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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV 2006: 129-133The premature loss of primary teeth will make the adjacent tooth drift due to the mesial force of the erupting posterior teeth in the growing child. To overcome this problem a space maintainer is need.But, space maintainer need to undergo a laboratorium process, which means needed more time and money. This paper reported a case with premature loss of maxillary first primary molar using space maintainer which can be used immediately, easy to do, and need low cost, a simple fixed space maintainer bonded wirb flowable resin composite."

"The use of resin composites as posterior restoratives has markedly increased over the past decade. The patients demand for better esthetics, concerns related to possible mercury toxicity from amalgam and improvements in resin composite materials have significantly contributed the popularity of these materials. Early problems related to composites included excessive wear, less of anatomic form, post operative sensitivity, secondary caries and marginal leakage. Marginal adaptation still remains an unavoidable problem for composite restoration, especially at the gingival wall of cervical or Class II restoration. In an attempt to improve marginal sealing, many techniques and lining materials have been designed. To reduce stress generated by polymerization shrinkage, applying and curing of resin composites in layers is often recommended. Using a thick adhesive layer or a low-viscosity resin may, due to its elastic properties, serve as a flexible intermediate layer and compensate for the polymerization stress created in resin composite. Flowable composites were created by retaining the same small practicle size of traditional hybrid composite but reducing the filler content and allowing the increased resin to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Flowable composites were introduced in 1996 as liners, fissure sealants and also in tunnel preparations. They have been suggested for Class I, II, III and V cavity restorations, preventive resin restorations and composite, porcelain and amalgam repairing. Their usage as a liner under high filled resins in posterior restorations has been shown to improve the adaptation of composites and effectively achieve clinically acceptable results. This article attempts to give a broad characteristics of different types of flowable composites. "

"Pemutihan gigi kini menjadi pilihan untuk mengembalikan warna gigi yang mengalami diskolorasi. Salah satu teknik pemutihan gigi yang menjadi pilihan adalah teknik pemutihan gigi in-office yang dilakukan oleh dokter gigi. Namun pada praktiknya, aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi tidak hanya mengenai jaringan gigi yang sehat tapi juga jaringan gigi yang mengalami tumpatan, contohnya tumpatan sewarna gigi resin komposit. Untuk memaksimalkan kegunaan dari resin komposit, bahan ini haruslah halus, karena permukaan yang kasar dapat menjadi tempat retensi plak, mengiritasi gingiva dan juga mengurangi kenyamanan pasien.Tujuan : Mengetahui adanya pengaruh aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% terhadap kekasaran resin komposit hibrid. Material dan Metode :20 spesimen resin komposit berdiameter 6mm dan tebal 3mm dibuat secara inkremental dan dipolimerasi menggunakan sinar halogen selama 30 detik. Spesimen dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu kelompok aplikasi sebanyak 10 spesimen yang diberi aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit. Sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya direndam dalam aquabides selama 30 menit dan dilanjutkan sampai 60 menit.Hasil : Terjadi peningkatan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hidrid setelah aplikasi bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% baik selama 30 menit maupun 60 menit.Kesimpulan : Bahan pemutih gigi hidrogen peroksida 38% dapat meningkatkan nilai kekasaran permukaan resin komposit hibrid. Peningkatan kekasaran ini dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya nilai estetika resin komposit hibrid.

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Bleaching is one of the technique that used to get back the colour of the discolour tooth. One of the bleaching technique than can be use is in-office bleaching that should be applied by the dentist. But, in the fact, bleaching agent not only applied on the healthy tooth but also in a tooth that has been restorated,by resin composite. To optimize the benefit of resin composite, it has to be smooth, because the rough surface of resin composite can increase the plaque retention, irritate the gingiva, and also make the patient uncomfortable.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of 38% hydrogen peroxide ? containing at in-office bleaching agent apllication to the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin. Material and Method: Twenty specimen of hybrid composite resin (6mm diameter & 3mm in thick) were incrementally polimerized by halogen light for 20 seconds. All spesimens were devided into two groups as follow: 10 spesimens were applied with 38% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes. The other group was soak into the aquabidest for 30 minutes and continue to 60 minutes.

Result: The surface roughness (Ra) of hybrid composite resin is increased significantly before and after application of 38% hidrogen peroxide for 30 minutes or 60 minutes.

Conclusions : The in ? office bleaching agent 38% hydrogen peroxide could increase the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin and may be reduce the estetic of hybrid composite resin."

