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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 62-68An inadequate endodontic treatment may affect the root canat system and spread beyond its apical foramina that elicit periodontal tissue developing into abcess, granuloma and radicular cyst. Periapical lesions can be treated with non surgical endodontic treatment using calcium hydroxide dressing. This case study is reporting teeth 11 with periapical lesions and infection. Evidence of a clinical healing and radiographic assessments were followed by a non surgical endodontic therapy. Successful treatment outcome is related to the elimination of infection agents from the root canal. This can activate a stimulation zone to promote regeneration. Calcium hydroxide used as a root canal dressing may promote alkalinity at the adjacent tissue, create favourable enviromental condition in which hard tissue formation can occur, interfere the bactericidal activity, increase mineralization, and induce healing."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 74-78The failure of endodontic treatment is commonly caused by errors in preoperative, operative and postoperative endodontic treatment. Inadequate final restoration of post-endodontic treatment would impact the success of the treatment. Loose restoration is an example of restoration failure caused by inadequate retention which leads to penetration of saliva along the root canal.This could dissolve the luting cement and cause microleakage to constantly reach the periradicular areas. lf neglecled, this situation will result in a periradicular lesion. Endodontic retreatment was performed to resolve the failing restoration. The restoration failed due to inadequate retention. The treatment was needed to prevent more problems to occur sometime in the future."

"Perawatan endodontik setelah perwatan bedah reposisi gigi insisif permanen intrusi pascatrauma. Laporan ini menggambarkan sebuah kasus trauma gigi berat pada seorang anak perempuan berusia 10 tahun yang mengakibatkan intrusi insisif sentral dan lateral rahang atas, yang terjadi 6 hari sebelum ditangani di Klinik Gigi Rumah Sakit Siloam Lippo Village (SLVH). Reposisi gigi secara bedah dan penggunaan splin dilakukan untuk merawat gigi intrusi. Perawatan endodontik dilakukan 3 minggu setelah reposisi. Saluran akar diirigasi dengan larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan ditumpat sementara menggunakan kalsium hidroksida. Splin dilepas setelah 3 bulan. Perawatan saluran akar definitif dilakukan 6 bulan kemudian. Evaluasi perawatan endodontik 9 bulan setelah trauma tidak menunjukkan komplikasi, namun terjadi diskolorasi gigi 2 bulan berikutnya. Kontrol lanjutan dilakukan setiap tahun selama 5 tahun, karena biasanya trauma luksasi belum menunjukkan masalah pada di tahun-tahun pertama. Kombinasi reposisi bedah dengan perawatan endodontik merupakan perawatan yang diperlukan untuk menangai kasus intrusi gigi pascatrauma pada gigi yang sudah tumbuh sempurna.

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This report presents the case of a 10-year-old girl who was referred to the Siloam Hospital Lippo Village (SLVH) Dental Clinic 6 days after sustaining a severe traumatism that led to intrusion of the maxillary central and lateral incisors. The intruded teeth were repositioned by using surgical reposition and splinted. Endodontic treatment was performed 3 weeks after repositioning. The root canals were rinsed with 2.5% NaOCl, then calcium hydroxide dressing was placed. Splint was removed after 3 months. Definitive root canal fillings were accomplished 6 months later. The result implied that endodontic treatment until 9 months showed no periodontal complication, but 2 months later the teeth were slightly discolored. Further follow up should be made yearly for at least 5 years, because luxation injuries frequently do not show problems initially. In this case, surgical repositioning combined with endodontic treatment is a viable alternative treatment for severe traumatic intrusion in mature permanent teeth."

"Gemuk Kalsium Oleat Asetat Kompleks merupakan gemuk sabun kompleks yang dihasilkan melalui reaksi saponifikasi kalsium hidroksida dengan asam oleat dan asam asetat sebagai agen pengompleks. Penggunaan kalsium hidroksida dalam pembentukan thickening agent dapat memberikan efek ketahanan terhadap air yang baik pada pelumas. Namun, reaksi saponifikasi antara kalsium hidroksida dan asam-oleat masih memiliki yield yang tidak terlalu tinggi sehingga masih terdapat sisa kalsium hidroksida yang dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik dari gemuk yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian ini, reaksi saponifikasi dilakukan dengan memanfaaatkan sistem pengadukan 3 impeller yang mencakup pengaduk anchor (jangkar), dan dua pengaduk turbin. Sistem ini melibatkan penggunaan ketiga poros pengaduk yang berbeda untuk mencapai fungsi pengadukan, dan penyebaran pada saat yang sama. Pada penelitian ini, dibuktikan bahwa reaksi saponifikasi menggunakan tiga impeller menghasilkan reaksi yang lebih efektif ditinjau dari persen massa kalsium hidroksida tersisa yang lebih rendah (0.,66%) dibandingkan dengan pengaduk single shaft (1,09%). Sistem pengadukan tiga impeller juga membantu menaikan kualitas gemuk kalsium oleat yang dihasilkan, dengan dropping point 130,5oC, nilai penetrasi 290,2 x 0.1mm , ketahan keausan yang lebih tinggi dan tekstur dengan fibril panjang.

