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"The use of resin composites as posterior restoratives has markedly increased over the past decade. The patients demand for better esthetics, concerns related to possible mercury toxicity from amalgam and improvements in resin composite materials have significantly contributed the popularity of these materials. Early problems related to composites included excessive wear, less of anatomic form, post operative sensitivity, secondary caries and marginal leakage. Marginal adaptation still remains an unavoidable problem for composite restoration, especially at the gingival wall of cervical or Class II restoration. In an attempt to improve marginal sealing, many techniques and lining materials have been designed. To reduce stress generated by polymerization shrinkage, applying and curing of resin composites in layers is often recommended. Using a thick adhesive layer or a low-viscosity resin may, due to its elastic properties, serve as a flexible intermediate layer and compensate for the polymerization stress created in resin composite. Flowable composites were created by retaining the same small practicle size of traditional hybrid composite but reducing the filler content and allowing the increased resin to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Flowable composites were introduced in 1996 as liners, fissure sealants and also in tunnel preparations. They have been suggested for Class I, II, III and V cavity restorations, preventive resin restorations and composite, porcelain and amalgam repairing. Their usage as a liner under high filled resins in posterior restorations has been shown to improve the adaptation of composites and effectively achieve clinically acceptable results. This article attempts to give a broad characteristics of different types of flowable composites. "

"Composite resin are restorative materials having color similar to teeth and have been widely used in dentistry. The successful application of composite resin influences the duration of the restoration in the oral cavity. The aim of this research is to describe the influence of artificial saliva contamination and the application of re-conditioning on tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In the control group, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and composite resin were restored on the dentin. In the group with artificial saliva contamination without re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and then contaminated with artificial saliva, dried and then restired with composite resin. While the group with artificial saliva contamination with re-conditioning, the dentin were etched, bonding were applied and contaminated with artificial saliva, and then etched and applied bonding agent and restored composite resin.Bond strength test used “Universal testing machine, AG 5000. The results showed that highest value of tensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin was at the control group. It can be concluded that artificial saliva contamination decreased tensile bond strength while re-conditioning application increased it."

"Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the fracture toughness of a microhybrid and a flowable microhyrid resin composites. Methods. Test specimens (30x15x2)mm made of amicrohybrid and a flowable microhybrid were prepared in a double torsion mould and were then polymerized for 20 seconds using a light-curing device. Taken out from the mould, the specimens were than soaked in disfilled water (37°C) for 1 hour and then fractured in a double-torsion technique. t-Test was used to test significance difference between the microhybrid and flowable microhybrid resin composites. Result. The use of double-torsion technique resulted in crack initition and crack arrest which revealed Klc of 1.14 MN/m3/2 and 1.045 MN/m3/2 for the microhybrid and the flowable microhybrid resin composites, respectively. Both resin composites were insignificantly different in the fracture toughness values showed by t–Test. Conclusions. The present study suggested that there was no significant difference between the microhybrid and the flowable microhybrid resin composites tested. It appreared that filler fraction might not affect the fracture toughness of the resin composties tested."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV 2006: 129-133The premature loss of primary teeth will make the adjacent tooth drift due to the mesial force of the erupting posterior teeth in the growing child. To overcome this problem a space maintainer is need.But, space maintainer need to undergo a laboratorium process, which means needed more time and money. This paper reported a case with premature loss of maxillary first primary molar using space maintainer which can be used immediately, easy to do, and need low cost, a simple fixed space maintainer bonded wirb flowable resin composite."

"Latar Belakang: Pengunyahan merupakan proses makanan dihancurkan dan dicampur dengan air liur untuk membentuk bolus untuk ditelan. Proses pengunyahan memberikan tekanan pada gigi yang mempengaruhi degradasi sifat mekanik pada gigi. Salah satu cara untuk mengembalikan email yang terdegradasi adalah dilakukan restorasi dengan bahan seperti resin komposit. Bahan restorasi diharapkan memiliki sifat mekanik yang sebanding dengan email. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kekerasan mikro permukaan resin komposit mikro hibrida dengan resin komposit nano hibrida. Metode: 8 spesimen resin komposit mikro hibrida (Kerr Herculite™ Précis Composite) dan 8 spesimen resin komposit nano hibrida (Kerr Harmonize™ Nano hibrida Universal Composite) disiapkan untuk uji kekerasan mikro permukaan lalu dianalisis dengan uji Independent T-Test. Hasil Penelitian: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan signifikansi p<0,041 (p<0,05) antara nilai kekerasan mikro permukaan resin komposit mikro hibrida dan resin komposit nano hibrida dengan nilai kekerasan resin komposit nano hibrida lebih tinggi (45,51 KHN) dibandingkan dengan resin komposit mikro hibrida (42,31 KHN). Kesimpulan: Resin komposit nano hibrida memiliki kekerasan mikro permukaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan resin komposit mikro hibrida.