"Latar Belakang : Salah satu kandungan aktif dalam obat kumur di pasaran adalah Eugenol (Eugenia caryophyllata oil). Namun eugenol mempunyai efek menghambat polimerisasi resin komposit bila digunakan sebagai basis pada restorasi resin komposit.Tujuan : mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman resin komposit dalam obat kumur mengandung eugenol terhadap kekerasan resin komposit tipe hibrid.Metode : 20 Spesimen resin komposit dibuat (Filtek Z250 3M ESPE), kemudian dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, yaitu perendaman dalam obat kumur eugenol (n = 10) dan dalam akuabides (n = 10). Masing-masing kelompok direndam selama 180 menit dan dihitung kekerasannya setiap 60 menit.Hasil : Terdapat perubahan signifikan pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan, namun kelompok spesimen yang direndam dalam obat kumur mengalami penurunan lebih besar dibanding spesimen yang direndam dalam akuabides. Di samping itu hasil menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok.Kesimpulan : Penggunaan obat kumur yang mengandung Eugenia caryophyllata oil dapat digunakan bagi pasien dengan restorasi resin komposit.

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Background : One of mouthwash active ingredients is Eugenol (Eugenia caryophyllata oil). In the other hand, eugenol has an adverse effect to composite resin polymerization whether it uses as a restorative base.

Purpose : Determine the effect of immersion time of composite resin in mouthwash containing eugenol to hybrid composite resin?s surface hardness.

Methods : 20 specimens were prepared (Filtek Z250 3M ESPE), then were divided into two groups; the treatment group immersed in mouthwash containing eugenol (n = 10) while the control group immersed in distilled water (n = 10). Each groups were immersed for 180 minutes dan were tested their surface hardness every 60 minutes.

Result : there was significant effect for each group, but the mouthwash group showed the greater effect in decrease than the control group. Overall, the result showed no significant effect between the two groups.

Summary : the using of moutwash containing Eugenia caryophyllata oil is save for patients who have composite resin restoration."

"Penumpatan gigi yang berlubang dengan menggunakan bahan tumpat gigi sering dilakukan. Alasan dilakukannya penumpatan lubang gigi adalah mencegah perluasan lubang menjadi lebih besar dan juga menjaga kesehatan struktur gigi yang tersisa. Jenis bahan tumpat gigi yang paling sering digunakan di rumah sakit, puskesmas, dan klinik pribadi ialah bahan tumpat amalgam, GIC, dan resin komposit. Tujuan : Tujuan dari survei ini adalah untuk memaparkan penggunaan bahan tumpat amalgam, GIC, dan resin komposit di RSGMP FKG UI pada tahun 2005, 2006, dan 2007.Metode : Survei ini merupakan survei deskriptif dengan melakukan pengambilan data sekunder dari kartu status pasien konservasi RSGMP FKG UI pada tahun 2005, 2006, dan 2007. Jumlah subyek survei yang diambil adalah 364 kartu status, yang kemudian dikategorikan menurut waktu penumpatan, usia pasien, jenis kelamin, dan regio gigi yang ditumpat.Hasil : Didapatkan informasi bahwa pasien dewasa paling sering mendapatkan perawatan restorasi, pasien wanita lebih banyak mendapatkan perawatan restorasi, regio posterior lebih banyak direstorasi, dan tahun 2007 merupakan waktu penumpatan paling banyak dilakukan.

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Teeth restorations using restorative materials are often implemented. The reasons of restoring caries are to prevent it become larger and to conserve tooth structure remains. Restorative materials which are most often used in hospitals, public health center, and private clinic are amalgam, GIC, and composite resin.

Objective : Objective of this survey is to describe the usage of amalgam, GIC, and composite resin at RSGMP FKG UI in 2005, 2006, and 2007.

Method : This survey is a descriptive survey by collecting secondary data from restored patients?s dental status at RSGMP FKG UI in 2005, 2006, and 2007. Total of survey subjects taken are 364 dental status, which are then categorized based on time of restoration, patients?s age, sex, and restored tooth region.

Result : It is known that there are differences between the usage of amalgam, GIC, and composite resin based on time of restoration, patients?s age, sex, and restored tooth region ; adults are more often to get teeth restorations than children, teenagers, and elderly persons ; women are more often to get teeth restorations than men ; posterior teeth are more often to be restored than anterior teeth ; and year 2007 is a year when the most restorations are implemented."

"Kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan dapat mempengaruhi asupan makanan seseorang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan terhadap status nutrisi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada 129 subjek berusia 34-80 tahun. Subjek diperiksa kehilangan giginya kemudian diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Data dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak statistik. Hasil uji analisis chi-square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kehilangan gigi dan status nutrisi (p=0,712) dan antara pemakaian gigi tiruan dan status nutrisi (p=0,252). Ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara usia dan status nutrisi, tingkat pendidikan dan status nutrisi, serta usia dan pemakaian gigi tiruan.

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Teeth loss and denture wearing can affect a person's food intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation of tooth loss and denture wearing on nutritional status. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional method on 129 subjects aged 34-80 years. Subjects had their teeth checked and interviewed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Data was analyzed using statistical software. The result of chi-square analysis showed no significant relation between tooth loss and nutritional status (p = 0.712) and between denture wearing and nutritional status (p = 0.252). Relation was found between age and nutritional status, educational level and nutritional status, and the age and denture wearing."

"Latar Belakang: Untuk menilai status kesehatan gigi dan mulut, selama puluhan tahun para ahli studi epidemiologi kesehatan komunitas menggunakan indeks Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF-T). Berdasarkan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar pada tahun 2018, rerata skor indeks DMF-T penduduk Indonesia sebesar 7,1 yang tergolong tinggi. Kehilangan gigi merupakan kondisi oral ireversibel yang dideskripsikan sebagai indikator final mengenai keparahan kondisi kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Kehilangan gigi menyebabkan kerusakan fungsional, estetika, dan sosial-psikologis serta berdampak sangat besar terhadap kualitas hidup individu. Kehilangan gigi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Maka dari itu, diperlukan data mengenai pengaruh berbagai faktor risiko terhadap kehilangan gigi pada berbagai kelompok usia.Tujuan: Memperoleh data hubungan faktor risiko dan rerata jumlah kehilangan gigi pada subjek usia 31-75 tahun dari radiograf panoramik digital. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa 375 sampel radiograf panoramik digital subjek usia 31-75 tahun di Rumah Sakit Khusus Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indoneisa (RSKGM FKGUI). Subjek dibagi menjadi 3. kategori: 31-45 tahun, 46-60 tahun, dan 61-75 tahun. Untuk mendapatkan jumlah kehilangan gigi dan data mengenai faktor risiko umur, jenis kelamin, karies/jumlah restorasi/lesi periapikal, dan kehilangan tulang/penyakit periodontal, dilakukan interpretasi radiograf panoramik digital. Kemudian dilakukan uji reliabilitas intraobserver dan interobserver dengan t-test dan Bland Altman. Hasil: Median, nilai minimum, dan nilai maksimum jumlah kehilangan gigi pada kelompok usia 31-45 tahun sejumlah 1 (0-5) gigi, usia 46-60 tahun sejumlah 5 (0-19) gigi, dan usia 61-75 tahun sejumlah 10 (2-28) gigi. Jumlah kehilangan gigi antar kelompok usia berbeda bermakna (p<0.05 berdasarkan uji Kruskal Wallis). Jumlah kehilangan gigi bertambah seiring penuaan usia. Analisis korelasi faktor-faktor risiko terhadap kehilangan gigi menunjukkan bahwa usia dan status periodontal berhubungan sangat kuat dengan kehilangan gigi, jumlah karies gigi dan lesi periapikal memiliki hubungan sedang dengan kehilangan gigi, dan jenis kelamin dan jumlah restorasi gigi memiliki hubungan lemah dengan kehilangan gigi. Kesimpulan: Jumlah kehilangan gigi pada usia 31-45 tahun berbeda bermakna dibandingkan pada usia 46-60 dan 61-75 tahun. Kehilangan gigi cenderung bertambah seiring penuaan usia. Faktor risiko yang hubungannya sangat kuat dengan kehilangan gigi adalah usia dan kehilangan tulang.

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Background: To assess community oral health status, for several decades, epidemiologists have always used Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF-T) index. Based on the 2018 Basic Health Research, the mean of DMF-T index of Indonesia’s population was 7.1, which was considered high. Tooth loss is an irreversible oral condition that is often described as the final indicator of oral health status that causes functional, aesthetics, and social-psychological damage that greatly affects life quality. Tooth loss is a multi-factorial phenomenon. Thus, a concrete data is needed to assess the impact of risk factors on tooth loss in several age categories.

Objective: To obtain the data of tooth loss risk factors and the mean of missing teeth in 31-75-year-old subjects from digital panoramic radiograph.

