magnetic separation was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results showed that the highest Cr/Fe ratio is 1.54, achieved after roasting at 1000oC for 60 minutes. It clearly indicates that roasting process has successfully released the FeO from Spinel Crystal and separation using magnet can decrease the iron constituent in chromite to enhance the Cr/Fe ratio."
2017
S66090
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Agis Rahma Faradila
"ABSTRAK
Melalui Proses Benefisiasi dengan Variabel Jumlah Penambahan Reduktor Coal dan Aditif CaCO3 pada Reduction-RoastingSekitar 90 dari bijih kromit ditambang dikonversi menjadi ferrochrome oleh industri metalurgi. Industri stainless steel mengkonsumsi sekitar 80 dari ferrochrome yang diproduksi terutama dengan karbon tinggi . Pasir kromit kadar rendah pada penelitian ini merupakan pasir kromit lokal asal Kabupaten Konawe, Sulawesi Selatan. Benefisiasi dilakukan menggunakan teknik Magnetic Separation baik di awal sebelum reduction-roasting maupun di akhir setelah reduction-roasting dan Pre-reduction roasting dilakukan selama 60 menit pada temperatur 1000 C menggunakan variabel penambahan jumlah reduktor sebesar 5 lean coal, stokiometri, 5 excess carbon dan 10 excess carbon serta penambahan jumlah aditif sebesar 5 , 15 , dan 20 . Pengujian XRD dan XRF dilakukan dalam mengarakterisasi sampel awal dan hasil. Rasio Cr/Fe 0,9 dan kadar Cr pada pasir kromit awal 29,3 dalam bentuk Cr2O3 serta kadar Fe 30,9 dalam bentuk Fe2O3. Setelah dilakukan pemisahan magnetik di awal rasio Cr/Fe meningkat menjadi 1,31. Kemudian dilakukan reduksi-roasting dengan hasil bahwa variasi penambahan reduktor dan aditif dapat mempengaruhi perubahan fasa yang terjadi. Dengan seiring penambahan aditif, pemecahan struktur spinel akan semakin baik. Kemudian dilakukan pemisahan magnetic yang dilanjutkan dengan pengujian XRF, rasio Cr/Fe meningkat menjadi 1.530 pada variasi stokiometri reduktor 20 aditif dan 5 excess carbon 20 aditif. Reduktor optimum berada pada stokiometri dan 5 excess carbon sedangkan aditif optimum di 20 . Rasio Cr/Fe setara dengan 60,5 dalam FeCr. Oleh sebab itu, dapat disimpulkan proses benefisiasi berhasil untuk meningkatkan kadar Cr pada pasir kromit kadar rendah. Jenis aditif dan reduktor yang berbeda akan mempengaruhi hasil reduksi-roasting sehingga rasio Cr/Fe yang dihasilkan pun berbeda.Kata kunci: Ferrochrome, pasir krom kadar rendah, pasir krom metallurgical grade, benefisiasi, gravity separation, reduction roasting, magnetic separation

ABSTRACT
Through Beneficiation Process with the Variation of Reductant Coal and CaCO3 as Additive Dosage on Reduction Roasting Process Approximately 90 of the mined chromite ore is converted to ferrochrome by the metallurgical industry. Chromite sand low grade in this study is a local chromite sand origin Konawe, South Sulawesi. Beneficiation Magnetic Separation is done using techniques well in the beginning before the reduction roasting and in the end after reduction roasting and Pre reduction roasting is done for 60 minutes at a temperature of 1000 C using a variable amount of reductant additions of 5 lean coal, stoichiometric, 5 excess carbon and 10 excess carbon and the addition of an additive at 5 , 15 and 20 . XRD and XRF testing done in characterizing the initial sample and results. The ratio of Cr Fe and Cr content is 0.9 at the beginning of chromite sand in the form of 29.3 Cr2O3 and Fe content of 30.9 in the form of Fe2O3. After magnetic separation at the beginning of the ratio of Cr