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"Rock compressibility is an important formation rock properties. It influences various processes in reservoir and rock formations that encompass from sources of reservoir driving energy, changes in other reservoir properties, to land subsidence. "

"Daerah penelitian berada pada Formasi Klapanunggal tersusun atas batugamping berumur Miosen Tengah dan bagian dari Palung Bogor Utara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi karakteristik fasies yang dikelompokan dalam asosiasi fasies, serta pemodelan biofasies dengan metode analisis kuantitatif klaster dengan fosil foraminifera bentonik pada daerah penelitian. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengumpulan data lapangan, pengukuran penampang stratigrafi, analisis petrografi, dan analisis mikropaleontologi. Berdasarkan analisis makroskopis melalui data lapangan dan mikroskopis melalui analisis petrografi, didapatkan adanya F1 - Skeletal Packstone, F2 - Skeletal Wackestone,  F3 - Mudstone, F4 - Skeletal Floatstone, F5 – Skeletal Rudstone, F6 - Coral Bindstone. Fasies tersebut dikelompokan menjadi asosiasi fasies pada platform margin reef yang terbagi menjadi back reef dan reef front. Dari analisis mikroskopis didapatkan 12 spesies dan 4 genus foraminifera bentonik yang dilanjutkan adanya analisis biofasies menggunakan metode kuantitatif klaster sehingga mendapatkan Biofasies A – Amphistegina sp, Biofasies B – Asterorotalia sp, dan Biofasies C – Elphidium sp.  Dari kehadiran foraminifera tersebut dan asosiasi fasies dapat diketahui variasi lingkungan pengendapan daerah penelitian yang terbagi 2 yaitu fasies back reef memiliki hubungan dengan Asterorotalia sp  pada back reef inner dan Elphidium sp pada fasies back reef outer dengan batimetri 0 - 50 m, serta fasies dari reef front dengan hubungan pada biofasies Amphistegina sp dengan batimetri  50 - 100 m.

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The research area is in the Klapanunggal Formation composed of Middle Miocene limestone and part of the North Bogor Trench. The purpose of this study was to identify facies characteristics grouped in facies associations, as well as biofacies modeling using quantitative analysis methods clusters with benthic foraminifera fosils in the study area. The methods used in this study were field data collection, stratigraphic cross-sectional measurement, petrographic analysis, and micropaleontological analysis. Based on macroscopic analysis through field data and microscopic analysis through petrographic analysis, it was found that there were F1 - Skeletal Packstone, F2 - Skeletal Wackestone, F3 - Mudstone, F4 - Skeletal Floatstone, F5 - Skeletal Rudstone, F6 - Coral Bindstone. These facies are grouped into facies associations on the margin reef platform which is divided into back reef and reef front. From microscopic analysis, 12 species and 4 genera of benthic foraminifera were obtained, followed by biofacies analysis using cluster quantitative methods to obtain Biofacies A – Amphistegina sp, Biofacies B – Asterorotalia sp, and Biofacies C – Elphidium sp. From the presence of these foraminifera and facies associations, it can be seen that the variation of the depositional environment of the study area is divided into 2, namely the back reef facies having a relationship with Asterorotalia sp on the inner back reef and Elphidium sp on the outer back reef facies with a bathymetry of 0-50 m, and the reef front facies. with the relationship between the biofacies of Amphistegina sp with a bathymetry of 50 - 100 m."

