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"ASEAN has a goal to create an economic community by 2015. To achieve the goal, connectivity among the member states needs to be given due importance. In 2010, ASEAN adopted the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC), which looked at physical, institutional and people-to-people connectivity. It pinned down fifteen priority projects which can potentially transform the ASEAN region, providing the conditions for a single market and production base. But MPAC is an expensive initiative, and funding remains a major challenge. The private sector needs to be actively involved as a number of infrastructure projects identified in the MPAC are lacking substantial investment."

"Pada November 2022, negara anggota ASEAN-5 menandatangani Memorandum of Understanding Advancing Regional Payment Connectivity yang menandakan terjadinya inisiatif pembentukan sistem pembayaran antar wilayah yang terintegrasi, salah satunya berbentuk sistem pembayaran berbasis QR-Code. Kesepakatan dan inisiatif ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai legalitas integrasi sistem pembayaran dan bagaimana keberadaan kedaulatan negara, sehingga terdapat dua masalah yang akan dianalisis yaitu bagaimana inisiatif Regional Payment Connectivity ASEAN-5 menurut perspektif hukum perdagangan internasional dan bagaimana konsep penggunaan teknologi QRIS dalam integrasi pembayaran regional ASEAN.Kedua permasalahan tersebut akan dianalisis menggunakan metode penelitian notmatif karena objek yang diteliti merupakan norma hukum mengenai pengaturan regional payment connectivity dengan mengacu pada hukum perdagangan internasional. Adapun jenis pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis permasalah diatas adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif.Hasil penelitian dan analisis yang dilakukan menujukkan bahwa Memorandum of Understanding Advanced Regional Payment Connectivity merupakan upaya mencapai integrasi ASEAN yang sebagaimana tertuang dalam ASEAN Leaders’ Declaration on Advancing Regional Payment Connectivity and Promoting Local Currency Transaction pada dan Joint Statement of the 10th ASEAN Finance Minsters’ and Central Bank Governors’ Meeting (AFMGM) dengan ketentuan yang diatur dalam AFIF dan ATiSA untuk meningkatkan integrasi dan efisiensi sistem pembayaran, mempercepat pelaksanaan pasar tunggal ASEAN, dan meningkatkan kekuatan ekonomi regional di mata dunia. Perwujudan kedaulatan dalam sistem pembayaran berstandar QRIS terdapat pada pada konversi mata uang yang dapat langsung ditransaksikan tanpa perlunya mata uang ketiga sehingga biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk pemrosesan transaksi menjadi rendah dan negara dapat menguasai sepenuhnya sistem pembayarannya sehingga dapat mendorong penguatan juga kedaulatan mata uang negara. Selain itu pengelolaan sepenuhnya terhadap skema transaksi, biaya transaksi, perizinan atas lembaga keuangan, hingga fungsi pengelolaan National Merchant Repository. Pengelolaan National Merchant Repository di dalam negeri mencerminkan kedaulatan negara atas keamanan transaksi dan teknologi QRIS karena penatausahaan dan pengolahan data dilakukan didalam negeri.

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In November 2022, ASEAN-5 member countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding Advancing Regional Payment Connectivity which indicates an initiative to form an integrated inter-regional payment system, one of which is in the form of a QR-Code-based payment system. These agreements and initiatives raise questions regarding the legality of payment system integration and how the existence of state sovereignty, there are two issues that will be analyzed, namely how the ASEAN-5 Regional Payment Connectivity initiative is from the perspective of international trade law and how is the concept of using QRIS technology in ASEAN regional payment integration.

Both of these problems will be analyzed using a normative research method because the object under study is a legal norm concerning regional payment connectivity arrangements regarding international trade law. The type of approach used to analyze the problems above is a normative juridical approach.