Fe increased to 1 31. Then do the reduction roasting with the result that the variation of the addition of reductant agents and additives can affect the phase change that occur. With over additive, breaking spinel structure, the better. Then magnetic separation followed by XRF testing, the ratio of Cr Fe increased to 1.530 in the variation of 20 of the stoichiometric reductant additive and 5 20 excess carbon additives. Reductant agents that are in the optimum stoichiometric and 5 excess carbon while the optimum additive at 20 . The ratio of Cr Fe equivalent to 60.5 in FeCr. Therefore, it can be concluded successfully beneficiation process to increase the Cr content at low levels of chromite sand. Type different additives and reductant agents will affect the outcome of reduction roasting so that the ratio of Cr Fe produced any different. "
2017
S66501
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Satrio Amarela
"ABSTRAK
Sekitar 90% bijih mangan di dunia digunakan untuk pembuatan ferromangan dan
ferrosilicomangan sebagai material paduan dalam proses steel making. Penambahan
unsur mangan dalam wujud paduan ferromangan pada proses steel making mampu
meningkatkan kekerasan dan ketangguhan baja. Ferromangan diperoleh dari
pengolahan bijih mangan metallurgical grade dengan proses peleburan. Bijih mangan
kadar rendah, melalui penelitian sebelumnya oleh Hendri (2015) dan Noegroho (2016),
tidak ekonomis untuk dilebur menjadi ferromangan 􀁇􀁈􀁑􀁊􀁄􀁑􀀃􀀰􀁑􀀃􀂕􀀙􀀓􀀈􀀃􀁖􀁈􀁋􀁌􀁑􀁊􀁊􀁄􀀃􀁅􀁌􀁍􀁌􀁋􀀃
mangan kadar rendah harus dibenefisiasi terlebih dahulu untuk meningkatkan kadar
mangan dan rasio Mn/Fe dalam bijih.
Bijih mangan kadar rendah pada penelitian ini merupakan bijih mangan lokal asal
Lampung dan Jawa Timur. Benefisiasi dilakukan menggunakan teknik gravity
separation dan reduction roasting selama 30 menit menggunakan 20% batu bara
dilanjutkan magnetic separation pada medan magnet ±500 gauss. Bijih mangan
dihaluskan ke dalam ukuran -20+40, -40+60, dan -60+80 mesh dan temperatur
reduction roasting divariasikan pada 500oC, 700oC, dan 900oC. Pengujian XRD dan
XRF dilakukan dalam mengarakterisasi sampel awal dan hasil.
Rasio Mn/Fe dan kadar mangan pada bijih asal Lampung masing-masing
sebesar 0,90 dan 7,83% sementara pada bijih asal Jawa Timur masing-masing sebesar
1,356 dan 18,52%. Setelah dibenefisiasi, hasil terbaik dari proses gravity separation
pada bijih Lampung tercapai pada rasio Mn/Fe 0,95 dengan kadar Mn 9,4% pada
89,75% recovery berat sementara pada bijih Jawa Timur diperoleh pada rasio Mn/Fe
3,32 dengan kadar mangan 40,48% pada 2,09% recovery berat. Selanjutnya, hasil
terbaik dari reduction roasting dilanjutkan magnetic separation pada bijih Lampung
diperoleh pada rasio Mn/Fe 1,96 dan kadar mangan 6,81% pada 36 wt% recovery,
sementara pada bijih Jawa Timur, tercapai pada rasio Mn/Fe 3,99 dan kadar mangan
34,31% pada 44 wt% recovery.

ABSTRACT
About 90% of manganese ore is utilized for ferromanganese and
ferrosilicomanganese production as alloying metal in the steel making process. The
addition of manganese in the form of ferromanganese to the steel making process is
able to increase hardness and toughness of steel. Ferromanganese is obtained from the
metallurgical grade manganese ore processing through the smelting process. Low grade
manganese ore, according to the previous research from Hendri (2015) and Noegroho
(2016), was not economic for direct smelting to obtain ferromanganese with Mn 􀂕􀀙􀀓􀀈􀀑􀀃
Therefore, low grade manganese ore must be beneficiate first to enhance the
manganese grade and its ratio.