Methods: This study was completed using secondary data of 375 digital panoramic radiographs in Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital (RSKGM FKGUI). The subjects were devided into 3 categories: 31-45 years old, 46-60 years old, and 61-75 years old. In order to obtain the data of tooth loss and its risk factors: age, gender, caries/restoration/periapical disease, and periodontitis, the digital panoramic radiographs were interpreted. Then, the reliability test for both intraobserver and interobserver were conducted using t-test and Bland Altman test.

Results: The median, minimum, and maximum of tooth loss in the 31-45 years old group is 1 (0-5) teeth, 46-60 years old group is 5 (0-19) teeth, and 61-75 years old group is 10 (2-28) teeth. The number of tooth loss in all age groups are statistically different (p<0.05 in Kruskal Wallis test). The number of tooth loss increases as aging continues. Correlation analysis of the tooth loss risk factors showed that age and periodontitis have a very strong correlation with tooth loss, the number of tooth caries and periapical disease have a moderate correlation with tooth loss, and gender and restoration have a weak correlation with tooth loss.

Conclusion: The number tooth loss occurred in 31-45 years old group subject is significantly different compared to the number of tooth loss in 46-60 and 61-75 years old group. Tooth loss is strongly correlated with age and bone loss."

"Latar Belakang: Pengunyahan merupakan proses makanan dihancurkan dan dicampur dengan air liur untuk membentuk bolus untuk ditelan. Proses pengunyahan memberikan tekanan pada gigi yang mempengaruhi degradasi sifat mekanik pada gigi. Salah satu cara untuk mengembalikan email yang terdegradasi adalah dilakukan restorasi dengan bahan seperti resin komposit. Bahan restorasi diharapkan memiliki sifat mekanik yang sebanding dengan email. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kekerasan mikro permukaan resin komposit mikro hibrida dengan resin komposit nano hibrida. Metode: 8 spesimen resin komposit mikro hibrida (Kerr Herculite™ Précis Composite) dan 8 spesimen resin komposit nano hibrida (Kerr Harmonize™ Nano hibrida Universal Composite) disiapkan untuk uji kekerasan mikro permukaan lalu dianalisis dengan uji Independent T-Test. Hasil Penelitian: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan signifikansi p<0,041 (p<0,05) antara nilai kekerasan mikro permukaan resin komposit mikro hibrida dan resin komposit nano hibrida dengan nilai kekerasan resin komposit nano hibrida lebih tinggi (45,51 KHN) dibandingkan dengan resin komposit mikro hibrida (42,31 KHN). Kesimpulan: Resin komposit nano hibrida memiliki kekerasan mikro permukaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan resin komposit mikro hibrida.

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Background: Chewing is the process of crushing food and mixing with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing. The chewing process puts pressure on the teeth which affects the degradation of the mechanical properties of the teeth. One of the ways to restore degraded enamel is to do restoration with materials such as composite resin. The restoration material is expected to have mechanical properties comparable to that of enamel. Objective: Analyzing the differences in surface microhardness of microhybrid composite resin with nanohybrid composite resin. Methods: 8 specimens of microhybrid composite resin (Kerr Herculite ™ Précis Composite) and 8 specimens of nanohybrid composite resin (Kerr Harmonize ™ Nanohybrid Universal Composite) were prepared for surface microhardness testing and then analyzed by Independent T-Test. Result: There was a significant difference with a significance of p <0.041 (p <0.05) between the surface micro-hardness value of hybrid micro-composite resin and nano-hybrid composite resin with higher surface microhardness value for nanohybrid composite resin (45.51 KHN) compared to microhybrid composite resin. (42.31 KHN). Conclusion: The nanohybrid composite resin has higher surface microhardness compared to the microhybrid composite resin."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Kehilangan gigi masih menjadi masalah dalam kesehatan gigi dan mulut orang dewasa di Indonesia. Namun, karena kurangnya kesadaran dan faktor sodiodemografi lainnya, biasanya pasien tidak langsung mencari perawatan prostodontik setelah mengalami kehilangan gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara status kehilangan gigi berdasarkan jumlah dan lokasinya dengan tingkat kesadaran mengenai perawatan prostodontik. Metode: Studi analitik observasional dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik consecutive sampling pada pasien usia 20 tahun ke atas dengan satu atau lebih gigi yang hilang. Subjek diperiksa untuk mengetahui jumlah dan lokasi gigi hilang dan menjawab kuesioner mengenai kesadaran akan perawatan prostodontik. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Mann Whitney ?=5 . Hasil: Jumlah dan posisi kehilangan gigi memiliki hubungan dengan tingkat kesadaran dengan perawatan prostodontik.

