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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV; 397-399The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) cytokine content in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) on healthy periodontal and chronic periodontitis. It was also determine the treatment effects of hydrogen peroxide as subgingival irrigation in chronic periodontitis. Twenty participants were examined in this study. Gingival fluid collection method was carry out with strip paper technique and analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result of the study showed that there was a significant difference of ICAM-1 on healthy site and periodontitis site, and there was a significant change of ICAM-1 content after treatment (p<0.05). We concluded that ICAM-1 in GCF is a sensitive indicator to differentiate healthy sites from those with periodontitis."

"The Zinc (Zn) concentration was determined from salivary gland of Wistar King A (WKA) rats. The salivary glands are divided in to sub-lingual, sub-mandible and parotis. The Zn concentration was determined within 15-60 minutes of restraint stress. Concentration of Zn in sub-mandible, parotis and sub-Lingual glands was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in the control group. Further more at Zinc concentration in sub-mandible gland at 30 min restraint stress was increase (p<0.001), and decrease significantly at 49 min by restraint stress. By the way, Zn concentration in parotis gland was increase significantly (p<0.0001) after 60 min restraint stress. The results suggest that Zn is linked to oral saliva under physiological stimuli, and that Zn accumulates in the salivary gland during salivary enzyme activity."

"Latar Belakang: Kerusakan jaringan periodontal terjadi karena inflamasi terhadap invasi bakteri. Human beta defensin-1 adalah peptida antimikroba dan pertahanan pertama terhadap infeksi.Tujuan Penelitian: Membandingkan kadar ekspresi HBD-1 antara kelompok periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normalBahan dan Metode: Kadar HBD-1 dari 94 sampel CKG subjek periodontitis kronis, periodontitis agresif dan normal diukur dengan ELISAHasil: Analisis Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan kadar HBD-1 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal (p<0,05) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p>0,05) antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal, dan antara periodontitis kronis dengan periodontitis agresif.Kesimpulan: Kadar HBD-1 pada CKG menurun pada kondisi periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontal disease is happened because inflammation reaction ro bacterial invasion. Human beta defensin-1 (HBD-1) is antimicroba peptide which regulate the first defense mechanism.

Objectives: To compare level of HBD-1 between chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group.

Material and Methods: Level of HBD-1 from GCF sample of chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and normal group were assessed with ELISA.

Results: Mann-Whitney analysis show different level of HBD-1 expression between chronic periodontitis and normal (p<0,05) and there was no significant difference (p>0,05) between aggressive periodontitis and normal, and between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Conclusion: Level of HBD-1 in GCF decreased in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan interaksi kompleks antara sitokin pro-inflamasi dan sitokin anti-inflamasi. Sitokin anti-inflamasi seperti IL-4 pada cairan krevikular gingiva (CKG) dapat menjadi biomarker penyakit periodontal.Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis perbedaan kadar IL-4 dalam CKG penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif.Metode dan Bahan: Sampel CKG dikumpulkan dari pasien normal (n=21), periodontitis kronis (n=38) dan periodontitis agresif (n=35) dan dilakukan analisis kadar IL-4 dengan menggunakan ELISA.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan kadar IL-4 antara periodontitis kronis dengan normal dan antara periodontitis agresif dengan normal (p=0,000). Tidak ada perbedaan kadar IL-4 (p=0,729) antara periodontitis kronis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) periodontitis agresif (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).Kesimpulan: Kadar IL-4 menurun pada kondisi inflamasi, baik pada periodontitis kronis ataupun periodontitis agresif.

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Background: Periodontitis is a complex interaction between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-4 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine in GCF that can be used as a periodontal biomarker.

Objectives: To compare level of IL-4 in GCF of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.

Material and Methods: GCF sample were collected from normal (n=21), periodontitis chronic (n=38) and aggressive periodontitis (n=35) group and analysis of level IL-4 was performed with ELISA.

Results: There was a difference level of IL-4 between chronic periodontitis with normal and between aggressive periodontitis with normal (p=0,000). There was no difference level of IL-4 (p=0,729) between chronic periodontitis (14,73±0,32 pg/ml) and aggressive periodontitits (20,58±23,00 pg/ml).

Kesimpulan: Level of IL-4 was decreased in inflammation condition, either chronic periodontitis or aggressive periodontitis."