Low grade manganese ore in this research are a local ore from Lampung and
East Java. The steps on the beneficiation process are including gravity separation and
reduction roasting for 30 minutes using 20% of coal followed by magnetic separation
at the magnetic intensity of ±500 Gauss. The particle size was reduced into -20+40, -
40+60, and -60+80 mesh and the temperature of reduction roasting was varied at 500oC,
700oC, and 900oC. XRD and XRF testing was conducted for the characterization of ore
and the sample results.
Mn/Fe ratio and manganese content in Lampung ore is respectively 0.9 and
7.83%, while in East Java ore is respectively 1.356 and 18.52%. After beneficiation,
the best results from gravity separation of Lampung ore was obtained at 0.95 of Mn/Fe
ratio and 9.4% of manganese content at 89.75% of weight recovery, while in East Java
ore was obtained at 3.32 of Mn/Fe ratio and 40.48% of manganese content at 2.09% of
weight recovery. Then, the best results of reduction roasting followed by magnetic
separation of Lampung ore was obtained at 1.96 of Mn/Fe ratio and 6.81% of
manganese content at 36% of weight recovery, while in East Java ore was obtained at
3.99 of Mn/Fe ratio and 34.31% of manganese content at 44% weight recovery.
"
2016
S63231
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Azhar Hadnyandita
"Mangan merupakan logam ke empat yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia setelah baja, aluminium dan tembaga. Sekitar 95% mangan digunakan untuk kebutuhan metalurgi, yaitu untuk steelmaking dan pembuatan ferroalloys seperti silico-manganese dan ferromanganese. Mangan dapat dikategorikan berdasarkan kandungannya, yaitu bijih mangan kadar rendah (kurang dari 30% Mn), sedang (30%-40% Mn) dan tinggi (lebih dari 40% Mn). Pembuatan ferromangan dengan kadar Mn minimum 60% menggunakan bijih mangan kadar rendah sangat sulit, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan proses benefisiasi untuk meningkatkan kadar bijih Mn serta rasio Mn/Fe.
Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan proses benefisiasi terhadap dua jenis bijih mangan lokal, yaitu bijih mangan asal Lampung dan Jawa Timur. Benefisiasi dimulai dengan crushing dan grinding dua bijih mangan, untuk mereduksi ukuran partikel. Pengaruh ukuran partikel, yaitu -20+40, -40+60 dan -60+80 mesh terhadap proses benefisiasi telah dipelajari dalam penelitian ini. Proses benefisiasi berupa gravity separation dengan menggunakan metode shaking table dilakukan terhadap kedua jenis bijih mangan tersebut. Preliminary test dilakukan setelah gravity separation untuk mengetahui feasibility dari kedua bijih mangan tersebut untuk dilakukan proses benefisiasi tahap selanjutnya, yaitu reduction roasting. Reduction roasting dilakukan terhadap bijih mangan pada suhu 700oC dengan variasi waktu 1 jam, 1,5 jam dan 2 jam. Magnetic separation dilakukan terhadap masing-masing variasi waktu menggunakan magnet dengan kekuatan sekitar 500G.
Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel tidak terlalu mempengaruhi rasio Mn/Fe. Kemudian hasil dari gravity separation menunjukkan proses ini tidak efisien terhadap kedua bijih mangan. Pada bijih mangan asal Lampung tidak ada kenaikkan rasio Mn/Fe yang signifikan, lalu pada bijih mangan asal Jawa Timur rasio Mn/Fe naik menjadi 3,3 pada fraksi tailing, namun tailing yang didapat hanya sekitar 2,4% dari feed yang masuk sehingga menyebabkan proses ini tidak ekonomis. Reduction roasting memiliki efek yang penting untuk proses magnetic separation karena dapat mengubah senyawa hematite menjadi magnetite sehingga Fe pada bijih mangan dapat terpisah. Hasil magnetic separation menunjukkan rasio Mn/Fe paling tinggi didapat dalam waktu 1 jam pada ukuran -20+40, yaitu sebesar 6,10 dan menurun seiring semakin halusnya ukuran partikel.