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Calcium Oleate Acetate Complex Grease is a complex soap grease produced through the saponification reaction of calcium hydroxide with oleic acid and acetic acid as complexing agents. The use of calcium hydroxide in the formation of the thickening agent can provide good water resistance in lubricants. However, the saponification reaction between calcium hydroxide and oleic acid still has a relatively low yield, leaving residual calcium hydroxide that can affect the characteristics of the resulting grease. In this study, the saponification reaction was carried out using a three-impeller stirring system, including an anchor impeller and two turbine impellers. This system involves the use of three different stirring shafts to achieve mixing and dispersion simultaneously. It was demonstrated that the saponification reaction using three impellers resulted in a more effective reaction, as evidenced by a lower residual mass percentage of calcium hydroxide (0.66%) compared to a single-shaft stirrer (1.09%). The three-impeller stirring system also helped to improve the quality of the resulting calcium oleate grease, with a dropping point of 130.5°C, a penetration value of 290.2 x 0.1 mm, higher wear resistance, and a texture with long fibrils."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Residu medikamen kalsium hidroksida yang tertinggal dalam saluran akar dapat memengaruhi kualitas pengisian saluran akar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dua metode pembersihan medikamen kalsium hidroksida. Metode. Tiga puluh dua premolar rahang bawah dipreparasi dengan ProTaper Next hingga X3. Gigi kemudian diberikan medikamen kalsium hidroksida dan dilakukan pemindaian awal menggunakan Micro-CT. Setelah diinkubasi selama 7 hari pada suhu 37 C, medikamen kalsium hidroksida dibersihkan dengan larutan irigasi yang diaktivasi menggunakan instrumen sonik EDDY trade;, VDW dan menggunakan instrumen ultrasonik Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . Setelah dibersihkan, dilakukan pemindaian kedua dengan Micro-CT untuk mengetahui voume residu kalsium hidroksida. Data kemudian di rekonstruksi dan dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak NRecon dan CTAn. Hasil. Kelompok ultrasonik memiliki rerata volume residu kalsium hidroksida yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok sonik. Namun secara statistik tidak memiliki perbedaan yang bermakna p=0,225 . Kesimpulan. Teknik sonik dan ultrasonik memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam membersihkan medikamen kalsium hidroksida.

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ABSTRACTBackground. The residual calcium hydroxide medicinal residue in the root canal can affect the quality of root canal filling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two methods of cleansing the calcium hydroxide medicaments. Method. Thirty two mandibular premolars were prepared with ProTaper Next to X3. The tooth was then given a calcium hydroxide medicament and an initial scan was performed using Micro CT. after incubation for 7 days at 37 C, the calcium hydroxide medicaments were cleaned with irrigation solution which was activated using sonic instrument EDDY trade , VDW and using ultrasonic instrument Irrisave, Acteon Satelec . After cleaning, a second scan with Micro CT is done to determine the voume of calcium hydroxide residue. The data were then reconstructed and analyzed using NRecon and CTAn software. Results. ultrasonic group had a lower mean residual volume of calcium hydroxide than the sonic group. However, statistically, there was no significant difference p 0,225 . Conclusion. Sonic and ultrasonic techniques have the same ability to clean the calcium hydroxide medicaments."