"Cadangan minyak dan gas bumi saat ini kian menipis sehingga diperlukan metode yang tepat dalam ekplorasi untuk mencari zona prospek yang baru guna menjaga kestabilan produksi cadangan. Analisis petrofisika merupakan salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi batuan reservoir dengan tujuan mengidentifikasi zona prospek dan jenis hidrokarbon yang terkandung. Reservoir karbonat merupakan salah satu reservoir produsen hidrokarbon terbesar di Indonesia karena batuan karbonat memiliki nilai porositas dan permeabilitas yang baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi batuan gamping sebagai reservoir pada Formasi Baturaja yang berlokasi di Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara. Data yang digunakan berupa 2 data sumur beserta data core. Data Log Well-1 yang terdiri dari data kedalaman, Caliper, Gamma Ray, SP, Resistivitas, DT, NPHI, RHOB, DRHO, PEF. Data log well-1 yang digunakan terdiri dari 19.577 titik data pada kedalaman 347 – 3330 meter. Data Log Well-2 yang terdiri dari data kedalaman, Caliper, Gamma Ray, SP, ILD, ILM, MSFL, DT, NPHI, RHOB. Data well-2 tersebut terdiri dari 11.829 titik data pada kedalaman 1173 – 2976 meter. Metodologi yang dilakukan antara lain: koreksi lingkungan, zonasi, korelasi antar sumur, analisis volume clay, perhitungan nilai resistivitas air formasi, interpretasi porositas dan saturasi air, perhitungan permeabilitas, penentuan nilai penggal/cutoff, dan perhitungan saturasi hidrokarbon. Didapatkan informasi berupa log parameter petrofisika yaitu: porositas, permeabilitas, kandungan lempung, saturasi air, saturasi hidrokarbon. Berdasarkan metode yang digunakan didapati bahwa zona potensi reservoir dan zona potensi lapisan produktif pada Well-1 berada pada kedalaman 2374.2-2394.7 dan 2488.2-2507.2 meter. Pada Well-2 didapatkan zona potensi dengan kedalaman 2345.8-2363.8 meter, 2373.8-2434.3 meter, dan 2447.8-2465.3. Zona potensi ini divalidasi dengan analisis data core menggunakan metode Petrophysical Rock Type (PRT) melalui pendekatan Hydraulic Flow Unit (HFU) untuk mengklasifikasikan tipe batuan dan mendeskripsikan karakteristik petrofisika dari reservoir.

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Oil and gas reserves are currently depleting, so proper methods are required in exploration to discover new prospect zones to maintain the stability of reserve production. One of the methods for identifying the prospect zone and type of hydrocarbons contained in reservoir rocks is petrophysical analysis. Because carbonate rocks have a high porosity and permeability value, they are one of Indonesia's largest hydrocarbon producing reservoirs. The characterization of limestone as a reservoir in the Baturaja formation in the North West Java Basin was studied in this research. T The data was obtained in the form of two wells and core data. Depth data, Caliper, Gamma Ray, SP, resistivity, DT, NPHI, RHOB, DRHO, and PEF are all included in the Well-1 Log Data. There are 19,577 data points in the well-1 log data, which was collected at a depth of 347–3330 meters. Well-2 Log Data consisting of depth data, Caliper, Gamma Ray, SP, ILD, ILM, MSFL, DT, NPHI, RHOB. The well-2 data consists of 11,829 data points at a depth of 1173 - 2976 meters. Methodologies include: environmental correction, zoning, correlation between wells, clay volume analysis, calculation of water resistance values formation, interpretation of porosity and saturation of water, calculation of permeability, determination of cutoff values, and calculation of hydrocarbon saturation. Information obtained in the form of logs of petrophysical parameters, namely: porosity, permeability, clay content, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation so that it is known. Based on the method used it is found that the reservoir potential zone and productive layer potential zone in Well-1 are at depths of 2374.2-2394.7 and 2488.2-2507.2 meters. In Well-2 obtained potential zones with a depth of 2345.8-2363.8 meters, 2373.8-2434.3 meters, and 2447.8-2465.3. Core data analysis using the petrophysical rock type (PRT) method through the Hydraulic Flow Unit (HFU) approach to classify rock type and describe petrophysical characteristics of reservoir validates this potential zone."