Manganese is the fourth widely used metal in the world after steel, aluminium and copper. For about 95% of Manganese usage is for metallurgical applications, like steelmaking and the productions of ferroalloys, silico-manganese and ferromanganese. Manganese is categorized based on its content, which is low-grade (less than 30% of Mn), medium-grade (30-40% of Mn) and high-grade (more than 40% of Mn). Producing ferromanganese with a minimum content of Mn for about 60% using a low-grade manganese ore is very difficult, therefore beneficiation process is needed to enhance the Mn content and also the Mn/Fe ratio.
In this research, beneficiation processes were conducted to two local low-grade manganese ores, manganese ore from Lampung Province and from East Java Province. Beneficiation starts by crushing and grinding two manganese ores, to reduce the particle size. The effect of particle sizes, which were -20+40, -40+60 dan -60+80 mesh, to the beneficiation processes were studied in this research. Gravity separation using shaking table as a method was the first step of beneficiation process that was conducted to both manganese ores. Preliminary test were done after the gravity separation to understood the feasibility of the two manganese ores that can be processed to the next beneficiation processes, reduction roasting. Reduction roasting was conducted to the manganese ore in 700oC for 1 hour, 1,5 hours and 2 hours as a time variant. Magnetic separation was done by separating every single time variant using a magnet with an intensity about 500G.
The results shows that size fraction or particle size has a negligible effect to the Mn/Fe ratio. The gravity separation results shows that this process is not efficient to the both manganese ores. Lampung Province ore shows that there is no significant of Mn/Fe increment, and for East Java Province ore, Mn/Fe increases to 3.3 in tailing fraction, however the tailing fraction that is gained in this process was only about 2.4% from the feed therefore it?s not economical. Reduction roasting has an important effect for the magnetic separation process because it converts hematite compound to magnetite so the Fe from this ore can be separated. The magnetic separation results shows that the highest Mn/Fe ratio was gained in 1 hour on -20+40 size particle, which is 6.10 and decrease along with decresing the size particle."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2016
S63233
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Raja Jovian Trisila
" ABSTRAK
Kromium merupakan salah satu unsur penting di dalam industri moderen. Kegunaan kromium yang paling utama adalah sebagai campuran dalam produksi baja tahan karat dalam bentuk ferrokromium. Bahan baku kromium yang dapat digunakan untuk menjadi ferrokromium harus memiliki kandungan 48 Cr2O3 min dengan rasio Cr/Fe sebesar 3. Bijih kromit kadar rendah, melalui penelitian sebelumnya oleh Nurjaman 2015 , hanya dapat menghasilkan ferrokromium dengan rasio Cr/Fe sebesar 0,662 Cr: 35,22 ; Fe: 53,15 , sehingga bijih perlu dibenefisiasi terlebih dahulu untuk meningkatkan kadar kromium dan rasio Cr/Fe yang terkandung di dalamnya. Bijih kromit kadar rendah pada penelitian ini merupakan bjih kromit lokal asal Kabupaten Konawe, Sulawesi Tenggara. Terdapat beberapa proses benefisiasi bijih kromit kadar rendah yang umum digunakan. Pada penelitian kali ini, digunakan teknik benefisiasi reduksi-roasting yang dilanjutkan dengan pemisahan magnetik. Sebelum proses reduksi-roasting, dilakukan proses pengayakan sehingga didapatkan bijih dengan ukuran partikel 50 mesh. Proses reduksi-roasting dilakukan pada temperatur 1000 C dengan durasi 60 menit dengan variasi jenis reduktor grafit, kokas, dan arang batok 5 excess carbon dan jumlah aditif CaCO3 5 , 15 , dan 20 . Proses pemisahan magnetik dilakukan dengan menggunakan sebuah magnetic disc dengan intensitas medan magnet sebesar 500 Gauss dalam keadaan kering. Proses karakterisasi mineral dengan alat XRD dilakukan setelah proses reduksi-roasting untuk mengamati perubahan senyawa yang terjadi. Di lain hal, karakterisasi dengan alat XRF dilakukan setelah proses pemisahan magnetik untuk mengetahui rasio Cr/Fe akhir pasir kromit. Rasio Cr/Fe dan kadar kromium pada bijih asal Kabupaten Konawe masing-masing sebesar 0,90 dan 29,3 .Setelah proses benefisiasi, kandungan Cr2O3 dan rasio Cr/Fe akhir yang dimiliki setiap sampel berbeda-beda. Nilai rasio Cr/Fe tertinggi didapatkan dari sampel yang menggunakan reduktor arang batok 5 excess carbon dan 20 aditif CaCO3, yaitu sebesar 1,601 Cr: 25,27 ; Fe: 15,78 Secara teoritis, kandungan Cr2O3 di dalam pasir kromit tersebut adalah 62,5 . Berdasarkan kepada data hasil penelitian, nilai rasio Cr/Fe meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah aditif CaCO3 yang digunakan
