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"The variation of teeth number can occur at initiation phase of tooth development, the etiology is unclear but it be supposed by the excessive lamina dental activity. The supernumerary teeth can be single or multiple, at one side or two side, with conical, tubercle or normal form, undergo eruption or impacted, and with parallel or contrary direction of teeth development. The supernumerary teeth in incisive region is mesiodens. In this case report, the supernumerary teeth occured at mixed tooth period which it result in the tooth arrangement is bad. The mesiodens was extracted as the position of upper jaw central incisive teeth were corrected. The second supernumerary tooth with contrary direction was removed by surgery."

"Traumatic usually in children because falls and the treatment is moderate. Frequency of traumatic is 7-13% from all traumatic case in primary dentition. Avultion is one of its and the treatment is replantation. This treatment needs an accurate examination. The function of primary dentition is for bite, talk and estetics expecially for the children in the growth and development stage. In this case the patient is a girl 3 1/2 years old, with incisive central upper jaw avultion because of falls replantation is the choise treatment, replantation be done 4 hours after falls. The clinical result after 5 month is no luxation, and the radiographic interpretation is good bone healing in incisive central."

"The primary tooth with caries process could be abscess and became non-vital inflammation of the pulp tissue extents into the root canals. An effort to maintain the non-vital primary teeth with fistula ispulpectomy. The primary tooth pulpectomy is a common clinical procedure. The choice of filling material and antibacterial properties against organism to inhabit infected primary root canal is important. The choice of filling material is zinc oxide eugenol and antibacterial medicament is formocresol. One appointment formocresol pulpectomy procedure is indicated when inflammation of the pulp tissueextend into the root canals, and possibly involves the periapical and/or bifurcation area. ln this case, after treatment with one-appointment formocresol pulpectomy in non-vital incisive lateral primary tooth withfistula is successful in one and eight months. This procedure provides an alternative to extraction and space maintenance when the pediatric dentist encounters a non-vital primary tooth."

"Maple Syrup Urine Disease is a disparity of leusin decarboxilation and isoleusin of valin defect that is synthesized with complex enzyme systems. It is a rare disease and represents disparity. In some cases can generate ketosis that grows according to health change and can cause comma. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease was not clearly mentioned, there is only a factor such as infection which is very dangerous at any age and can generate irregular metabolism. Dental treatment of a child with Maple Syrup Urine Disease accompanied by mental retardation must to be done continuously to avoid infections that can result the death of the patient."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 388-392Bottle-feeding period more than one year may influence the occlusion and will disturb the formation of strong muscle jaw. This effect will give an adverse result to permanent teeth. The type of malocclusion resulted from bad oral habit, may vary, depends on the type of oral habit, intensity, duration and frequency. The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between duration of bottle-feeding and occlusion of primary teeth. The following occlusion relationship examined were overbite, overjet, caninus relationship, and terminal plane. The design of this study was cross-sectional analytic, which was carried out in pre-school children aged between 3-5 years old. The duration of bottle-feeding was categorized in 24 months, 25-36 months, 37-48 months, and >48 months. Overbite and overjet were measured from the cast using a digital caliper. Caninus relationship and terminal plane were also measured from the cast. The result of Pearson Correlation test revealed a weak relationships between the period of bottle-feeding and overbite (0,329) and overjet (r=0,372), whereas the result of Chi-Square test, used to investigate the correlation between caninus (r=0,111) and terminal plane was not statistically significant (r=0,170). Anova test was carried out to observe the difference of overbite and overjet affected by duration of bottle feeding. The result demonstrated an increase of overbite and overjet if duration of bottle-feeding was prolonged. Turkey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration and overbite shows significant differences between group of <24 months, 25-36 months, and groups of 37-48 months, >48 months duration. Mean while Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration on overjet shows significant differences between group of <24 months, group 37-48 months, and >48 months duration. "

"It has been shown that more than 40 percent of the apical radiolucencies are radicular cyst, numerous endodontist claims that from 85 to 90 percent of apical lesions disappear or become reduced in size following conservative endodontic treatment and do not required surgical intervention. Maxillary anterior teeth are more frequently susceptible to trauma and there are numerous morphologic anomalies associated with maxillary incisors especially lateral incisors its call palato-radiocular groove (PRG), its caused non vital have been implicated in formation of periapical lesions. Periapical lesions can be cured by conventional endodontic treatment used Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal medication. One case with radicular cyst on the maxillary lateral incisors because of trauma 2 years ago will be presented. Fifteenth months during treatment showed that the cyst reduced in size and symptomless."

