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"Liability of legal persons for criminal offences has been slowly, but making its way to the legislations of Indonesia. Trends of development indicate that the liability of legal persons for criminal offences has been regulated in few regulations and will be regulated in the bill of Indonesia Penal Code that is now

being drafted. Grounds of liability of legal persons indicate that it is a question of a special from of criminal responsibility, adapted to legal persons."

"Since it first developed, the law of war has focused on protecting human beings. It prioritises human protection by controlling the conduct of belligerents in order to minimise human injuries and casualties.However, the consequences of war are seldom limited to human casualties. War also causes major destruction to the environment. This article shows that despite prioritising human protection, internationallaw provides a significant number of rules to protect the environment during armed conflicts. Contrary to claims that existing rules are insufficient, the law of war adequately safeguards the environment during armed conflicts by prohibiting certain military activities that may cause significant damage to the environment. Furthermore, there are peacetime regulations that may continue to bind belligerents in times of war."

"This article compares Indonesia legal system and Malaysian legal system. The government legalized Islamic law in national legislations, which are in effect for Muslim people. To facilitate dispute settlement, there is a religious court to solve Islamic dispute based on Islamic law. The existence of Islamic law in Indonesia and Malaysia has similarity and differentiation. The similarties among others are: the Muslim-majority in both countries pushes the government to put Islamic law into force, Islamic law must be written into constitution or legislation. It is needed to have legal basis when performing Islamic law, the existence of religious court is very important in dispute settlement related to Islamic law. The influence of western legal system is very strong in national legal system. Nevertheless, the western legal system differs substantially from Islamic legal system, and Islamic law was implemented limitedly based upon western legislation. It was limited to family law. While the differentiations are: the way of implementation of western legal system into national legal system and the form of legislation. Indonesia has one legislation, which is in effect to all of Indonesia people. On the contrary, Malaysia has many enactments, which are different from one to another in each negeri."

"This paper investigates how the potential of the newly enacted village forest policy to improve the welfare of local people and examines how different actors at local level perceive a legal framework suitable for improving the welfare of local people and enhancing local development. We conducted research through in-dept interviews involiving 75 respondents from different actors, such as policy makers, politician, village chief, customary chief and villagers. The research establish that forest policy on village forestry was a good option for local people to improve their welfare; however, litle understanding of the substance of the newly village forest policy of local development actors due to limited public consultation undertaken at district and village level would become a real challenges for executing the policy. The work of the policy is also depend on the extent to which the central goverment is capable of undertanding local context where multiple legal system operates."

"The rapid ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the orderly election of its judges and prosecutor believe the radical nature of the new institution. Indonesia is one of countries that rejected the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute. Indonesia?s reason at that time was that Indonesian sovereignty would be threatened or its national security would be compromise. Interestingly, some of the crimes within the Rome Statute jurisdiction (Article 5 of the Rome Statute) had been adopted by Indonesia in its domestic law such as the Law No. 26 year 2000 concerning Human Rights Court. Jurisdiction of the Law No. 26 year 2000 is and genocide and crimes against humanity. The Law No. 26 year 2000 also adopts the idea of Ad hoc tribunal that is possible to apply ex post facto justice. Finally, it plays important role in order to protect Indonesian interest and to fulfill international community point of views."

"ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the evolution in international law of the obligation to search for and return the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons. Receiving the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons is one of the primary needs of their families, who bring the issue to international courts and non-judicial mechanisms. This obligation has been incrementally recognized and developed by different human rights courts, which have included the obligation to search for and return the remains of disappeared persons in their remedies. In parallel to the development of the obligation by international courts, the international community has begun to become more involved in assisting in return of the remains of forcibly disappeared and missing persons to their families."