ABSTRACT Chromium is on of the most important element in modern industry. The main function of chromium is an alloying metal ferrochrome in stainless steel production. To obtain metallurgical grade which economically used as alloying metal, the chromium ore chromite should contain 48 Cr2O3 min with Cr Fe ratio equal to 3. Low grade chromite ore, according to the previous research from Nurjaman 2015 , merely can produce ferrochrome with Cr Fe ratio 0.66 Cr 35.22 Fe 53.15 , therefore low grade chromite ore must be beneficiate first to enhance the chromium grade and its ratio. Low grade chromium ore in this research are a local ore from Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. There are some available beneficiation process. The steps on the beneficiation process are including reduction roasting and magnetic separation. Before the reduction roasting process ocured, the size of the ore was filtered with 50 mesh siever tool. Reduction roasting process was occurred at 1000 C in 60 minutes, the reductant 5 excess carbon type graphite, cokes, and coconut shell charcoal and CaCO3 additive content 5 , 15 , and 20 was varied. Magnetic separation process was done by using 500 Gauss magnetic disc in dry condition. The mineral was characterized by XRD after the reuction roasting process to detect the compound change inside the mineral. On the other hand, the mineral was characterized by XRF after magnetic separation process to identified the final Cr Fe ratio of the chromite ore. Cr Fe ratio and chromium content in low grade Konawe chromite ore is respectively 0.9 and 29.3 . After the beneficiation process, the ores have different chromium content and Cr Fe ratio. The highest Cr Fe ratio was obtained from the ore with 5 excess carbon coconut shell charcoal reductant and 20 CaCO3 additive, the ratio is 1.601 Cr 25.27 Fe 15.78 . Theoritically, the final Cr2O3 content of the ore is 62.5 . Based on the research data, Cr Fe ratio enhanced with increasing the additive dosage."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2017
S66709
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Subandrio Soemali
"Ferokrom 45-75 Cr dan 35-50 Fe paduan penting pembuatan baja tahan karat karena sifat kekuatan dan ketahanan korosi yang tinggi. Ferokrom berasal dari endapan kromit di wilayah Indonesia adanya berkadar rendah dengan ratio Cr/Fe < 1.5 sehingga diperlukan benefisiasi. Tahapan benefisiasinya pemisahan magnetik lemah dilanyutkan pemanggangan temperatur, waktu, jenis reduktor dan berat CaCO3 , hasil pemanggangan dilakukan pemisahan magnetik kuat dan diuji xrf dan xrd. Parameter optimal benefisiasi untuk pembuatan briket input peleburan tanur SAF. Peleburan briket kromit diteliti pengaruh basisitas terhadap parameter ratio Cr/Fe, kadar kromium dan besi, konsumsi energi/berat produk . Pengaruh temperatur pemanggangan 800, 1000 dan 1200 oC terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum temperaturnya 1000 oC ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,53. Pengaruh waktu pemanggangan 30, 60 dan 90 menit terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum waktunya 60 menit ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,53. Pengaruh reduktor grafit, kokas dan arang batok terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum redukror arang batok ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,60. Pengaruh wt CaCO3 5 , 10 dan 20 terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum wt CaCO3 pada 20 rasio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,60. Basisitas terak = 2 memberikan ratio Cr/Fe optimum =1,06 , kadar Cr = 50,07 . Konsumsi energi/berat logam optimum 5,7 Kwh/Kg pada nilai basisitas 1,2.