"Latar Belakang: Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri, khususnya E. faecalis di dalam saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan saluran akar karena bentuknya yang ireguler di sepertiga apikal. Jumlah kunjungan perawatan endodontik konvensional yang berulang juga masih di rasakan tidak praktis. Pemakaian laser terapi foto dinamik dan kalsium hidroksida dalam bentuk larutan adalah upaya menemukan teknik dan bahan untuk eliminasi tersebut. Mengetahui sifat-sifat spesifik bakteri berupa keragaman genotip dan karakter fenotip yaitu perilakunya terhadap perubahan lingkungan, diharapkan akan dapat menemuka tekanik dan medikamen terbaik untuk sterilisasi saluran akar. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan jumlah dan karakter genotip bakteri E. faecalis di saluran akar yang mengalami infeksi intra radikuler primer dan persisten serta menganalisis perubahan karakter fenotip pada kasus infeksi intra radikuler persisten setelah mendapat perlakuan dengan laser terapi foto dinamik dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Material dan Metode: Bakteri E. faecalis diisolasi dari saluran akar kemudian dilakukan penentuan tipe genotip cps nya. Perubahan karakter fenotip dilakukan dengan melihat sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida dengan di beri perlakuan menggunakan sinar laser foto dinamik terapi dan larutan kalsium hidroksida 50%. Hasil: Sensitivitas bakteri E. faecalis terhadap Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% yang diaplikasikan selama 60 detik pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten efektif dalam sterilisasi saluran akar. Kesimpulan: Laser foto dinamik terapi dan kalsium hidroksida 50% dapat menyebabkan perubahan sensitivitas, profil protein dan profil kapsul polisakarida pada genotip cps 1, 2 dan 5 bakteri E. Faecalis pada infeksi intra radikuler persisten.

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Background: Eliminating all bacteria, especially E. faecalis in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management due to its irregular shape at one third of apical area. The repeating endodontic visits also seem to be less practical. Utilization of photo dynamic laser and calcium hydroxide solution therapy is an attempt in finding the suitable technique and materials for eliminating this issue. Knowledge of specific characters of bacteria such as the various genotypes and the phenotype character, which is its behavior towards environmental changes, is expected to be helpful in finding the best technique and medicament for root canal sterilization.

Objective: Analyse the amount and genotypic characters difference of E. faecalis in the root canal affected with primary and persistent intra radicular infection and analyse phenotypic character changes in persistent intra radicular infections cases after application of photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy.

Material and Method: E. faecalis was isolated from the root canal and its cps genotype was determined. Phenotypic character changes were observed with sensitivity, protein profiling and polysaccharide capsule profiling after getting photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide 50% therapy.

Results: E. faecalis sensitivity towards photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide treatment for 60 seconds acquired from persistent intra radicular infection was effective in root canal sterilization.

Conclusion: Photo dynamic laser and 50% calcium hydroxide therapy can change the sensitivity, protein profile, and polysaccharide capsule profile of cps 1, 2 and 5 genotype E. faecalis in persistent intra radicular infection."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik regeneratif (ER) adalah perawatan yang dirancang untuk menggantikan struktur gigi yang rusak secara fisiologis. Penggunaan medikamen pada prosedur perawatan ER menggunakan Calcium hydroxide yang telah ditentukan sebagai bahan medikamen utama yang ditetapkan American Association of Endodontik (AAE). Bahan medikamen lainnya seperti Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) juga banyak digunakan pada perawatan ER dalam konsentrasi 1 mg/ml. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya terhadap sel punca pulpa.Cs) yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD 90 98%, CD 105 88,7%, CD 73 94%, LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam,  diberikan perlakuan berupa Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dan kombinasi Ca(OH)2dan TAP 0,1 dan 1 mg/ml dengan DMEM sebagai kontrol. Pengamatan viabilitas dan sitotoksisitas hDPSCs dengan uji kuantitatif MTT assay dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan DAPI. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan sitotoksisitas kombinasi medikamen Ca(OH)2 + TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan Ca(OH)2 + TAP 1 mg/ml dibandingkan dengan Ca(OH)2, TAP 0,1 mg/ml dan TAP 1 mg/ml terhadap sel punca pulpa. Kesimpulan: Bahan medikamen Ca(OH)2, TAP, dan kombinasi keduanya tidak toksik terhadap sel punca pulpa.

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Background: Regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) is a treatment designed to replace damaged tooth structure physiologically. In regenerative endodontic treatment (ER) procedures, the medicament used is calcium hydroxide, which has been determined as the primary medicament recommended by the American Association of Endodontics (AAE). Another medicament used in ER treatment is Triple antibiotic paste (TAP), typically at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination on dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).