The results of the research and analysis show that the Memorandum of Understanding Advanced Regional Payment Connectivity is an effort to achieve ASEAN integration as stated in the ASEAN Leaders' Declaration on Advancing Regional Payment Connectivity and Promoting Local Currency Transaction and the Joint Statement of the 10th ASEAN Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors' Meeting (AFMGM) with the provisions stipulated in AFIF and ATiSA to increase payment system integration and efficiency, accelerate the implementation of the ASEAN single market, and increase regional economic strength in the eyes of the world. The embodiment of sovereignty in the QRIS standard payment system is in currency conversion which can be directly transacted without the need for a third currency so that the costs required for processing transactions are low and the state can fully control the payment system so that it can also encourage the strengthening of the sovereignty of the state's currency. Apart from that, full management of transaction schemes, transaction fees, licensing of financial institutions, as well as the management function of the National Merchant Repository. Domestic management of the National Merchant Repository reflects state sovereignty over transaction security and QRIS technology because data administration and processing are carried out within the country."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh konektivitas fisik dan konektivitas institusi dalam Master Plan ASEAN Community terhadap kinerja perdagangan intra-ASEAN. Analisa dilakukan terhadap tujuh negara anggota ASEAN dengan data panel periode 2006-2014 dan diestimasi dengan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan konektivitas fisik tahun sebelumnya di negara eksportir dan importir akan meningkatkan ekspor intra-ASEAN. Peningkatan konektivitas institusi ASEAN akan meningkatkan ekspor intra-ASEAN. Untuk masing-masing negara anggota ASEAN, peningkatan konektivitas fisik eksportir dan importir tahun sebelumnya akan meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia dan Thailand ke intra-ASEAN. Peningkatan konektivitas institusi eksportir dan importir akan meningkatkan ekspor Malaysia dan Thailand ke intra-ASEAN.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis aims to analyze the effect of physical and institutional connectivity which define in Master Plan ASEAN Connnectivity on intra trade of ASEAN. The analysis conducted seven ASEAN Countries by using panel data regression with Fixed Effect Model during 2006-2014. The research found that better physical connectivity from previous year in importing and exporting country increasing intra-ASEAN export. Better institutional connectivity in ASEAN increasing intra-ASEAN export. While in each ASEAN country, better physical connectivity from previous year of exporting country increasing Cambodia, Singapore and Phillipines export. Better physical connectivity of exporting and importing country from previous year increasing Indonesia and Thailand export to intra-ASEAN. Better institutional connectivity of exporting country increasing Malaysia and Thailand export to intra-ASEAN."

"Sebagai dampak dari meningkatnya ketergantungan (interdependensi) dan upaya untuk menciptakan keterhubungan (interkonektivitas) yang didorong oleh dinamika internasional sebagai dampak dari globalisasi, membuat ASEAN berupaya menjawab tantangan integrasi tersebut dengan merumuskan Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC). Dokumen tersebut berisi mengenai rumusan kompilasi proyek-proyek prioritas yang dianggap esensial bagi konektivitas intra-ASEAN menjadi suatu komunitas tunggal. Akan tetapi dalam proses implementasinya, proyek-proyek prioritas Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity tersebut menghadapi berbagai macam hambatan atau barriers. Satu-satunya strategi yang dapat terimplementasikan adalah strategi Energy Interconnection yang memuat gagasan proyek Sarawak-West Kalimantan Interconnection. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis penyebab mengapa strategi tersebut dapat mencapai implementasinya menggunakan pendekatan aktor-aktor ayng terlibat dalam gagasan tersebut. Dengan berdasarkan teori Contested Regionalism oleh Toby Carroll dan Benjamin Sovacool, tesis ini berusaha menganalisis kontestasi yang terjadi antar aktor yang terlibat demi mencapai kepentingannya sehingga dapat menjadi jawaban atas keberhasilan suatu gagasan kerja sama regional.

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As an impact of increasing interdependence and efforts to create interconnection driven by international dynamics as a result of globalization, ASEAN has sought to answer the challenges of integration by formulating the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity (MPAC). The document contains the formulation of compilation of priority projects which are considered essential for intra-ASEAN connectivity into a single community. However, in the process of implementation, the priority projects of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity face various obstacles or barriers. The only strategy that can be implemented is the Energy Interconnection strategy that contains the ideas of the Sarawak-West Kalimantan Interconnection project.