"Latar belakang: Suatu biomarker imunologis diperlukan untuk kasus yang berbatasan antara periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) merupakan suatu biomarker penentu risiko dan derajat keparahan penyakit periodonal serta evaluasi hasil perawatan periodontal. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadar MMP-8 pada cairan krevikular gingiva penderita periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Metode: Penelitian ini mencakup 12 pasien periodontitis agresif, 17 pasien periodontitis kronis dan 6 subjek sehat. Kadar MMP-8 diukur dengan teknik ELISA. Hasil: Kadar MMP-8 pada periodonitits kronis tidak berbeda bermakna dengan periodontitis agresif (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: MMP-8 tidak dapat digunakan sebagai acuan diagnosis.

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Background: An immunologic biomarker is needed to distinguish between borderline cases between chronic periodontitis and agressive periodontitis. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) can be a risk profile of periodontal disease, disease progression and evaluation of periodontal treatment.

Aim: Analyze MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients.

Method: Sampel was collected from 6 healthy subjects, 12 subjects aggressive periodontitis and 17 chronic periodontitis subjects. MMP-8 levels were measured with ELISA.

Result:MMP-8 levels in chronic periodontitis did not show any difference to the MMP-8levels in aggressive periodonitits (p>0,05).

Conclusion: MMP-8 can not serve as a diagnostic parameter."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK). Interleukin-1β merupakan sitokin pro-inflamasi utama yang dapat ditemukan pada kedua penyakit ini. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kadar interleukin-1β dalam cairan sulkus gingiva (CSG) penderita PJK dan non PJK dengan status periodontal. Metode: Pemeriksaan klinis 40 subjek PJK dan 40 subjek non PJK, pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar Interleukin-1β dengan ELISA. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna Interleukin-1β antara penderita PJK dan non PJK (p>0,05); tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kadar Interleukin-1β dengan status periodontal penderita PJK dan non- PJK (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Kadar Interleukin-1β penderita PJK tidak memiliki hubungan dengan status periodontal.

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Background: Periodontitis is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Interleukin-1β as a pro-inflammatory main cytokine, can be found in this both diseases.

Objective: To analyze the relationship of interleukin-1β levels in CSG CHD and non-CHD patients with periodontal status.

Methods: Clinical Examination for 40 Subject CHD and 40 controls was checked, laboratory test for measured the levels of Interleukin-1β with ELISA.

Results: There were no significant differences between patients Interleukin-1β CHD and non-CHD (p>0.05); there is no significant difference between the levels of Interleukin-1β with periodontal status CHD and control patients (p>0.05).

Conclusions: Levels of Interleukin-1β of CHD patients do not have a relationships with periodontal status."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan infeksi yang melibatkan jaringan pendukung gigi disebabkan oleh biofilm plak gigi pada permukaan gigi dan inflamasi sebagai penyebab dari respons imun pejamu. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) sebagai mediator inflamasi terlibat dalam patogenesis berbagai penyakit inflamasi kronis, termasuk periodontitis dan sebagai regulator tekanan darah. Tujuan: Untuk membandingkan kadar prostaglandin dalam cairan krevikular gingiva pasien periodontitis dengan hipertensi dan non-hipertensi. Metode: Sampel total 60 pasien diperiksa. Terdiri dari 44 pasien kelompok hipertensi dan 16 pasien kelompok non-hipertensi sebagai kontrol. Keadaan hipertensi diukur dengan tekanan darah berdasarkan anamnesis dan menggunakan sphygmomanometer merkuri. Sampel klinis dikumpulkan dari 60 CKG subjek periodontitis. Pengukuran parameter klinis kedalaman poket (PD), dan perdarahan saat probing (BOP ≥1) dimasukkan sebagai kriteria diagnostik. Kedalaman poket dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis (CAL) dicatat sebagai kriteria subjek apabila PD ≥5 mm dan CAL adalah ≥1 mm. Kadar Prostaglandin E2 diperkirakan dalam sampel cairan crevicular gingiva dengan menggunakan uji immunosorbent link-enzyme. Hasil: Tingkat PGE2 signifikan secara statistik dalam kelompok hipertensi dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-hipertensi (p<0,05). Perbedaan yang signifikan dalam kedalaman poket, resesi, dan kehilangan perlekatan klinis (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Tekanan darah yang lebih tinggi memiliki potensi risiko peradangan dan perkembangan penyakit periodontal.

