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"Engineers are faced with a bewildering array of choices when selecting a surface treatment for a specific corrosion or wear application. This book provides practical information to help them select the best possible treatment. An entire chapter is devoted to process comparisons, and dozens of useful tables and figures compare surface treatment thickness and hardness ranges; abrasion and corrosion resistance; processing time, temperature, and pressure; costs; distortion tendencies; and other critical process factors and coating characteristics. The chapter 'Practical Guidelines for Surface Engineering' describes hands-on approaches for matching surface treatments with design and performance requirements. The book includes the content from an Institute of Materials design guide publication, combined with information from several ASM Handbook volumes and other ASM and industry sources. All the material has been carefully organized, edited, and rewritten as needed to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date, and user-friendly guide to the subject. "

"Text on wear prognosis technology, the diagnosing of the cause of wear and tear and the prescription of a preventative measure. Addresses industry queries pertaining to wear prognosis and provides a proper environments and techniques to reduce specific types of wear and tear through modification of surface properties. DLC: Surfaces--Technology."

"Logam ringan aluminium (Al) dan paduannya memiliki sifat mekanik yang cocok digunakan dalam industri penerbangan, perkapalan, dan otomotif. Proteksi terhadap permukaan logam Al diperlukan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dan aus. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) menghasilkanlapisan oksida tebal dan kristalin sehingga dapat meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dan ketahanan aus. Karakteristik mekanik dan korosi lapisan oksida hasil PEO sangat bergantung pada ketebalan dan morfologi lapisan yang ditentukan oleh waktu dan karakteristik plasma. Dalam penelitian ini, PEO dilakukan pada paduan Al seri 7075-T651 dengan menggunakan elektrolit campuran 30 g/lNa2SiO3, 30 g/l KOH, 30 g/l Na3PO4, dan 20 g/l TEA pada rapat arus konstan 200 A/m2dengan variasi waktu 10, 15, dan 20 menit. Lapisan PEO dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) untuk menganalisis komposisi fasa kristal, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) untuk menganalisis morfologi permukaan dan komposisi unsur. Perilaku korosi pada sampel dievaluasi melalui uji elektrokimia, yaitu Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedence Spectroscopy (EIS), dan juga Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP). Sifat mekanik lapisan PEO diuji dengan metode Vickers microhardness, dan ketahanan aus diuji menggunakan metode Ogoshi. Unsur P, Si, O merupakan lapisan perlindungan terhadap korosi semakin meningkat seiring berjalannya waktu. Hasil XRD menunjukkan adanya lapisan Al2O3, SiO2, dan AlPO4. Hasil uji elektrokimia PDP dan EIS menunjukkan bahwa PEO 15 menit menunjukkan kinerja korosi yang paling baik, memiliki rapat arus korosi terendah sebesar 1,20 × 10-7 A.cm−2 dan hambatan tertinggi sebesar 706,8 Ω.cm2 dan 1,65 × 104 Ω.cm2. Tetapi, uji mekanik menunjukkan bahwa PEO 15 menitmemiliki tingkat keausan yang tinggi sebesar 20,8 mm3/mm dan kekerasan sebesar 143 HV. Sedangkan PEO 20 menit nilai keausan lebih rendah sekitar 8 mm3/mm dan kekerasan sebesar 159,4 HV serta sudut kontak sebesar 78˚.

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The lightweight metal aluminum (Al) and its alloys exhibit mechanical properties suitable for use in the aerospace, shipping, and automotive sectors. Surface protection of Al metal is necessary to enhance corrosion and wear resistance. Plasma Electrolysis Oxidation (PEO) produces thick and crystalline oxide layers, thus improving high corrosion resistance and high wear resistance. The mechanical and corrosion characteristics of PEO oxide layers greatly depend on the thickness and morphology of the layers determined by time and plasma characteristics. In this study, PEO was performed on 7075-T651 series Al alloy using a mixed electrolyte of 30 g/l Na2SiO3, 30 g/l KOH, 30 g/l Na3PO4, and 20 g/l TEA at a constant current density of 200 A/m2 with time variations of 10, 15, and 20 minutes. The PEO layers were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) to analyze the crystal phase composition, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to analyze surface morphology and elemental composition. Corrosion behavior on the samples was evaluated through electrochemical tests, namely Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP). The mechanical properties of PEO layers were tested using the Vickers microhardness method, and wear resistance was tested using the Ogoshi method. The protective layer against corrosion increases over time with elements P, Si, O. XRD results show the presence of Al2O3, SiO2, and AlPO4 layers. PDP and EIS electrochemical test results indicate that PEO for 15 minutes shows the best corrosion performance, with the lowest corrosion current density of 1.20 × 10-7 A.cm−2 and the highest impedance of 706.8 Ω.cm2 and 1,65 × 104 Ω.cm2. However, mechanical tests show that the 15-minute PEO has a high wear rate of 20.8 mm3/mm and a hardness of 143 HV. Meanwhile, the 20-minute PEO has a lower wear rate of about 8 mm3/mm and a hardness of 159.4 HV, as well as a contact angle of 78˚."

"Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) digunakan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dan aus material kelongsong Pressurrized water reactor yaitu zircalloy-4 (Zr-4). Rapat arus merupakan salah satu parameter yang mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pelapisan PEO. Ada 3 rapat arus berbeda yang digunakan untuk proses PEO Zr-4 yaitu 30, 50 dan 70 mA/cm2 pada penelitian ini. Pengaruh rapat arus terhadap karakterisasi lapisan permukaan dan tampang lintang PEO, komposisi element dan fasa, evaluasi korosi dan ketahanan aus diamati. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa rapat arus 70 mA/cm2 memiliki ketahanan korosi terbaik dengan nilai Rcoating= 20 x106 Ω/cm2 karena memiliki komposisi element Si 27,74% sebagai pasif film. Namun rapat arus 70 mA/cm2 memiliki ketahanan aus yang paling baik yaitu laju keausan= 8,86 x 10-6 mm3/mm karena memiliki persentase pori terendah dibanding rapat arus lainnya yaitu 4,5%. Mempertimbangkan ketahanan aus yang lebih diperlukan dalam pengembangan pelapisan Zr-4, sehingga rapat arus 70 mA/cm2 adalah yang paling optimal dalam meningkatkan karakteristik Zr-4 dalam penelitian ini.

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Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is used to improve the corrosion and wear resistance of PWR cladding material, namely zircaloy-4. Current density is one of the parameters that affect the properties of the PEO coating. There are 3 different current densities used for the PEO Zr-4 process, namely 30, 50 and 70 mA/cm2 in this study. The effect of current density on the surface layer characterization and cross section of PEO, element and phase composition, evaluation of corrosion and wear resistance were observed. The experimental results show that the current density of 30 mA/cm2 has the best corrosion resistance Rcoating= 20 x106 Ω/cm2 because it has an elemental composition of 27.74% Si as a pasif film. However, the current density of 70 mA/cm2 has the best wear resistance because its surface porosity 4.5% is lowest than others. Considering that more wear resistance is needed in the development of Zr-4 coating, so that the current density of 70 mA is the most optimal in improving the characteristics of Zr-4 in this study."

"Selama beberapa tahun terakhir, penggunaan teknik pelapisan permukaan oleh industri manufaktur telah mengalami peningkatan secara signifikan, terutama pada industri manufaktur katup (valve). Salah satu teknik pelapisan permukaan yang dipakai adalah pengerasan permukaan (hardfacing). Proses pengerjaan logam ini menggunakan bahan yang lebih keras untuk diterapkan pada permukaan logam dasar agar terjadi peningkatan ketahanan terhadap abrasi, korosi, dan benturan maupun jenis keausan lainnya, terutama yang berkaitan dengan pencegahan bagian-bagian mesin terhadap kekuatan destruktif pada kilang dan pabrik kimia, tenaga uap dan pembangkit nuklir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan aus permukaan baja A216 WCB menggunakan pelapis berbahan Stellite 6. Pada penelitian ini parameter pelapisan permukaan menggunakan pelapis material Stellite 6 and penambahan pelapis antara (stainless steel ER309) sebelum pelapisan dengan stellite 6. Proses pelapisan permukaan baja karbon A216 WCB dilakukan dengan 2 layer kawat las stellite yang menggunakan proses pengelasan Tungsten Inert Gas (TI atau Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Sifat mekanis dan struktur mikro dilakukan pada produk pelapisan tersebut yaitu uji kekerasan, uji ketahanan aus dan pengamatan struktur mikro lapisan permukaan menggunakan mikroskop optic dan Scanning Electron Microscop (SEM) serta analisis presipitat serta fasa yang terbentuk diamati dan dievalusi menggunakan EDS. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian yaitu struktur mikro hasil pengelasan pada bagian logam las stellite 6 menghasilkan struktur yang lebih mengarah ke kolumnar. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi dihasilkan oleh stellite double layer, yaitu sebesar 443 HV, nilai uji aus tertinggi juga didapatkan pada benda uji stellite  double layer, yaitu sebesar 0.281 x 10-6 mm3/mm. buttering 309 dipilih untuk menurunkan nilai kekerasan sehingga tidak rawan terjadinya retak pada benda uji.

