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"Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Successful dental implant treatment requires knowledge of the precise location in connection with critical structures in maxillae and mandible. Injury to the nerve canal or perforation of maxillary antrum can cause paresthesia or antral infection that may leads to failure of the treatment. Measuring the height and width of residual alveolar ridge is necessary to select the appropriately sized implant as well as to assure the adequacy of bone. Presurgical radiographic evaluation of dental implants plays very important role in the success of implant treatment procedure. Various imaging modalities from conventional intraoral radiographs to more sophisticated and modern ones can be used for this purpose. The conventional imaging modalities have very limitted diagnostic information in accordance with details and accurate in bone evaluation of the implants sites. On the other hand, modern imaging modalities such as Dental CT have been proven to produce excellent image either for measuring or detailed evaluating the sites. Selecting the appropriate imaging modality will be one of the key to success in dental implant treatment."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 284-287Radiographic examination has a very important role in dental implant treatment, including preoperative planning and intra operative and postoperative assessment. ln preoperative planning, radiographic examination has an ability to visualize critical mandibular anatomic organ such as mandibular foramen, mandibular canals, and mental foramina, which will guide the choice of implant length, diameter, and position. Besides, it also can reveal variation of quality and quantity of the jaw bone. Radiographic examination for postoperative assessment of dental implant is usually addressed for evaluation of implant position. Development and application modem imaging modalities in dento-maxillofacial radiology have very important role for better accuracy and more comprehensive dental implant treatment. One of modern radiographic imaging technique for this purpose is conventional linier tomography. This modality yields visualization of bone quality and quantity in high detail and accuracy, including bone condition in buccallingual dimension. Thus the choice of implan type, shape and size can be obtained precisely and furthermore reducing iatrogenic damage of critical anatomic organ. Radiation dose of conventional linier tomography is relatively lower comparing with other modern imaging modalities such as CT scan, besides that it also has lower cost so it has beneficial economical point. However, for a certain case and condition, there will be some need for combining conventional linier tomography with other technique, such as the panoramic and periapical technique."

"ABSTRAKAsthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the lung airways whose cause is incompletely understood. A variety of disorders can result in asthma. The most common is an inheritet immunologic abnormality that allows inhalet antigens (allergens) to trigger a hypersensitivy response mediated by immunoglobulin E (Ig F) and thus produce bronchial narrowing. The circumstances leading to an episode of asthma should be analyzed to identify possible precipitating factors. In oral infection focus may be important in precipitating attacks. Asthma medications can contibute to xerostomia making individuals who use medications more susceptible to caries and periodontal disease. The goal of the dental management of the patient asthma is to avoid precipitating an acute attack. Report of case: Oral treatment for an elamination of the causes of infection focus for girls at 11 years old."

"The demand of implant restorations is increasing due to its superiority in function, safety and comfort. However, aesthetic disharmony commonly occurs, due to metal color, implants profile, position and engulations. To overcome this limitation, it is important to balance the aesthetic with the biomechanical requirements. This requires implant selection (material, shape and angulations), modifying superstructure (retainer, pontic, attachment) to improve improper implants position and angulations and preprosthetic bone augmentation to facilitate implant placement to fulfil aesthetic and biomechanical requirements."

"Jika sebuah atau beberapa gigi hilang, maka dibutuhkan perawatan untuk menggantikan gigi-gigi tersebut. Salah satu perawatannya adalah dengan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan. Untuk mendapatkan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan yang optimal dibutuhkan preparasi gigi penyangga yang optimal pula yang sesuai dengan prinsip preparasi, tanpa membahayakan pulpa dan jaringan sekitar. Salah satu prinsip yang harus diketahui adalah mengenai banyaknya pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi penyangga. Mahasiswa profesi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia diharapkan dapat menerapkan pemahaman teori mengenai prinsip preparasi gigi penyangga pada perawatan dengan Gigi Tiruan Jembatan pada aplikasi klinis. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh hal ini dapat tercapai dengan melihat banyaknya pengambilan jaringan gigi penyangga. Data dikumpulkan dari 11 model studi dan 11 model kerja secara konsekutif, sehingga terdapat 21 elemen gigi penyangga yang dievaluasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan satu kali pengamatan dan oleh satu orang peneliti. Hasil yang didapat adalah rata-rata pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi posterior atas pada aspek aksial yaitu berkisar antara 0,6 sampai 1,4 mm; dan pada aspek oklusal berkisar antara 1,3 sampai 1,7 mm, sedangkan rata-rata pengambilan jaringan mahkota gigi posterior bawah pada aspek aksial berkisar antara 0,5 sampai 2,0 mm; dan pada aspek oklusal berkisar antara 1,5 sampai 1,8 mm. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa profesi belum mengaplikasikan prinsip dan teknik preparasi dengan benar, terutama mengenai banyaknya pengambilan jaringan gigi penyangga pada aspek aksial.