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ackground: Periodontitis is an infection that involved tooth supporting tissues by dental plaque biofilm on the tooth surface and host immune response as causal to as inflammation resolution. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as an inflammatory mediator has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, and as a regulator of blood pressure. Objective: To compare the levels of prostaglandin in the gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients with hypertension and non-hypertension. Methods: A total sample of 60 patients was examined. Consists of 44 patients were hypertension group and 16 patients were non-hypertension groups as a control. Hypertension state was measured by blood pressure based on anamnesis and using sphygmomanometer mercury. The clinical sample was collected from 60 gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) of periodontal disease subject. Measurement of the clinical parameter of probing pocket depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP ≥1) was included as a diagnostic requisition. The pocket depth and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was defined as present if the PD was ≥5 mm and CAL was ≥1 mm. Prostaglandin E2 level was estimated in gingival crevicular fluid samples by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The level of PGE2 was statically significant difference in hypertension patient compare with non-hypertension (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in pocket depth, recession, and clinical attachment loss (p<0.05). Conclusion: Higher blood pressure related to the potential risk of inflammation and progression periodontal disease."

"Latar belakang. Hubungan antara inflamasi dan koagulasi telah banyak dijelaskan, dimana molekul adhesi memiliki peranan penting dalam inflamasi. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) dan soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) tampak berkaitan dengan trombosis pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Molekul-molekul tersebut meningkat pada stenosis mitral (SM) namun bagaimana hubungannya dengan derajat trombosis atrium kiri belum diketahui. Metode. Pasien SM derajat sedang-berat (tanpa adanya regurgitasi mitral signifikan) yang menjalani pemeriksan ekokardiografi transesofageal diikutsertakan secara konsekutif sejak September-Oktober 2013. Penilaian gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dilakukan untuk mengkategorikan mereka menjadi kelompok non-trombus dengan left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) tebal, dan kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus. Kadar sICAM-1 dan sVCAM-1 dari vena perifer diukur dengan teknik enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Hasil. Sebanyak 39 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 40,97±9,61 tahun, 71,8% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 67,7% memiliki irama fibrilasi atrium. Evaluasi terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri (kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, kelompok non-trombus dengan LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus) menunjukkan kadar sICAM-1 sebesar 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, dan 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,280). Kadar sVCAM-1 pada 3 kelompok tersebut sebesar 729,01 (543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, dan 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,016). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral yang mempengaruhi gradasi trombosis. Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan kadar sVCAM-1 pada kelompok menurut gradasi trombosis atrium kiri pada SM, namun pengaruh sVCAM-1 terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dipengaruhi oleh fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral.

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Background. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation has been widely described while adhesion molecules takes important role in inflammation. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) seemed to be related to thrombosis in previous studies. Those molecules increase in mitral stenosis (MS) but their relationship with left atrial thrombosis gradation is still unknown.

Methods. Patients with moderate-severe MS (without any significant mitral regurgitation) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were recruited consecutively in September-October 2013. They were divided into three categories of left atrial thrombosis gradation: non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, and thrombus group. sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels in peripheral vein were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results. A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 40,97±9,61 year, 71,8% of them were female, and 67,7% of them had atrial fibrillation. Evaluation on left atrial thrombosis gradation (non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, and thrombus group) showed that sICAM-1 levels were 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, and 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL, cosecutively (p=0,280). sVCAM-1 levels were 729,01(543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, and 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL, consecutively (p=0,016). Multivariate analysis showed that AF and MVA influence thrombosis gradation.

Conclusion. Difference in sVCAM-1 levels was found among left atrial thrombosis gradation groups in mitral stenosis, but its effect on thrombosis gradation was influenced by atrial fibrillation and mitral valve area."