Ferrochrome is an important alloy of stainless steel due to its high strength and corrosion resistance. Ferromchrome is derived chromite in the Indonesia region low grade Cr Fe "
2017
T48407
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Atika Rahmahwati
"Pengolahan bijih nikel laterit untuk menghasilkan feronikel memerlukan konsumsi energi yang tinggi. Sehingga perlu teknik pengolahan bijih nikel laterit terutama yang berkadar rendah agar tetap ekonomis. Reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit diaggap sebagai proses yang potensial untuk menghasilkan nikel berkadar tinggi pada feronikel. Reduksi selektif terjadi karena penambahan sejumlah aditif pada bijih nikel laterit kemudian dilakukan separasi magnetik. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan aditif natrium karbonat, natrium klorida dan natrium sulfat serta 5 arang cangkang sawit sebagai reduktor. Reduksi dilakukan pada variasi temperatur 950, 1050 dan 1150 oC selama 60 menit. Kemudian dilakukan metode separasi magnetik basah dengan kekuatan magnet 500 Gauss untuk memisahkan konsentrat yang bersifat magnetik dan tailing. Karakterisasi bijih laterit hasil reduksi dilakukan menggunakan X-ray Diffraction XRD , mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope SEM yang dilengkapi Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy EDS serta konsentrat feronikel dan tailing diidentifikasi menggunakan X-ray Fluororescene XRF.
Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aditif menghasilkan peningkatan kadar dan recovery nikel serta recovery besi pada konsentrat jika dibandingkan dengan bijih reduksi tanpa penambahan aditif. Penambahan 15 aditif natrium sulfat dapat meningkatkan kadar dan recovery nikel hingga mencapai 5,3 dan 83,7 pada temperatur reduksi 1150 oC selama 60 menit. Pada penambahan 5 aditif natrium karbonat dan natrium klorida menghasilkan recovery nikel optimum sebesar 73,1 dan 72,8. Peningkatan temperatur reduksi hingga 1150 oC selama 60 menit berpotensi meningkatkan ukuran partikel feronikel, dengan penambahan dosis 10 natrium sulfat, natrium karbonat dan natrium klorida dihasilkan rata-rata ukuran partikel feronikel sebesar 30,6 mm, 12,8 mm dan 8,0 mm hingga 30,6 mm. Partikel feronikel mengalami aglomerasi seiring dengan peningkatan temperatur pada penambahan aditif yang memberikan kondisi yang menguntungkan untuk migrasi dan agregasi Ni dan Fe.

The processing of nickel laterite to produce ferronickel requires high energy consumption. Therefore, it needs low cost technology in mineral processing the low grade nickel laterite to keep it economically. Selective reduction of nickel laterite ore is a potential method for producing high grade ferronickel. Selective reduction is performed due to the addition of additives to lateritic nickel ore and followed by magnetic separation. In this study, the additives were sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate and 5 palm shell charcoal were used as reducing agents. The temperature reduction was carried out at 950 and 1150 oC for 60 min. Magnetic separation used in this study was a wet magnetic separation with 500 Gauss and the magnetic product magnetic product that was resulted from the magnetic separation was ferronickel concentrate. The characterization of reduced ore was performed by using by X ray Diffraction XRD , optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM with Energy Dispersive X ray Spectroscopy EDS and ferronickel concentrate was identified by X ray Fluororescene XRF.