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When a tooth was missing in dental arch, treatment to replace that condition is needed. Fixed Partial Dentures is considered as one of the most popular treatment of choice in order to replace a missing tooth or teeth. To have a success Fixed Partial Dentures, an optimal abutment teeth preparation should meet the principal of tooth preparation, without dangering pulp and surrounding tissues. One of the principles that must be known is the depth reduction of abutment teeth. Dental student are expected to have the ability in implementation of their knowledge to the real clinical work. This study was conducted to investigate how much the depth of an abutment tooth/ teeth reduction done by dental student at Prosthodontics Departement of Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. The data were collected from 11 study models and 11 working models concecutively, hence 21 abutment teeth were evaluated. The research was done by one time evaluation and by one researcher. From the data evaluated, it can be reported that the average depth of axial reduction of posterior maxillary abutment teeth is 0,6 - 1,4 mm and occclusal reduction ranged between 1,3 - 1,7 mm in comparison to the axial reduction of posterior mandibulary abutment teeth that ranged between 0,5 - 2,0 mm and occlusal reduction ranged between 1,5 - 1,8 mm. Therefore, it can be concluded that the knowledge they mastered for Fixed Partial Dentures regarding abutment teeth preparation has not been implemented optimally, especially for axial reduction."

"Selection of the whitening technique for tooth whitening in pediatric use should be based on the types of the stains and discoloration, and depth of the stains. if superficial, stains can be removed by microabrasion, but for deeper stains bleaching materials must be used. Use the bleaching materials or bleaching product should also be based on the concentration of active ingredient, the viscosity of the product, and tooth sensitivity."

"Perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat merupakan perawatan yang cukup banyak dilakukan untuk mengatasi kasus kehilangan gigi. Salah satu perawatan dengan gigi tiruan cekat adalah gigi tiruan jembatan. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan perawatan dengan gigi tiruan jembatan. Preparasi gigi merupakan hal yang paling penting karena preparasi gigi akan menghasilkan bentuk untuk menjadi fondasi bagi gigi tiruan tersebut. Preparasi gigi penyangga yang optimal untuk pembuatan gigi tiruan jembatan sukar dilakukan dengan sempurna. Pada preparasi gigi penyangga, syarat mekanis untuk mendapatkan retensi dan resistensi yang baik adalah pembentukan dinding aksial dengan derajat kemiringan/konvergensi tertentu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat derajat konvergensi mesiodistal pada preparasi gigi penyangga berdasarkan lokasi gigi di RSGMP FKG UI. Data diperoleh dari 20 model kerja yang didapat dari pasien gigi tiruan jembatan di klinik Prostodonsia RSGMP FKG UI secara konsekutif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 40 gigi penyangga yang telah dipreparasi dengan satu kali pengamatan terhadap sudut konvergensi mesiodistal menggunakan kamera digital. Setelah itu dihitung rata-rata sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan lokasi gigi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang paling kecil dibentuk adalah pada preparasi gigi anterior rahang atas kiri dan sudut konvergensi mesiodistal yang terbesar adalah pada preparasi gigi molar rahang atas kiri. Berdasarkan penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin posterior lokasi gigi yang dipreparasi, semakin besar derajat konvergensi mesiodistal yang dibentuk. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena akses untuk gigi posterior lebih sulit, yaitu berkaitan dengan visualisasi yang terbatas. Selain itu, gigi posterior memiliki bentuk anatomis dengan keliling/diameter permukaan yang lebih besar dibanding dengan gigi anterior sehingga sulit untuk mendeteksi sudut dengan derajat kecil.

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Fixed prostheses is becoming more frequent and common treatment in field of dentistry for replacing a missing tooth. An example of such treatment is by utilizing a bridge. There are a number of factors that influences the successful outcome of bridge work treatment. Tooth preparation is considered as the most important stage in any dental restoration because it serves as the foundation in any restoration procedure. Optimal abutment tooth preparation in bridge construction is usually difficult and is rarely achieved perfectly. During abutment tooth preparation, mechanical requirements for good retention and resistance can be obtained by a form of convergence angle/taper. The objective of this study is to investigate the degree of mesiodistal convergence in abutment tooth preparation based on tooth location in Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. The data used are extracted consecutively from 20 working models developed for bridge patients in the hospital, and with 40 abutment teeth already prepared from a single observation of mesiodistal convergence angle using a digital camera. Mesiodistal convergence angle are measured in order to derive average values and, than, to be grouped based on teeth locations. This study reveals that the smallest mesiodistal convergence angle is formed in left upper jaw anterior tooth preparation, while left upper jaw molar tooth preparation produced the largest mesiodistal convergence angle. Based on the analysis derived in this study, it can be concluded that when the location of the treated tooth is more posterior, the angle of mesiodistal convergence will become larger. This may be due to the fact that posterior teeth are normally more difficult to be reached since visually it is more limited. In addition, posterior teeth have larger surface area due to wider circumference or diameter compared to anterior teeth and, hence, causing more difficulties in detecting angle with less degrees."

"The variation of teeth number can occur at initiation phase of tooth development, the etiology is unclear but it be supposed by the excessive lamina dental activity. The supernumerary teeth can be single or multiple, at one side or two side, with conical, tubercle or normal form, undergo eruption or impacted, and with parallel or contrary direction of teeth development. The supernumerary teeth in incisive region is mesiodens. In this case report, the supernumerary teeth occured at mixed tooth period which it result in the tooth arrangement is bad. The mesiodens was extracted as the position of upper jaw central incisive teeth were corrected. The second supernumerary tooth with contrary direction was removed by surgery."