"Pembangunan pada area pesisir di Indonesia dengan lapisan Limestone atau lapisan kapur atau Karst berupa fasilitas biasa hingga fasilitas vital negara seperti Terminal Bahan Bakar Minyak, Pengolahan Gas, Pembangkit listrik dan bangunan-bangunan penting lainnya menghadapi tantangan terutama pada desain dan kontruksi struktur dan peralatan dengan beban yang sangat berat. Desain dan kontruksi struktur dan pondasi di bidang-bidang tertentu seperti bangunan oil and gas diatur oleh code-code internasional yang mempunyai batasan teknis lebih ketat daripada peraturan-peraturan di bidang teknik sipil sendiri.Penggunaan lahan dengan lapisan limestone mempunyai potensi bahaya terkait dengan beragamnya jenis struktur lapisan di kedalaman tertentu yang terkadang tidak bisa diprediksi. Lapisan limestone mempunyai bentuk yang sangat beragam dan unik sehingga dapat menyebabkan kegagalan pondasi dan struktur diatasnya yang sudah dianggap menggunakan desain dan data yang benar tanpa penyelidikan dan pemahaman lebih detail. Untuk mendapatkan perencanaan desain dan rencana pembangunan yang baik pada lapisan limestone membutuhkan pengambilan data spesifik untuk batuan yang membantu memahami kualitas lapisan batuan yang dihadapi untuk membantu dalam melakukan Analisa yang memadai.Jenis data Limestone yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu limestone dengan tipe Very Low Strenght. Salah satu karakteristik lapisan limestone yang menjadi pembahasan adalah Cavities. Cavities adalah lubang atau void dari hasil peremukan/peruntuhan dari batuan (dalam penelitian ini) kapur atau limestone yang akan menjadi masalah apabila lapisan diatas cavities tersebut tidak mempunyai strength yang cukup untuk menopang pondasi yang bertumpu di permukaan lapisan tersebutPembangunan pada area pesisir di Indonesia dengan lapisan Limestone atau lapisan kapur atau Karst berupa fasilitas biasa hingga fasilitas vital negara seperti Terminal Bahan Bakar Minyak, Pengolahan Gas, Pembangkit listrik dan bangunan-bangunan penting lainnya menghadapi tantangan terutama pada desain dan kontruksi struktur dan peralatan dengan beban yang sangat berat. Desain dan kontruksi struktur dan pondasi di bidang-bidang tertentu seperti bangunan oil and gas diatur oleh code-code internasional yang mempunyai batasan teknis lebih ketat daripada peraturan-peraturan di bidang teknik sipil sendiri.

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Developments in coastal areas in Indonesia with Limestone layers or Karst in the form of ordinary facilities to vital state facilities such as Oil Fuel Terminals, Gas Processing, Power Plants and other important buildings face challenges, especially in design and construction for structure and equipment with heavy load and or very heavy load. The design and construction of structure and foundation in certain fields such as oil and gas buildings is regulated by international codes which have more stringent technical limitations than regulations in the field of civil engineering itself.

Land use with limestone layers has potential hazards related to the various types of layer structures at certain depths which are sometimes unpredictable. Limestone layers have a very diverse and unique shape that can cause failure of the foundation and the structure above it which has been assumed using the correct design and data without further investigation and understanding. To get a good design and contruction planning on limestone layers requires taking specific data for rocks that help understand the quality of the rock layers encountered to assist in carrying out an adequate analysis.

The type of Limestone parameter used in this study is limestone with the Very Low Strength type. One of the characteristics of the limestone layer that is being discussed is Cavities. Cavities are holes or voids resulting from the crushing of rocks (in this study) limestone or limestone which will be a problem if the layer above the cavities does not have sufficient strength to support the foundation that rests on the surface of the layer."

"Endut merupakan gunung yang terletak di Provinsi Banten. Di beberapa daerah, Gunung Endut memiliki fasies batugamping yang umumnya mengendap di lingkungan laut. Berdasarkan Peta Geologi Lembaran Leuwidamar, fasies batugamping di daerah penelitian termasuk dalam Formasi Bojongmanik dan Formasi Badui serta berada di Zona Fisiografi Bogor. Di Gunung Endut, batugamping yang ada muncul pada masa pra vulkanik, padahal pada umumnya hampir semua batugamping yang ada di Jawa ditemukan dalam bentuk singkapan di Zona Pegunungan Selatan yang terbentuk pada masa pasca vulkanik. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada identifikasi secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis batugamping dalam menentukan mikrofasi batugamping yang nantinya dapat lebih akurat menentukan sebaran fasies dan sejarah geologi batugamping di kawasan Gunung Endut. Fitur makroskopis dari setiap sampel batu kapur diklasifikasikan berdasarkan Klasifikasi Dunham yang dimodifikasi oleh Embry & Klovan, sedangkan fitur mikroskopis dari setiap sampel batu kapur diklasifikasikan menurut Standar Mikrofasies dan Model Sabuk Wajah yang dimodifikasi oleh Wilson. Hasil akhir analisis dapat menambah informasi terkait sebaran fasies dan sejarah geologi batugamping di daerah penelitian secara lebih detail dibandingkan penelitian sebelumnya.