Methods: Primary human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), which have reached 80% confluence (tested for stem cell markers CD90 98%, CD105 88.7%, CD73 94%, LinNeg 0.5%), and have reached passages 3rd to 4th, were subjected to 24-hour starvation. They were then treated with Ca(OH)2, TAP at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/ml, and a combination of Ca(OH)2 and TAP at the same concentrations, with DMEM as the control. The viability and cytotoxicity of hDPSCs were observed using the quantitative MTT assay and qualitative DAPI staining.

Results: There was no significant difference in the cytotoxicity between the combination of Ca(OH)2+ TAP 0.1 mg/ml and Ca(OH2 + TAP 1 mg/ml compared to Ca(OH)2  0.1 mg/ml and TAP 1 mg/ml in dental pulp stem cells.

Conclusion: The medicaments Ca(OH)2, TAP, and their combination are not toxic to dental pulp stem cells."

"Bone mineral content at old age is dependent upon the peak bone mass achieved in youth and subsequent adult bone loss (Matkovic, 1992). Adequate calcium consumption during childhood is beneficial for the acquisition of peak bone mass and density. It is therefore, calcium has been considered to play important role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis (NIH, 1994), and osteoporosis has been described as a pediatric disease that manifests itself in old age (Lysen and Walker, 1997). If children fail to take in enough calcium, they are more likely to develop osteoporosis later in life (Insel et al., 2002). Nevertheless, calcium is one of the nutrients that most likely to be low or deficient in children's diets (Krause's, 2000). Recently, calcium has been suspected to have a positive effect in preventing some disorders, including diarrhea. Bovee et al., (2003) indicated that low calcium intake has been shown to impair host resistance to food-borne intestinal infections. Because of childhood morbidity and mortality due to infectious diarrhea is very high in developing countries, adequate dietary calcium intakes of the children will likely improve their bone as well as intestinal health (Bovee et al., 2003). Dairy products are always regarded as primary source of calcium. It is difficult to meet the RDA for calcium without milk or milk products (Krause, 1992). Unfortunately, the general Indonesian population does not commonly consume milk.

The results of 1997 national survey on households' food consumption pattern across provinces in Indonesia reveal that milk consumption was zero, or milk product was never consumed in the last three months at the time of survey (Sumarno at al., 1997). In line with the 1997 national survey, Ariani et al., (1997) reported that the level of milk consumption was lower than that of other animal products across the provinces in Indonesia, and in general, milk consumption of Indonesian population was below the standard of adequacy of milk consumption according to Widyakarya National Pangan dan Gizi 1998 (4.6 kg/cap/year). The above facts indicate that many Indonesians may consume calcium-deficient diet."

"Gemuk bio overbased kalsium sulfonat kompleks dibuat dari minyak kelapa sawit terepoksidasi yang digunakan sebagai base oil dan overbased kalsium sulfonat kompleks sebagai thickening agent. Thickening agent yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kalsium sulfonat, kalsium karbonat, dan kalsium hidroksida sebagai sabun utama (overbased kalsium sulfonat) serta kalsium oleat terepoksidasi dan kalsium asetat (kalsium oleat-asetat) sebagai pengompleksnya. Perbandingan campuran kalsium sulfonat-karbonat-hidroksida sebagai overbased kalsium sulfonat dengan kalsium oleat terepoksidasi-asetat sebagai pengompleks yaitu 5% : 95% dan 50% : 50%. Gemuk ini dihasilkan dari proses saponifikasi yang menggunakan reactor batch tertutup, dilanjutkan dengan proses pendinginan, dan terakhir proses homogenisasi. Pengaruh variasi komposisi pengompleks sebagai thickener dapat dilihat dari pengujian karakteristik gemuk bio yang terdiri dari uji sifat fisik dan kimia seperti uji tampilan gemuk, uji mulur, uji penetrasi, dan uji dropping point, serta uji four ball untuk mengetahui performa dari gemuk. Hasil terbaik yang didapat pada perbandingan overbased kalsium sulfonat : kalsium oleat-asetat sebesar 5% : 95% yaitu gemuk dengan komposisi thickening agent 35% dengan rentang penarikan mulur 9.5 cm, tingkat konsistensi NLGI #2, nilai dropping point 250˚C, dan nilai keausan sebesar 0.2 mg. Untuk gemuk dengan perbandingan overbased kalsium sulfonat : kalsium oleat-asetat sebesar 50% : 50% yaitu gemuk dengan komposisi thickening agent 50% dengan rentang penarikan mulur 7 cm, tingkat konsistensi NLGI #2, nilai dropping point 269˚C, dan nilai keausan sebesar 0.3 mg.