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ABSTRACTBackground Edentulism still represents a significant oral health concern among Indonesian adults. Due to lack of awareness, and other sociodemographic factors, mostly patients do not seek prosthetic treatment immediately after tooth loss. Objective This study was analyzed the relationship between number and position of tooth loss with perception of patient rsquo s awareness about prosthodontic treatment. Methods Analytic observational study with cross sectional design. This study was done using a consecutive sampling on patient age of 20 years and above with one or more missing teeth. Patients were evaluated to determine the number and position of tooth loss and answered questionnaire about awareness of prosthodontic treatment. This research was analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test a 5 . Results The number and position of missing tooth had a relationship with patient rsquo s awareness of prosthodontic treatment."

"ABSTRAKDalam penggunaannya di rongga mulut, resin komposit dapat mengalami degradasi oleh asam, terutama pada pasien dengan resiko karies tinggi. Resin komposit alkasit merupakan material dual-cured yang berbasis UDMA dan mampu melepaskan ion fluor, kalsium, dan hidroksida. Adanya ion hidroksida yang dilepaskan diketahui dapat menetralkan suasana asam. Namun, belum diketahui bagaimana pengaruh pH saliva buatan terutama pH kristis hidroksiapatit dan fluoroapatit terhadap sifat kekerasan resin komposit alkasit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh pH saliva buatan terhadap kekerasan resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya. Penelitian berupa eksperimental laboratorik dengan menggunakan masing-masing 48 spesimen resin komposit alkasit (Cention-N, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechstenstein) polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya. Spesimen berbentuk silindris dengan diameter 6 mm dan tinggi 2 mm yang dibagi menjadi 16 kelompok perendaman. Perendaman dilakukan pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 dan 5,5 dengan lama perendaman 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari di dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37°C. Uji kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester (HMV-G Shimadzu). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan kekerasan pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia dan cahaya setelah dilakukan perendaman selama 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari dalam saliva buatan dengan pH 4,5 dan 5,5. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi terlihat pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi cahaya setelah perendaman 1 hari pada pH saliva buatan 5,5 yaitu 58,41±0,23 KHN. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan terendah terlihat pada resin komposit alkasit polimerisasi kimia setelah perendaman 7 hari pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 yaitu 47,38±0,49 KHN. Berdasarkan uji statistik One-way Anova terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antar kelompok lama perendaman pada pH saliva buatan 4,5 dan 5,5. Hasil uji statistik Independent T-test menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antar kelompok pH saliva buatan dan antar kelompok metode polimerisasi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat penurunan nilai kekerasan resin komposit alkasit seiring dengan semakin rendahnya pH saliva buatan dan semakin lamanya perendaman dengan penurunan terbesar pada perendaman 1 hari pertama.

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ABSTRACT

In its application in the oral cavity, composite resins can be degraded by acids, especially in patients with a high caries risk. Alkasite composite resin is a dual-cured material based on UDMA and capable of releasing fluoride, calcium, and hydroxide ions. The presence of hydroxide ion which released to its environtment can neutralize the acidic condition. However, it has not yet determined how saliva pH, especially the critical saliva pH for hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite, affects the hardness properties of alkasite composite resins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of artificial saliva pH on the hardness of self-cured and dual-cured alkasite composite resin. This laboratory study used 48 cylindrical-shaped specimens with 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness of alkasite composite resin specimens (Cention-N, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechstenstein) for each polymerization methods. The specimens were divided into 16 groups for immersion in artificial saliva pH 4.5 and 5.5 and then stored in an incubator at 37°C for the next 1, 3, 5, 7 days. The hardness test was performed using a Knoop Microhardness Tester (HMV-G Shimadzu). The results showed that the hardness of self-cured and dual-cured alkasite composite resins decreased after immersion. The highest hardness value was seen in dual-cured alkasite composite resin after 1 day immersion in artificial saliva pH of 5.5 (58.41 ± 0.23 KHN). While the lowest hardness value was seen in the self-cured alkasite composite resin after 7 days immersion in artificial saliva pH 4.5 (47.38 ± 0.49 KHN). Based on the One-way Anova statistical test, there were significant differences (p <0.05) between the different immersion time groups in each artificial saliva pH. The results of the Independent T-test statistical test showed that there were significant differences (p <0.05) between the artificial saliva pH groups and between polymerization methods groups. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the hardness of alkasite composite resin along with the lower pH of artificial saliva and the increasing immersion time. The greatest decrease occured in the first day of immersion."