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Mount Endut is a mountain located in Banten Province. In some areas, Mount Endut has limestone facies which generally settle in the marine environment. Based on the Geological Map of the Leuwidamar Sheet, the limestone facies in the study area are included in the Bojongmanik Formation and the Badui Formation and are in the Bogor Physiographic Zone. At Mount Endut, existing limestones appeared in the pre-volcanic period, whereas in general almost all of the limestones in Java are found in the form of outcrops in the Southern Mountain Zone which were formed in the post-volcanic period. This research focuses on the macroscopic and microscopic identification of limestone in determining limestone microfation which later can more accurately determine the facies distribution and geological history of limestone in the Mount Endut area. The macroscopic features of each limestone sample were classified according to the Dunham Classification modified by Embry & Klovan, while the microscopic features of each limestone sample were classified according to the Microfacies Standard and Wilson-modified Face Belt Model. The final results of the analysis can add information related to the distribution of facies and the geological history of limestone in the study area in more detail than previous studies."

"Gunung Kapur merupakan bukit karbonat yang bersifat soliter berumur Miosen yang masuk ke dalam Anggota Batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik dengan litologi penyusun berupa batugamping. Gunung Kapur berlokasi di Kecamatan Ciampea, Kabupaten Bogor. Studi diagenesis dilakukan di lokasi ini dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui rezim diagenesis dan proses-proses diagenesis yang bekerja pada batuan beserta korelasinya terhadap porositas batuan. Hal yang akan dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pemetaan geologi, pengambilan sampel batugamping, analisis megaskopis batuan, dan analisis petrografi. Pada hasil kegiatan lapangan didapatkan 10 sampel yang dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode petrografi. Proses-proses diagenesis di daerah penelitian yang menambah porositas adalah disolusi, alterasi biogenik, dan kompaksi sedangkan yang mengurangi nilai porositas adalah sementasi, kompaksi, dan neomorfisme. Tipe-tipe porositas yang terbentuk adalah burrow, intrapartikel, interpartikel, interkristalin, fracture, channel, vuggy, dan moldic. Adapun nilai porositas yang didapatkan dari sampel adalah 1,71% hingga 18,38% berdasarkan perhitungan point counting sehingga disimpulkan bahwa kualitas porositas di daerah penelitian yaitu negligible sampai good. Berdasarkan bukti proses diagenesis yang ditemukan, rezim diagenesis di daerah penelitian adalah rezim laut, rezim bawah permukaan, dan rezim meteorik freatik.

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Gunung Kapur is a solitary carbonate hill of Miocene age which included in the Anggota Batugamping Formasi Bojongmanik with the lithology consisting of limestone. Gunung Kapur located in Ciampea District, Bogor Regency. Diagenesis studies were carried out at this location to know the diagenesis regime and the diagenesis process's impact on rocks and their correlation to rock porosity. Research activities that will be used in this research are geological mapping, limestone sampling, rock megascopic analysis, and petrographic analysis. The results from field activities, 10 samples were obtained which were further analyzed using the petrographic method. Diagenesis processes in the research area that increase porosity are dissolution, biogenic alteration, and compaction, while those that reduce porosity are cementation, compaction, and neomorphism. The types of porosity formed are burrow, intraparticle, interparticle, intercrystalline, fracture, channel, vuggy, and moldic. The porosity values obtained from the samples are 1.71% to 18.38% based on point counting calculations so it can be concluded that the porosity quality in the research area is negligible to good. Based on diagenesis processes evidence, the diagenesis regime in study area are marine regime, burial regime, and meteoric phreatic regim"