The results showed that the addition of additives was significantly affected to the increasing of nickel grade, nickel recovery and iron recovery at concentrate than the reduced ores without additives. When the sodium sulfate dosage was increased to 15 at 1150 oC for 60 min, the nickel grade and nickel recovery were increased to 5.3 and 83.7 , respectively. By the increasing of the addition of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride up to 5 , the yielded optimum nickel recovery was 73.1 and 72.8 , respectively. The increasing of reduction temperature to 1150 oC for 60 min potentially increased the particle size of ferronickel up to 30.6 m by the addition of a 10 sodium sulfate. In the presence of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride result on the average of ferronickel particle size approximately 12.8 and 8.0 m, respectively. The ferronickel particle was agglomerated with increasing reduction temperature and addition additives and it provides favorable conditions for the migration and aggregation of Ni and Fe.
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2018
S-Pdf
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rian Dipantria Putra
"Timah merupakan logam yang memiliki aplikasi pengunaan yang sangat luas dan bervariasi. Hal ini mengakibatkan permintaan akan timah cenderung untuk meningkat tiap tahunnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu ditemukan cara untuk mengolah timah semaksimal mungkin.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk recovery atau pemulihan timah dari teraknya dengan menggunakan metode roasting dan pencampuran karbon dengan variasi jumlah karbon reduksi 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3 pada suhu 9000C, pelindian selektif dengan menggunakan H2SO4, dan Electrowinning. Untuk karakterisasi sampel menggunakan X-RD yang dilengkapi dengan software X-RD Match!, STA, AAS, dan EDS.

Tin is a metal which has a various and wide uses. This?ll make the demand of tin is tend to increase every year. So, the new way is needed to process tin as maximum as possible.
This study was conducted to recover tin from tin slags with roasting and mixing with carbon methods with various quantity of carbon reductor which is 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 at 9000C, selective leaching with sulfate acid, and electrowinning. For characterization of sample using X-RD equipped with X-RD Match! Software, AAS, and EDS."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2015
S62717
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hutauruk, Jonathan Kriswanto
"[ABSTRAK
Logam tantalum dan niobium merupakan logam yang sumbernya termasuk ke dalam kategori critical in mid term. Terak timah merupakan limbah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber cadangan kedua. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat pengaruh pemanggangan pada 700 oC serta pengaruh variasi konsentrasi larutan NaOH dan HCl sebagai larutan lindi, sampel terak timah yang digunakan berasal dari Indonesia dengan kadar 0,33% Ta2O5 dan 0,64% Nb2O5. Pengujian XRF digunakan untuk melihat perubahan kadar Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 setelah proses pemanggangan dan pelindian. Hasil pemanggangan didapatkan distribusi massa terbanyak pada ukuran mesh +100 dan terjadi peningkatan kadar Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 berturut-turut meningkat sebanyak 21,1% dan 37,5%. Kadar yang dihasilkan dari pelindian dengan 4 M NaOH meningkat sebanyak 3,48 dan 1,75 kali lipat dari Ta2O5 dan Nb2O5 awal. Secara keseluruhan rangkaian penelitian khususnya setelah pelindian HCl memperoleh peningkatan kadar mencapai 1,51% Ta2O5 pada 1 M HCl dan 1,41% Nb2O5 pada 4 M HCl.
ABSTRACT
The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl.
;The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl.
, The source of tantalum and niobium were known include as critical in mid term. The tin slag is a waste which could be a secondary resource. This research to found the effect of 700 oC roasting and concentration variable of NaOH and HCl solution as leaching reagent, the sample used Indonesian tin slag which have initial grade 0.33% Ta2O5 dan 0.64% Nb2O5.The change of Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 grades were determined by XRF test after roasting and leaching. The highest mass distribution on +100 mesh as the roasting result and the grades were increased 21.1% and 37.5% for Ta2O5 and Nb2O5. The results of leaching 4 M NaOH were increased of about 3.48 and 1.75 times from initial grade. From the whole of results, especially after HCl leaching were increased to 1.51% Ta2O5 on 1 M HCl and 1.41% Nb2O5 on 4 M HCl.
]"
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2015
S62254
UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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