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"This article examines care-worker hierarchies in South Africa, notably since the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the structural changes it has brought. The nurses, social workers, home-based care workers and volunteers are mostly women, of varying racial, socio-economic, demographic and educational backgrounds; they work in the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors. Recent changes in care provision have brought improved earnings for some, but the “care penalty” remains, and task-shifting because of the epidemic has been mostly downwards, increasing the burden on the lowest paid – or even unpaid – in the worst working conditions, thus increasing inequality between women."

"A falling fertility rate, increasing longevity, government “social investment” strategies to achieve the transformation from industrial to post-industrial economy, and increased state support to help women balance family and work responsibilities – all these influences have produced mixed results for the poorly paid female care workers in low-status jobs in the Republic of Korea. The author summarizes policy changes and reports on interviews with childcare and elder-care workers, policy experts and researchers, showing that though increased regulation and expansion of public childcare have led to some improvements, the deregulation and marketization of elder-care have resulted in worsening conditions for elder-care workers."

"In Argentina, one third of all employed women, but only 3 per cent of all employed men, are care workers. Their relative pay and working conditions depend not only on applicable labour market regulations (and enforcement) but also, crucially, on the organization of care service provision, including the degree of public-sector engagement in the provision of particular services, the different care providers, and the locus of care provision (institutional vs. other contexts, e.g. households). Comparing two childcare-related occupations (early-education teaching and domestic service), the author argues that those two – possibly mutually reinforcing – dimensions intersect to explain differences between care workers' labour market positions."

"Using original data gathered in 2003-06,the authorss examine the prevalence and types of non-compliance with labour law in New York City.Workplace violations-or "Unregulated work"-are widespread across a range of low-wage industries and have been driven by a mix of economic factors as well as public policy....."

"This article explores state and social understandings of care work in India by examining two categories of non-family care workers – hired domestic workers and Anganwadi Workers/Helpers under the Integrated Child Development Scheme. Classified as “volunteers” in a government programme, the Anganwadi Workers/Helpers enjoy some social standing and relatively extensive unionization compared with domestic workers. Also, domestic workers have to make much harder trade-offs between their family's livelihood and daily care needs. The economic undervaluation of the care work they perform, however, is common to both categories of workers."

"This article defines paid care work and explains why it has become an important arena for research and policy. Drawing on cross-national and country-level analyses of selected occupations, it highlights three findings: first, the employment situation of care workers often mirrors broader, country-specific labour market conditions and problems; second, the State's role as an employer of care workers is changing as governments increasingly outsource such work; and third, social policy regimes also shape opportunities for and conditions of care employment. It concludes that both care workers and care recipients are likely to benefit from improved employment conditions of care work."

"This article investigates the wage effects of employment in care work – conceptualized as work providing face-to-face client services that strengthen the health, skills or safety of recipients – in 12 countries representing a range of economic and policy contexts. While previous research has found an earnings penalty for care work, this article finds remarkable cross-national variation in that effect. The authors find that worker characteristics and job characteristics shape the effect of care employment on earnings. They also consider how country-level factors – earnings inequality, size of public sector, and trade union strength – impact upon cross-national variation in the effect of care employment on earnings."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai implementasi kebijakan tentang kewenangan mediator dalam penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial di Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia dengan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh didalamnya. Mediator Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan merupakan representasi pemerintah pusat yang bertanggung jawab merumuskan kebijakan, memberikan pembinaan hubungan industrial pada pengusaha dan pekerja di Indonesia, serta melakukan supervisi, monitoring dan bantuan teknis kepada mediator daerah. Oleh sebab itu, mediator Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan seharusnya dapat menjadi panutan dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan yang sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Namun, proses implementasi kebijakan terkait kewenangan mediator di Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan belum berjalan seperti yang diharapkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post positivist dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan tentang kewenangan mediator dalam penyelesaian perselisihan hubungan industrial di Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor berikut, yaitu faktor kurangnya kejelasan komunikasi, terbatasnya kualitas dan pemberdayaan kuantitas sumber daya manusia, sanksi yang belum diterapkan, pimpinan yang kurang berperan, dan koordinasi dengan masyarakat khususnya pengusaha dan pekerja yang belum efektif.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the implementation of policies regarding the authority of mediator in the settlement of industrial disputes in the Ministry of Labour of the Republic of Indonesia. This study tries to analyze factors that influence the implementation of the policy. Each mediator in the Ministry of Labour is a representation of the central government that responsible for formulating policies, providing industrial relations guidance to employers and workers in Indonesia, as well as supervision, monitoring and technical assistance to regional mediator. Therefore, the mediator in the Ministry of Labour should be a role model in the implementation of policies in accordance with applicable regulations. However, the process of policy implementation in the Ministry of Labour has not run as expected. This research uses post-positivist approach with descriptive design. Results of this study shows that the implementation of the policies regarding the authority of mediators in the settlement of industrial disputes in the Ministry of Labour is affected by the following factors: lack of clarity of communication, lack of quality and quantity of human resources, ineffective sanctions, lack of leadership role, and ineffective coordination with the public, especially employers and workers."

"In Japan around 100,000 working carers leave their jobs each year. While long-term care leave was legislated in 1995 with the aim of ensuring that working carers do not leave their jobs, few workers use such leave. The Japanese government has addressed this problem in 2016 by proposing amendments to the Child Care and Family Care Leave Act to allow workers to take care leave more flexibly. Focusing on another aspect of combining work and care, this paper addresses the possibility that workers who remain in their jobs may suffer from the effects of having to combine work with providing care. Although fatigue among carers has been raised as a problem in the context of issues that arise outside the workplace, such as abuse or murder of care receivers or suicide among carers, the effects that fatigue may have on carers’ work is rarely a topic of discussion. The results of our original data analysis show that physical fatigue due to providing care while working full time raises the risk of having an accident while at work and failing to meet work quotas. It is therefore crucial to consider means of ensuring that working carers who come to the office as usual are able to maintain their health and work performance."