This study tries to analyze the causes of why the strategy can achieve its implementation using the approach of actors involved in the idea. Based on the theory of Contested Regionalism by Toby Carroll and Benjamin Sovacool, this thesis attempts to analyze the contestation that occurs between the actors involved in order to achieve their interests so that they can be the answer to the success of a regional cooperation idea."

"Regionalisme merupakan konsep yang berevolusi seiring dengan perkembangan studi dan dinamika Hubungan Internasional. Regionalisme acapkali diasosiasikan dengan integrasi dan kerja sama regional sehingga dalam perkembangannya, muncul istilah “konektivitas” sebagai turunan dari regionalisme. Melihat perkembangan ini, ASEAN memutuskan untuk mengadopsi konektivitas sebagai kerangka integrasi dan kerja sama regional. Uniknya, Konektivitas ASEAN didasari oleh mekanisme kerja sama sukarela yang difasilitasi oleh prinsip “ASEAN Way” dengan menghindari keterikatan politik yang kuat. Tulisan ini kemudian merupakan sebuah tinjauan pustaka yang memiliki tujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pembahasan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN sebagai instrumen integrasi dan kerja sama regional Asia Tenggara. Dengan menelaah 30 literatur akademik melalui metode taksonomi, penulis kemudian mengklasifikasikan literatur-literatur terpilih ke dalam dua tema utama, antara lain: (1) Konseptualisasi Konektivitas ASEAN; dan (2) Perkembangan Rancangan dan Implementasi Konektivitas ASEAN. Alhasil, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa Konektivitas ASEAN merupakan upaya kolektif yang perlu dijalankan melalui koordinasi tiga arah antara badan regional ASEAN, negara-negara anggota ASEAN, dan pihak eksternal yang terlibat. Upaya perwujudan Rancangan Konektivitas ASEAN pun dijumpai berbagai hambatan, yaitu keterbatasan kapasitas finansial dan teknologi, kesenjangan pembangunan antara negara-negara ASEAN, komitmen politik yang rendah, perbedaan persepsi dan potensi persaingan antarnegara, dan inefisiensi koordinasi badan regional pemantau Konektivitas ASEAN.

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Regionalism is a concept that has evolved along with the development of the study and dynamics of International Relations. Regionalism is commonly associated with regional integration and cooperation. Therefore, the term “connectivity” appears as a derivative of regionalism. Against this background, ASEAN has adopted connectivity as a framework for regional integration and cooperation. Uniquely, the ASEAN Connectivity has implemented a voluntary cooperation mechanism facilitated by the “ASEAN Way” principle to avoid strong political ties among the institution. Accordingly, this paper constitutes a literature review which aims to explore the discussion of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity as the instrument of Southeast Asia regional integration and cooperation. By examining 30 pieces of academic literature through the taxonomic method, the selected writings will be classified into two main themes: (1) The Conceptualization of the ASEAN Connectivity; and (2) The Development of the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity and its Implementation. As a result, this paper finds that ASEAN Connectivity is a collective effort that needs to be carried out through the three-way coordination between the ASEAN regional bodies, the ASEAN Member States, and external parties involved. However, the efforts to realize the Master Plan of ASEAN Connectivity have encountered various obstacles, specifically limited financial and technological capacity, development gaps between ASEAN Member States, low political commitment, differences in perceptions and the potential of competition between member states, and inefficiency in regional bodies monitoring the ASEAN Connectivity."

"This book places Indonesia at the forefront of the global debate about the impact of "disruptive" digital technologies. Digital technology is fast becoming the core of life, work, culture and identity. Yet, while the number of Indonesians using the Internet has followed the upward global trend, some groups - the poor, the elderly, women, the less well-educated, people living in remote communities - are disadvantaged. This interdisciplinary collection of essays by leading researchers and scholars, as well as e-governance and e-commerce insiders, examines the impact of digitalisation on the media industry, governance, commerce, informal sector employment, education, cybercrime, terrorism, religion, artistic and cultural expression, and much more. It presents groundbreaking analysis of the impact of digitalisation in one of the world's most diverse, geographically vast nations. In weighing arguments about the opportunities and challenges presented by digitalisation, it puts the very idea of a technological "revolution" into critical perspective."