"Sekitar 90 persen balita di Indonesia mengalami kerusakan gigi, karena sebagian besar masyarakatIndonesia menganggap kesehatan gigi bukan prioritas. Perawatan gigi dan mulut pada anak sangatmenentukan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada tingkat perkembangan selanjutnya. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara persepsi tentang perawatan gigi yang dimiliki orang tuadengan kejadian sakit gigi pada balita. Penelitian dilaksanakan 07-08 Mei 2008 di RW 06 Ciganjur JakartaSelatan. Desain penelitian deskriptif korelasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling sejumlah70 responden. Alat yang digunakan berupa kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 35 orang tua (53%) mempunyai persepsi positif dan 31 orang tua (47%) mempunyai persepsi negatif. Selain itu tidak adahubungan yang bermakna antara persepsi orang tua dan kejadian sakit gigi pada balita di RW 06 CiganjurJakarta Selatan. Penelitian in merekomendasikan agar penelitian berikutnya menggunakan jumlah sampelyang lebih besar."

"Karbohidrat merupakan sumber energi terpenting yang dibutuhkan pada masa pertumbuhan anak. Karbohidrat merupakan faktor terpenting pada proses terjadinya karies. Prevalensi karies di Indonesia untuk kelompok usia 5 – 9 tahun berdasarkan RISKESDAS 2018 sebesar 92,6%. Kerentanan gigi untuk terkena karies mencapai titik maksimum setelah 2 – 3 tahun pasca erupsi. Gigi Molar permanen pertama dapat menggambarkan kondisi keparahan karies dalam rongga mulut sebagai gigi permanen yang tumbuh pertama kali. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan jenis dan frekuensi konsumsi karbohidrat terhadap karies gigi Molar satu permanen pada anak usia 8 – 9 tahun. Metode: Desain studi cross sectional. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 109 anak yang dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling. Variabel yang digunakan bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi karbohidrat dan kudapan dengan karies gigi Molar satu permanen. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) digunakan untuk mengukur frekuensi konsumsi karbohidrat dan pemeriksaan klinis karies gigi Molar satu permanen menggunakan ICDAS. Kesimpulan: terdapat hubungan tidak bermakna antara frekuensi konsumsi karbohidrat makanan utama dan karbohidrat kudapan terhadap karies gigi Molar satu permanen anak usia 8- 9 tahun

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Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy needed during a child's growth. Carbohydrates are the most important factor in the process of caries. The prevalence of caries in Indonesia for the 5-9 years age group based on RISKESDAS 2018 is 92.6%. Tooth susceptibility to caries reaches its maximum point after 2 to 3 years after eruption. The first permanent Molars can describe the condition of the severity of caries in the oral cavity as a permanent tooth that grows first. Aim: To analyse the relationship between type and frequency of carbohydrate consumption against caries of permanent first Molar teeth in children aged 8 – 9 years. Method: Cross sectional study design. There were 109 study subjects, selected using purposive sampling. The variable used aims to analyse the relationship between the frequency of carbohydrate consumption and snacks with dental caries for permanent first Molar. food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used to measure the frequency of carbohydrate consumption and clinical examination of dental permanent first Molar teeth using ICDAS. Conclusion: there is no significant relationship between the frequency of carbohydrate as main course consumption and carbohydrate as snacks on dental caries in permanent first Molar children aged 8- 9 years"

"The objective of this research was to know the difference of Compomer (Dyract, Dentsplay) penetration in dentin of primary and permanent teeth after applied by Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRC). The samples were observed by Scanning Electron Inicroscopy = SEM (1200 X mag) and the length of Compomer penetration in dentin tubules after applied by non-rinse conditioner were measured. T test showed that Compomer penetration in primary teeth was shorter compared to permanent teeth (t=3.474, p=0.001)."