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Background: Chewing is the process of crushing food and mixing with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing. The chewing process puts pressure on the teeth which affects the degradation of the mechanical properties of the teeth. One of the ways to restore degraded enamel is to do restoration with materials such as composite resin. The restoration material is expected to have mechanical properties comparable to that of enamel. Objective: Analyzing the differences in surface microhardness of microhybrid composite resin with nanohybrid composite resin. Methods: 8 specimens of microhybrid composite resin (Kerr Herculite ™ Précis Composite) and 8 specimens of nanohybrid composite resin (Kerr Harmonize ™ Nanohybrid Universal Composite) were prepared for surface microhardness testing and then analyzed by Independent T-Test. Result: There was a significant difference with a significance of p <0.041 (p <0.05) between the surface micro-hardness value of hybrid micro-composite resin and nano-hybrid composite resin with higher surface microhardness value for nanohybrid composite resin (45.51 KHN) compared to microhybrid composite resin. (42.31 KHN). Conclusion: The nanohybrid composite resin has higher surface microhardness compared to the microhybrid composite resin."

"ABSTRAKDalam penggunaannya di rongga mulut, resin komposit dapat mengalami degradasi oleh asam, terutama pada pasien dengan resiko karies tinggi. Resin komposit alkasit merupakan material dual-cured yang berbasis UDMA dan mampu melepaskan ion fluor, kalsium, dan hidroksida. Adanya ion hidroksida yang dilepaskan diketahui dapat menetralkan suasana asam. Namun, belum diketahui bagaimana pengaruh pH saliva buatan terutama pH kristis hidroksiapatit dan fluoroapatit terhadap sifat kekerasan resin komposit alkasit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh pH saliva buatan terhadap kekerasan resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya. Penelitian berupa eksperimental laboratorik dengan menggunakan masing-masing 48 spesimen resin komposit alkasit (Cention-N, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechstenstein) polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya. Spesimen berbentuk silindris dengan diameter 6 mm dan tinggi 2 mm yang dibagi menjadi 16 kelompok perendaman. Perendaman dilakukan pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 dan 5,5 dengan lama perendaman 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari di dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37°C. Uji kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester (HMV-G Shimadzu). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan kekerasan pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya setelah dilakukan perendaman selama 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari dalam saliva buatan dengan pH 4,5 dan 5,5. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi terlihat pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi cahaya setelah perendaman 1 hari pada pH saliva buatan 5,5 yaitu 58,41±0,23 KHN. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan terendah terlihat pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia setelah perendaman 7 hari pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 yaitu 47,38±0,49 KHN. Berdasarkan uji statistik One-way Anova terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antar kelompok lama perendaman pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 dan 5,5. Hasil uji statistik Independent T-test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antar kelompok pH saliva buatan dan antar kelompok metode polimerisasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan nilai kekerasan resin komposit alkasit seiring dengan semakin rendahnya pH saliva buatan dan semakin lamanya perendaman dengan penurunan terbesar pada perendaman 1 hari pertama.

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ABSTRACT

In its application in the oral cavity, composite resins can be degraded by acids, especially in patients with a high caries risk. Alkasite composite resin is a dual-cured material based on UDMA and capable of releasing fluoride, calcium, and hydroxide ions. The presence of hydroxide ion which released to its environtment can neutralize the acidic condition. However, it has not yet determined how saliva pH, especially the critical saliva pH for hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, affects the hardness properties of alkasite composite resins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of artificial saliva pH on the hardness of self-cured and dual-cured alkasite composite resin. This laboratory study used 48 cylindrical-shaped specimens with 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness of alkasite composite resin specimens (Cention-N, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechstenstein) for each polymerization methods. The specimens were divided into 16 groups for immersion in artificial saliva pH 4.5 and 5.5 and then stored in an incubator at 37°C for the next 1, 3, 5, 7 days. The hardness test was performed using a Knoop Microhardness Tester (HMV-G Shimadzu). The results showed that the hardness of self-cured and dual-cured alkasite composite resins decreased after immersion. The highest hardness value was seen in dual-cured alkasite composite resin after 1 day immersion in artificial saliva pH of 5.5 (58.41 ± 0.23 KHN). While the lowest hardness value was seen in the self-cured alkasite composite resin after 7 days immersion in artificial saliva pH 4.5 (47.38 ± 0.49 KHN). Based on the One-way Anova statistical test, there were significant differences (p <0.05) between the different immersion time groups in each artificial saliva pH. The results of the Independent T-test statistical test showed that there were significant differences (p <0.05) between the artificial saliva pH groups and between polymerization methods groups. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the hardness of alkasite composite resin along with the lower pH of artificial saliva and the increasing immersion time. The greatest decrease occured in the first day of immersion."

"Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of coffee beverage on hybrid composite resin discoloration. Material and Method: This study used hybrid composite resin with A3 color, and was done by soaking composite resin plates in coffee solution for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, corresponding to equivalent coffee usage for 6 months, 1, 1.5, and 2 years. The same measurements of reflectance were done before and after soaking into coffee solution. In the measurement, a beam from He-Ne laser is reflected by the sample to a photovoltaic cell of type BPY -47, which provides a voltage signal according to the intensity of reflected light. Results: There was a significant difference between composite resin plates before and after soaking into a coffee solution, suggesting that coffee usage will have a discoloring effect of dental composite resin."

"Latar Belakang: Bleaching merupakan prosedur mencerahkan warna gigi dengan bantuan bahan kimia yang memiliki efek samping berupa perubahan pada permukaan material resin komposit. Sementara itu, kekasaran permukaan memainkan peran penting dalam penentuan interaksi material restorasi dengan lingkungan rongga mulut karena tekstur permukaan yang tidak baik dapat meningkatkan retensi akumulasi plak dan dapat menimbulkan penyakit lainnya. Namun, penelitian mengenai efek bleaching agent pada kekasaran permukaan melaporkan hasil yang kontroversial. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh in-home bleaching agent terhadap kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled dan microhybrid. Metode: Resin komposit nanofilled FiltekTM Z350 XT Universal Restorative (3M ESPE) dan resin komposit microhybrid FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE) digunakan pada penelitian ini. Sebanyak 16 spesimen disiapkan dari masing-masing jenis resin komposit yang dinyatakan oleh kelompok A resin komposit nanohybrid dan kelompok B resin komposit microhybrid (jumlah total spesimen adalah 32). Seluruh spesimen dibuat dengan penumpatan material ke dalam mould dengan diameter 6 mm dan ketebalan 2 mm menggunakan kaca preparat dengan strip seluloid kemudian diberikan beban 500 gram. In-home bleaching agent (Opalescence Tooth Whitening Systems 10% Carbamide Peroxide Concentrations) diaplikasikan selama 8-10 jam/hari. Seluruh perlakuan dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dan in-home bleaching agent dibilas setiap hari selama 1 minggu dan disimpan dalam air saline steril selama periode hiatus. Kemudian, seluruh spesimen diuji dan dicatat nilai kekasaran permukaan (Ra) dalam satuan μm dengan menggunakan alat uji surface roughness tester (Surtronic® S-128) sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji Paired T-Test dan Independent T-Test. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kekasaran permukaan resin komposit nanofilled dan microhybrid sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi in-home bleaching agent (p<0,005). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara resin komposit nanofilled dan microhybrid sesudah aplikasi in-home bleaching agent (p<0,005). Kesimpulan: In- home bleaching agent secara signifikan meningkatkan nilai kekasaran permukaan pada kedua jenis material resin komposit dengan resin komposit nanofilled lebih rendah dari resin komposit microhybrid. Kekasaran permukaan pada kedua jenis resin komposit masih dapat diterima secara klinis karena menunjukkan nilai di bawah ambang batas kritis 0,2 μm.

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Background: Bleaching is a procedure that involves lightening the color of a tooth through the application of a chemical agent, which has a side effect in the form of changes to the surface of the composite resin material. Meanwhile, surface roughness plays a vital role in determining a material’s interaction with the oral environment due to the poor surface texture of dental materials. It has a significant influence on plaque accumulation and causes other diseases. However, studies on the effect of bleaching agents on the surface roughness of dental materials have reported controversial results. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effect of in-home bleaching agents on the surface roughness of nanofilled and microhybrid composite resin. Methods: Nanofilled composite resin FiltekTM Z350 XT Universal Restorative (3M ESPE) and microhybrid composite resin FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE) were used in the present study. Sixteen specimens were prepared from each type of composite resin that represented by group A for nanofilled composite resin and group B for microhybrid composite resin (total number of specimens were 32). Each specimen was prepared by compressing a sufficient amount of material into a mold of 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness using glass slides with celluloid strip, then given a load of 500 grams. In-home bleaching agents (Opalescence Tooth Whitening Systems 10% Carbamide Peroxide Concentrations) were applied 8-10 hours/day. All treatment was conducted at 37°C temperature, and an in-home bleaching agent was applied and rinsed off daily for one week and stored in distilled water during the hiatus period. Then, the surface roughness of all specimens was measured and recorded (Ra) value in μm using a surface roughness tester (Surtronic® S-128) before and after being treated. Data were statistically analyzed with Paired T-Test and Independent T-Test. Result: There was a statistically significant difference between the surface roughness of nanofilled and microhybrid composite resin before and after being bleached with an in-home bleaching agent (p<0,005). There was a statistically significant difference between nanofilled and microhybrid composite resin after being bleached with an in-home bleaching agent (p<0,005). Conclusion: In-home bleaching agent significantly increased the surface roughness value of both types of composite resin with nanofilled composite resin is lower than microhybrid composite resin. Surface roughness for both composite resins is still clinically acceptable because values tested below the critical threshold of 0,2 μm."