"Daerah penelitian terletak pada Formasi Klapanunggal, di Kecamatan Klapanunggal, Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan umur Miosen Tengah hingga Miosen Akhir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kisaran umur litologi, karakteristik fasies, dan paleoekologi Formasi Klapanunggal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengumpulan data lapangan, pengukuran penampang stratigrafi, analisis petrografi, dan analisis mikropaleontologi. Berdasarkan analisis makroskopis melalui data lapangan dan analisis mikroskopis melalui analisis petrografi, didapatkan lima klasifikasi fasies pada daerah penelitian, yaitu Larger Foraminifera Floatstone, Larger Foraminifera Rudstone, Coral Bindstone, Skeletal Floatstone, dan Skeletal Rudstone. Berdasarkan distribusi dan kelimpahan foraminifera bentonik yang ada pada daerah penelitian yaitu Alveolinella quoyi, Amphistegina lessonii, Amphistegina radiata, Archaias angulatus, Asterorotalia yabei, Borelis melo, Elphidium craticulatum, Operculina ammonoides, Operculina complanata, Pyrgo depressa, Sphaerogypsina globulus, dan Triloculina oblonga, mencerminkan intensitas cahaya pada zona mesophotic sampai oligophotic menempel pada substrat berbutir kasar maupun halus dengan kedalaman air laut hingga 50 meter di bawah permukaan laut dan memiliki salinitas normal hingga hypersaline. Hidup pada zona tropis yang memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang rendah, sehingga foraminifera bersimbiosis dengan alga yang berperan sebagai sumber makanan bagi organisme.

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The research area is located in the Klapanunggal Formation, Klapanunggal District, Bogor Regency, West Java Province with an age of Middle Miocene to Late Miocene. The purpose of this study was to identify the age range of the lithology, facies characteristics, and paleoecological condition of the Klapanunggal Formation. The methods that used in this research were field data collection, stratigraphic cross-sectional measurement, petrographic analysis, and micropaleontological analysis. Based on macroscopic analysis trough field data and microscopic analysis through petrographical analysis, five facies classifications were obtained in the research area, namely Larger Foraminifera Floatstone, Larger Foraminifera Rudstone, Coral Bindstone, Skeletal Floatstone, and Skeletal Rudstone. Based on the distribution of benthic foraminifera in the area, namely Alveolinella quoyi, Amphistegina lessonii, Amphistegina radiata, Archaias angulatus, Asterorotalia yabei, Borelis melo, Elphidium craticulatum, Operculina ammonoides, Operculina complanata, Pyrgo depressa, Sphaerogypsina globulus, and Triloculina oblonga, reflecting light intensity in the mesophotic to oligophotic zone attached to coarse and fine grained substrates with sea water depths up to 50 meters under the sea level and having normal to hypersaline salinities. Living in tropical zone which have low nutrient content, so foraminifera are in symbiosis with algae which act as food sources for organisms."

"Indonesia memiliki kekayaan sumber daya geologi yang sangat beragam mulai dari bahan galian radioaktif, bahan galian non logam, bahan galian logam, dan bahan tambang lainnya. Salah satu sumber daya geologi yang terdapat hampir di semua pulau Indonesia adalah batu gamping, potensi batu gamping di Indonesia sangat besar dan tersebar hampir merata di seluruh kepulauan Indonesia. Salah satu daerah yang memiliki potensi tersebut adalah Desa Padabeunghar, wilayah ini menjadi fokus penelitian karena memiliki banyak wilayah izin usaha untuk pertambangan gamping dengan komoditas bahan industri yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat potensi sebaran batu gamping dan karakteristik wilayah dari tingkatan potensi sebaran batu gamping. Penelitian ini menggunakan 4 variabel diantaranya adalah mineral karbonat, indeks kerapatan vegetasi, tutupan lahan, dan kelas litologi yang dilakukan pengolahan data menggunakan penginderaan jauh dan sisitem informasi geografis, hasil pengolahan tersebut dilakukan validasi lapangan dengan peninjauan karakteristik wilayah dari survey lapangan untuk mengetahui karakteristik wilayah di wilayah sebaran potensi tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Desa Padabeunghar memiliki tingkat potensi sebaran yang sedang dengan batuan gamping ditemukan pada karakteristik tutupan lahan berupa semak belukar dan hutan.

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Indonesia has a wealth of geological resources that are very diverse, ranging from radioactive minerals, non-metallic minerals, metallic minerals, and other mining materials. One of the geological resources found in almost all Indonesian islands is limestone, the potential for limestone in Indonesia is very large and is spread almost evenly throughout the Indonesian archipelago. One area that has this potential is Padabeunghar Village, this area is the focus of research because it has many business license areas for limestone mining with different industrial material commodities. This study aims to determine the level of potential distribution of limestone and regional characteristics of the level of potential distribution of limestone. This study uses 4 variables including carbonate minerals, vegetation density index, land cover, and lithology class. Data processing is carried out using remote sensing and geographic information systems. the potential distribution area. The results showed that Padabeunghar Village has a medium distribution potential level with limestone found in land cover characteristics in the form of shrubs and forests."