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Over the past few years, the use of surface coating techniques by the manufacturing industry has increased significantly, especially in the valve manufacturing industry. One of the surface coating techniques used is surface hardening (hardfacing). This metalworking process uses harder materials to be applied to the surface of the base metal to increase resistance to abrasion, corrosion, and other types of wear and tear, especially those related to preventing machine parts from destructive forces at refineries and chemical plants, power steam and nuclear power plants. This study aims to improve the wear resistance of A216 WCB steel surfaces using Stellite 6 coating. In this study the surface coating parameters use Stellite 6 material coatings and the addition of intermediate coatings (stainless steel ER309) before coating with stellite 6. The process of coating A216 carbon steel surfaces performed with 2 layers of stellite welding wires using the Tungsten Inert Gas (TI) welding process Mechanical properties and microstructure are carried out on these coating products namely hardness test, wear resistance test and observation of microstructure of surface layers using a microscope optics and Scanning Electron Microscop (SEM) as well as precipitate analysis and formed phases are observed and evaluated using EDS The results obtained from the study are the microstructure of welding results on the stellite 6 weld metal section produces a structure that is more directed to the columnar.The highest hardness value in ih produced by double layer stellite, which is equal to 443 HV, the highest wear test value is also obtained on the double layer stellite test object, which is equal to 0.281 x 10-6 mm3/mm. 309 buttering was chosen to reduce the value of hardness so that it is not prone to cracking in the test specimens."

"Baja ASTM A36 merupakan mild carbon steel yang banyak digunakan pada sektor infrastruktur, namun demikian baja karbon memiliki ketahanan korosi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan jenis baja lainnya, yang menyebabkan material ini rentan terhadap korosi dalam lingkungan atmosferik. Oleh sebab itu, untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosinya, baja ASTM A36 dapat dilapisi dengan glass flake epoxy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh perbedaan metode surface cleaning terhadap kekuatan adhesi glass flake epoxy yang diaplikasikan pada substrat baja tersebut dan ketahanan korosi yang dihasilkannya. Dalam penelitian ini diterapkan 5 (lima) jenis metode surface cleaning yaitu: (i) solvent cleaning, (ii) hand tool cleaning, (iii) power tool cleaning, (iv) power tool to bare metal cleaning, serta (v) abrasive blast cleaning. Selanjutnya, dilakukan proses pengukuran kekasaran permukaan dari masing-masing sampel baja ASTM A36 menggunakan metode field test, sebelum diaplikasikan cat dilakukan pengecekan kondisi lingkungan terlebih dahulu (dry and wet temperature, steel temperature, dew point temperature, serta relative humidity), kemudian glass-flake epoxy diaplikasikan pada permukaan substrat baja menggunakan roller paint brush. Setelah itu, dilakukan pengukuran wet dan dry film thickness. Metode analisis data dilakukan per lima sampel dari masing-masing pengujian yang dilakukan yakni pengujian salt spray, pengujian electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, serta dua pengujian adhesi yaitu pull off adhesion dan tape test test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan organic coating dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan metode surface cleaning yang diterapkan. Abrasive blast cleaning memiliki ketahanan korosi yang paling baik dengan rata-rata pelebaran (creepage) korosi paling rendah yakni 0.49 mm yang termasuk ke dalam rating number 9, dan kekuatan adhesi rata-rata tertinggi yaitu 3.16 MPa. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa, ketahanan korosi dipengaruhi oleh tingkat kebersihan, sementara kekuatan adhesi dipengaruhi oleh tingkat kekasaran.

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ASTM A36 steel is a mild carbon steel that is widely used in the infrastructure sector; however, carbon steel has a lower corrosion resistance compared to other types of steel, which makes this material susceptible to corrosion in atmospheric environments. Therefore, to improve its corrosion resistance, ASTM A36 steel can be coated with glass flake epoxy. This research aims to study the effect of different surface cleaning methods on the adhesion strength of glass flake epoxy applied to the steel substrate and the resulting corrosion resistance. In this research, five types of surface cleaning methods were applied, namely: (i) solvent cleaning; (ii) hand tool cleaning; (iii) power tool cleaning; (iv) power tool to bare metal cleaning; and (v) abrasive blast cleaning. Subsequently, the surface roughness measurement process for each ASTM A36 steel sample was carried out using the field test method. Prior to applying the paint, environmental conditions were checked first (dry and wet temperature, steel temperature, dew point temperature, and relative humidity), and then glass-flake epoxy was applied to the surface of the steel substrate using a roller paint brush. Afterward, wet and dry film thickness measurements were taken. The data analysis method was carried out on five samples from each test carried out, namely salt spray testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing, and two adhesion tests, namely pull-off adhesion and tape test tests. The results show that the organic coating ability is influenced by the different surface cleaning methods applied. Abrasive blast cleaning has the finest corrosion resistance with the lowest average corrosion creepage of 0.49 mm, which is included in rating number 9. In addition, the resulting average adhesion strength is also high at 3.16 MPa. It can be concluded that corrosion resistance is influenced by the degree of cleanliness, while adhesion strength is influenced by the degree of roughness."