"Pemutihan gigi kini menjadi pilihan untuk mengembalikan warna gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi. Salah satu teknik pemutihan gigi yang menjadi pilihan adalah teknik pemutihan gigi in-office yang dilakukan oleh dokter gigi. Namun pada praktiknya, aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi tidak hanya mengenai jaringan gigi yang sehat tapi juga jaringan gigi yang mengalami tumpatan, contohnya tumpatan sewarna gigi resin komposit. Untuk memaksimalkan kegunaan dari resin komposit, bahan ini haruslah halus, karena permukaan yang kasar dapat menjadi tempat retensi plak, mengiritasi gingiva dan juga mengurangi kenyamanan pasien.Tujuan : Mengetahui adanya pengaruh aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% terhadap kekasaran resin komposit hibrid. Material dan Metode :20 spesimen resin komposit berdiameter 6mm dan tebal 3mm dibuat secara inkremental dan dipolimerasi menggunakan sinar halogen selama 30 detik. Spesimen dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok aplikasi sebanyak 10 spesimen yang diberi aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit. Sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya direndam dalam aquabides selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit.Hasil : Terjadi peningkatan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hidrid setelah aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% baik selama 30 menit maupun 60 menit.Kesimpulan : Bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% dapat meningkatkan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hibrid. Peningkatan kekasaran ini dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya nilai estetika resin komposit hibrid.

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Bleaching is one of the technique that used to get back the colour of the discolour tooth. One of the bleaching technique than can be use is in-office bleaching that should be applied by the dentist. But, in the fact, bleaching agent not only applied on the healthy tooth but also in a tooth that has been restorated,by resin composite. To optimize the benefit of resin composite, it has to be smooth, because the rough surface of resin composite can increase the plaque retention, irritate the gingiva, and also make the patient uncomfortable.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of 38% hydrogen peroxide ? containing at in-office bleaching agent apllication to the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin. Material and Method: Twenty specimen of hybrid composite resin (6mm diameter & 3mm in thick) were incrementally polimerized by halogen light for 20 seconds. All spesimens were devided into two groups as follow: 10 spesimens were applied with 38% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes. The other group was soak into the aquabidest for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes.

Result: The surface roughness (Ra) of hybrid composite resin is increased significantly before and after application of 38% hidrogen peroxide for 30 minutes or 60 minutes.

Conclusions : The in ? office bleaching agent 38% hydrogen peroxide could increase the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin and may be reduce the estetic of hybrid composite resin."

"Latar Belakang : Salah satu kandungan aktif dalam obat kumur di pasaran adalah Eugenol (Eugenia caryophyllata oil). Namun eugenol mempunyai efek menghambat polimerisasi resin komposit bila digunakan sebagai basis pada restorasi resin komposit.Tujuan : mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman resin komposit dalam obat kumur mengandung eugenol terhadap kekerasan resin komposit tipe hibrid.Metode : 20 Spesimen resin komposit dibuat (Filtek Z250 3M ESPE), kemudian dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, yaitu perendaman dalam obat kumur eugenol (n = 10) dan dalam akuabides (n = 10). Masing-masing kelompok direndam selama 180 menit dan dihitung kekerasannya setiap 60 menit.Hasil : Terdapat perubahan signifikan pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan, namun kelompok spesimen yang direndam dalam obat kumur mengalami penurunan lebih besar dibanding spesimen yang direndam dalam akuabides. Di samping itu hasil menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan : Penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung Eugenia caryophyllata oil dapat digunakan bagi pasien dengan restorasi resin komposit.

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Background : One of mouthwash active ingredients is Eugenol (Eugenia caryophyllata oil). In the other hand, eugenol has an adverse effect to composite resin polymerization whether it uses as a restorative base.

Purpose : Determine the effect of immersion time of composite resin in mouthwash containing eugenol to hybrid composite resin?s surface hardness.

Methods : 20 specimens were prepared (Filtek Z250 3M ESPE), then were divided into two groups; the treatment group immersed in mouthwash containing eugenol (n = 10) while the control group immersed in distilled water (n = 10). Each groups were immersed for 180 minutes dan were tested their surface hardness every 60 minutes.

Result : there was significant effect for each group, but the mouthwash group showed the greater effect in decrease than the control group. Overall, the result showed no significant effect between the two groups.

Summary : the using of moutwash containing Eugenia caryophyllata oil is save for patients who have composite resin restoration."