"Tujuan: menilai kadar Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1? HIF-1? dan Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ICAM-1 vitreus pada retinopati diabetik proliferatif yang diberikan bevacizumab intravitreal, serta hubungan keduanya terhadap ketebalan makula sentral previtrektomi. Metode: tiga puluh dua mata dirandomisasi menjadi 2 kelompok, yaitu yang mendapatkan suntikan bevacizumab intravitreal 1-2 minggu previtrektomi dan kelompok kontrol langsung dilakukan vitrektomi . Penghitungan kadar HIF-1? dan ICAM-1 dilakukan dengan metode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA . Ketebalan makula sentral diukur saat awal, previtrektomi, serta 2, 4, dan 12 minggu pascavitrektomi dengan menggunakan Stratus OCT. Hasil: rerata kadar HIF-1? vitreus dalam ng/mg protein pada kelompok kontrol dan bevacizumab intravitreal masing-masing 0,020 0,006;0,077 dan 0,029 0,016;0,21 . Kadar ICAM-1 vitreus dalam ng/mL adalah 20,10 3,41;40,16 dan 23,33 0,63;68,5 . Rerata kadar HIF-1? dan ICAM-1 vitreus didapatkan tidak berbeda bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Simpulan: bevacizumab intravitreal 1-2 minggu previtrektomi belum dapat membuat kadar HIF-1? lebih rendah daripada kelompok kontrol. Kadar ICAM-1 kelompok bevacizumab didapatkan lebih tinggi pada kelompok kontrol. Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara ketebalan makula sentral previtrektomi terhadap kadar HIF-1? dan ICAM-1.

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Purpose: To assess the levels of Hypoxia inducible factor 1 HIF 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICAM 1 in vitreous of proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients which were given intravitreal bevacizumab IVB, as well as its relation to the central macular thickness CMT measured prior to vitrectomy.

Method: This was post test only randomized clinical trial open label, in which thirty two eyes were randomized into two groups, one that received an IVB injection at 1 2 weeks previtrectomy and the control group. Measurement of HIF 1 and ICAM 1 was conducted using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA. The CMT were measured at the initial visit, prior to vitrectomy, and at follow up time 2, 4, and 12 weeks postoperative using Stratus OCT.

Result: The mean levels of HIF 1 vitreous ng mg protein in the control group and IVB respectively 0.020 0.006 0.077 and 0.029 0.016 0.21 . Vitreous levels of ICAM 1 ng mL in control group and IVB group were 20.10 3.41 40.16 and 23.33 0.63 68.5. The mean levels of HIF 1 and ICAM 1 vitreous obtained did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab 1 2 weeks prior to vitrectomy was not enough to make the levels of HIF 1 lower in IVB group. Median of ICAM 1 level in IVB group was higher than control group. There were no correlation between CMT with HIF 1 and ICAM 1 levels."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis merupakan penyakit keradangan kronis yang ditandai dengan adanya kerusakan jaringan periodontal. Seiring bertambahnya usia, terdapat perubahan respon inflamasi tubuh, yaitu meningkatnya aktivitas mediator proinflamasi. Salah satu penyakit kronis yang paling sering ditemui pada lansia adalah diabetes melitus (DM). Diabetes melitus memiliki hubungan dua arah dengan penyakit periodontal. Salah satu yang berperan dalam proses proinflamasi ini adalah tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Tujuan: Untuk memperoleh perbedaan kadar TNF-α dan parameter klinis pada pasien periodontitis lanjut usia antara DM dan non-DM. Metode: Subjek terdiri dari 49 pasien periodontitis usia lanjut dengan DM dan non-DM. Data klinis (kedalaman poket, indeks pendarahan, kehilangan perlekatan klinis, dan OHI) dicatat dan sampel cairan krevikular gingiva serta sampel darah diambil. ELISA kit digunakan untuk menganalisa kadar TNF-α. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada kedalaman poket, OHI, dan kadar TNF-α antara pasien periodontitis lanjut usia dengan DM dan non-DM (p ≥ 0.05). Kesimpulan: Pasien DM memiliki kadar TNF-α lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan non-DM, sehingga penggunaan TNF-α sebagai biomarker memiliki potensial besar.

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ackground: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by periodontal tissue damage. As we get older, there are changes in how our bodies response to inflammation, such as increase in activity of proinflammatory mediator. One of the most common chronic diseases found in the elderly is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus has a two-way relationship with periodontal disease. One of those involved in the proinflammatory process is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Objective: To obtain differences in TNF-α levels and clinical parameters in elderly periodontitis patients between diabetes mellitus and without diabetes mellitus. Methods: The subjects consisted of 49 elderly periodontitis patients with diabetes and without diabetes. Clinical data (bleeding index, clinical attachment loss, and OHI) were recorded and gingival crevicular fluid samples and blood samples were taken. ELISA kit was used to analyze TNF-α levels. Results: Significant differences in pocket depth, OHI, and TNF-α levels between elderly periodontitis patients with diabetes and without diabetes (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Diabetic patients have higher TNF-α levels compared to non-diabetics, so using TNF-α as a biomarker has great potential, but further studies are needed with more samples.

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