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"Although it is generally accepted that social risk factors predict delays in early cognitive and language development, there is less agreement about how to represent such associations statistically. Using data collected prospectively on 87 African American children during their first 4 years, this study examined 3 analytic methods for describing a child's level of social risk: (a) individual risk variables, (b) factor scores derived from those risk variables, and (c) a risk index computed by tallying the number of risk conditions present. Comparisons indicated that the individual-risk-variables approach provides better overall prediction of developmental outcomes at a particular age but is less useful in predicting developmental patterns. The risk-factor approach provides good prediction of developmental trajectories when sample sizes are moderate to large. Finally, the risk-index approach is useful for relating social risk to developmental patterns when a large number of risk variables are assessed with a small sample or when other constructs are of primary interest"

"The association of parental discipline and monitoring with the early conduct problems of 123 boys and girls was assessed in a highly disadvantaged, African American sample. Prospective analyses indicated that, after earlier conduct problems were controlled for, coercive parent discipline and poor parental monitoring at age 4½ were independent, reliable predictors of age 6 conduct problems for both boys and girls. The association of parental monitoring with later child conduct problems was mediated, in part, by parents' choice of higher risk schools for their children's kindergarten education. The association of family income with child conduct problems was mediated by parental discipline and monitoring. These models are consistent with previous research on older, European American, more advantaged, male samples, which supports the generality of the association of family processes with child conduct problems across child gender, age, and ethnicity."

"Laporan penelitian ini membahas mengenai dinamika perkembangan generativitas berdasarkan suatu Model Generativitas yang dibangun oleh McAdams dan de St. Aubin yang terdiri dari tujuh karakteristik dan kajian hubungannya dengan aspek religiusitas-spiritualitas serta dimensi aktualisasi diri. Wink dan Dillon menemukan bahwa generativitas berhubungan dengan karakteristik religiusitas dan spiritualitas pada seorang individu dewasa. Di masa dewasa madya juga diyakini bahwa individu akan mcncapai suatu kebutuhan aktualisasi diri yang dirumuskan oleh Maslow.Penelitian ini meninjau hubungan ketiga hal itu berdasarkan kerangka teori masing-masing, hasilnya diharapkan dapat membantu efisiensi perkembangan psikososial dewasa madya dan dapat membantu mengurangi kesenjangan sosial yang terjadi dalam masyarakat. Studi kualitatif dengan metoda pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara kisah hidup ini terdiri dari delapan pertanyaan pokok mengenai perkembangan dari masa kecil hingga masa dewasa.Karakteristik generativitas subyek mengalami dinamika sejak usia remaja, dewasa muda, hingga puncaknya usia dewasa madya. Titik temu dari dinamika tersebut adalah karakteristik keyakinan generatif yang berhubungan erat dengan aspek religiusitas dan spiritualitas, dan dengan beberapa dimensi aktualisasi diri yang khas. Ideologi personal secara konsisten mendasari tema dominan hidup subyek. Tema dominan hidup subyek memperkuat keyakinan generatif dan komitmen generatif para subyek. Pada akhimya, dalam penguraian makna generatif, sub-karakteristik tujuan prososial masa depan subyek sangat berkaitan erat dengan keyakinan generatif tersebut."