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Overbased calcium sulfonate grease bio complex is made from palm oil epoxidized as a base oil and overbased calcium sulfonate complex as a thickening agent. Thickening agent used in this study is calcium sulfonate, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide as a major soap (overbased calcium sulfonate) and epoxidized oleic calcium and acetate calcium (oleic-acetate calcium) as complexing. Comparison of a mixture of calcium sulfonate-carbonate-hydroxide as overbased calcium sulfonate with epoxidized oleic calcium-acetate calcium as complexing is 5% : 95% and 50% : 50%.

This grease is produced from the saponification process which uses a closed batch reactor, followed by a cooling process, and the final homogenization process. Effect of complexing composition variations as a thickener can be seen from the test characteristics of bio grease, consisting of physical and chemical properties test such as a test to see grease, creep testing, penetration testing, dropping point testing, and four ball test to determine the performance of the grease.

The best results were obtained in comparison overbased calcium sulfonate : oleic calcium-acetate at 5% : 95% are grease with thickening agent composition of 35% with a range of 9.5 cm, the level of consistency of NLGI # 2, the value of dropping point 250˚C, and value of wear 0.2 mg. For the grease by comparison overbased calcium sulfonate : oleic calcium-acetate at 50% : 50% are grease with thickening agent composition of 50% with a range of 7 cm, the level of consistency of NLGI # 2, the value of dropping point 269˚C, and anti-wear value is 0.3 mg."

"ABSTRAKPada pembuatan gemuk bio ini digunakan Kalsium karbonat atau CaCO3 berukuran submikro-mikro sebagai aditif padat untuk meningkatkan sifat antiwear dari gemuk bio yang dihasilkan dengan NLGI #2. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pengepoksidasian minyak sawit pada suhu 65 ˚C; sintesis gemuk bio yang meliputi proses pengadukan, pemanasan, dan saponifikasi pada suhu maksimum 165 ˚C; homogenisasi pada suhu 70 ˚C; serta pengujian karakteristik dan performa gemuk bio yang meliputi uji konsistensi, uji dropping point, serta four ball test untuk menguji sifat antiwear gemuk bio dengan kecepatan putaran sebesar 1150 rpm. Adapun variabel yang terdapat pada penelitian ini yaitu waktu dan suhu selama proses sebagai variabel control; komposisi aditif CaCO3 sebagai variabel bebas; ukuran partikel CaCO3, komposisi base oil, thickener agent, dan BHT serta hasil uji karakteristik sebagai variabel terikat. Hasil yang didapat yaitu gemuk bio NLGI #2 dengan dropping point pada suhu 301 ˚- 317 ˚C. Untuk hasil pengujian antiwear terbaik didapat pada gemuk bio dengan penambahan 3,5% CaCO3 submikro-mikro dengan pengurangan massa ball bearing sebesar 0,7 mg, sementara pada gemuk bio dengan 0% CaCO3 pengurangan tersebut sebesar 250 mg.

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ABSTRACTIn the making of this bio grease, calcium carbonate or CaCO3 in submicro-micro size is used as a solid additive to increase its antiwear properties. To start the research, the epoxidation of palm oil in 65 ˚C is done first; and then synthesizing of bio grease which consists of mixing, heating, and saponification with maximum temperature at 165 ˚C; homogenization in 70 ˚C; and characterization tests that includes the concistency test, dropping point test, and four ball test. The variable contained in this research are time and temperature as control variable; composition of CaCO3 as independent variable; CaCO3 particle size, composition of base oil, thickener agent, BHT, and the result of characterization test as dependent variable. To start the research, the epoxidation of palm oil is done first, and then synthesizing of bio grease, and characterization testing that includes the elasticity test, concistency test, dropping point test, and four ball test in 1150 rpm. The results of this research are, the bio grease has NLGI #2 with 301 ˚- 317 ˚C in dropping point test. For the antiwear test, the best result is possessed by bio grease with 3.5% of CaCO3 addition with reduction of mass ball bearing as much as 0.7 mg, meanwhile in bio grease with 0% of CaCO3 gave 250 mg reduction of mass ball bearing."