"[ABSTRAKPotensi cadangan bijih mangan di Indonesia cukup besar, namun terdapatdi berbagai lokasi yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Komoditi ini menjadi bahanbaku yang tidak tergantikan di industri baja dunia. Ferromangan (FeMn)merupakan logam paduan dengan komposisi 75% Mangan (Mn) dan 25% besi (Fe)yang umumnya digunakan pada proses peleburan besi/baja guna memperbaikisifak-sifat mekanik dari produk yang dihasilkan.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh proses pencanpuranbijih Mn kadar rendah (LG) yang berasal dari Kab. Tanggamus, Lampung (16,3%Mn-19,2 %Fe-20,2 %Si) dengan bijih Mn kadar menengah (MG) yang berasaldari Jember, Jawa Timur (27,7 %Mn-4,4 %Fe-14,7%Si) sebagai bahan baku untukpembuatan logam FeMn dengan kandungan minimal sebesar 50 %Mn. Penelitianini dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali percobaan dengan variasi pada campuran bijih Mnyaitu [1] 25 %LG+75 %MG, [2] 50 %LG+50 %MG, [3] 75 %LG+25 %MG, [4]100 %LG, dan [5] 100 %MG. Bijih mangan diproses menggunakan Submerged ArcFurnace (SAF) dengan input berupa bijih Mn sebagai bahan baku utama, kokassebagai reduktor, dan kapur sebagai aditif. Ketiga bahan baku tersebut dileburhingga mencapai temperatur 1500 oC. Untuk mengetahui kualitas bahan baku danproduk FeMn yang dihasilkan, dilakukan analisa seperti XRF (X-RayFluoroscence), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), AAS (Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry),dan Proksimat.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa untuk percobaan [1] diperolehlogam FeMn sebanyak 5,2 Kg dengan kadar 54,05 %Mn, percobaan [2] diperolehlogam FeMn sebanyak 4,75 Kg dengan kadar 50,03 %Mn, percobaan [3] diperolehlogam FeMn sebanyak 4,6 Kg dengan kadar 36,44 %Mn, percobaan [4] diperolehlogam FeMn sebanyak 4,3 Kg dengan kadar 31,13 %Mn, dan percobaan [5]diperoleh logam FeMn sebanyak 12,8 Kg dengan kadar 75,19 %Mn. Pengaruh dariproses pencampuran (Mn-blend) dalam pembuatan ferromangan ini adalahsemakin banyak komposisi bijih Mn kadar menengah (MG) yang digunakan,menyebabkan (a) semakin banyaknya kokas dan semakin berkurangnya kapur yangdibutuhkan, (b) meningkatnya yield, jumlah produk, serta kandungan persentaseMn dari FeMn yang dihasilkan, dan (c) semakin rendahnya konsumsi energi yangdibutuhkan.ABSTRACTThe potential reserve of manganese ore in Indonesia is very large, but itwas located in different locations spread throughout Indonesia. Manganese ore isone of raw material in producing ferromanganese that is not replaceable in theworld steel industry. Ferromanganese (FeMn) is an alloying metal that containedof 75% Manganese (Mn) and 25% Iron (Fe) which is generally used in the processof iron/steel making to improve its mechanical properties.In this experiment, ferromanganese production was conducted by blendingtwo kinds of manganese ore, that was low grade Mn ore (LG) which derived fromTanggamus, Lampung (16,3 %Mn-19,2 %Fe-20,2 %Si) and medium grade Mn ore(MG) which derived from Jember, East Java (27,7 %Mn-4,4 %Fe-14,7 %Si), toobtain ferromanganese with a minimum content of 50 %Mn. The composition ofMn-blend in this experiment was [1] 25 %LG+75 %MG, [2] 50 %LG+50 %MG,[3] 75 %LG+25 %MG, [4] 100 %LG, and [5] 100 %MG. This mixed manganeseore was processed by using Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF). Cokes and limestonewas added into the furnace as reductant and flux agent, respectively. Those rawmaterials are smelted until 1500 °C. To determine the composition of raw materialsand the product of FeMn, analysis such as XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), XRD (XRayDiffraction), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), and proximate have to bedone.From each composition of Mn-blend above in this experiment, it wasobtained that [1] 5,2 Kg of FeMn with 54,05 %Mn, [2] 4,75 Kg of FeMn with 50,03%Mn, [3] 4,6 Kg of FeMn with 36,44 %Mn, [4] 4,3 Kg of FeMn with 31,13 %Mn,and [5] 12,8 Kg of FeMn with 75,19 %Mn. The effect of Mn-blend in thisferromanganese production was by the increasing composition of the mediumgrade manganese ore (MG) that will cause: (a) the increasing number of cokes andthe decreasing of limestone required, (b) the increasing of yield, the number ofproducts, and also the percentage of manganese content FeMn, and (c) thedecreasing of energy consumption required., The potential reserve of manganese ore in Indonesia is very large, but itwas located in different locations spread throughout Indonesia. Manganese ore isone of raw material in producing ferromanganese that is not replaceable in theworld steel industry. Ferromanganese (FeMn) is an alloying metal that containedof 75% Manganese (Mn) and 25% Iron (Fe) which is generally used in the processof iron/steel making to improve its mechanical properties.In this experiment, ferromanganese production was conducted by blendingtwo kinds of manganese ore, that was low grade Mn ore (LG) which derived fromTanggamus, Lampung (16,3 %Mn-19,2 %Fe-20,2 %Si) and medium grade Mn ore(MG) which derived from Jember, East Java (27,7 %Mn-4,4 %Fe-14,7 %Si), toobtain ferromanganese with a minimum content of 50 %Mn. The composition ofMn-blend in this experiment was [1] 25 %LG+75 %MG, [2] 50 %LG+50 %MG,[3] 75 %LG+25 %MG, [4] 100 %LG, and [5] 100 %MG. This mixed manganeseore was processed by using Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF). Cokes and limestonewas added into the furnace as reductant and flux agent, respectively. Those rawmaterials are smelted until 1500 °C. To determine the composition of raw materialsand the product of FeMn, analysis such as XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), XRD (XRayDiffraction), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), and proximate have to bedone.From each composition of Mn-blend above in this experiment, it wasobtained that [1] 5,2 Kg of FeMn with 54,05 %Mn, [2] 4,75 Kg of FeMn with 50,03%Mn, [3] 4,6 Kg of FeMn with 36,44 %Mn, [4] 4,3 Kg of FeMn with 31,13 %Mn,and [5] 12,8 Kg of FeMn with 75,19 %Mn. The effect of Mn-blend in thisferromanganese production was by the increasing composition of the mediumgrade manganese ore (MG) that will cause: (a) the increasing number of cokes andthe decreasing of limestone required, (b) the increasing of yield, the number ofproducts, and also the percentage of manganese content FeMn, and (c) thedecreasing of energy consumption required.]"

"ABSTRAKThis project has an objective to reduce the use of cement for paste by replacing partial part of the concrete with limestone. This experiment focuses on the effect of the shear thickening behaviour to the behaviour of the paste and hence concrete. The idea of such a replacement is generated in order to reduce the effect of carbon footprint. In addition, the cost of cement paste production can be minimised as well since the percentage of cement in paste is reduced and replaced. Several pastes with various percentage of replacement were tested. Limestone as replacement has been proven to reduce the effect of shear thickening. The reduced effect of shear thickening is considered to be beneficial in construction industry.

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ABSTRAKRiset ini mempunyai tujuan untuk mengurangi penggunaan semen dalam pasta dengan mengganti beberapa bagian dari pasta dengan batu kapur. Eksperimen ini terfokus pada efek dari prilaku penebalan geser dengan prilaku pasta begitu juga beton. Ide pengganti tersebut dihasilkan dalam rangka mengurangu efek jejak karbon. Selain itu, biaya produksi pasta semen dapat diminimalkan karena persentase semen dalam pasta berkurang dan diganti. Beberapa pasta dengan persentase pengganti yang berbeda telah dites. Batu kapur sebagai material pengganti telah terbukti mengurangi efek dari penebalan geser. Berkurangnya penebalan gesel dinilai menguntungkan di dunia kontruksi."