Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Komposit polimer dengan menggunakan material nano telah mengalami perkembangan yang cukup pesat beberapa dekade belakangan ini. Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dan organoclay merupakan beberapa material yang banyak diteliti pada pembuatan komposit polimer. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik melt mixing pada suhu 180oC untuk proses pembuatan komposit PP/MWCNT. Karakterisasi komposit meliputi sifat elektrik, rheologi, kekuatan mekanik dan analisa morfologi. Hasil analisa komposit PP/MWCNT diperoleh nilai electrical dan rheological percolation threshold sebesar 1,4 wt%. Kekuatan tarik komposit PP/MWCNT mengalami penurunan sebesar 2-7%, sedangkan modulus tarik meningkat sebesar 44-53% dibandingkan polypropylene (PP). Penambahan organoclay pada komposit PP/MWCNT tidak memberikan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap sifat elektrik dan rheologinya. Kekuatan tarik komposit PP/MWCNT/organoclay mengalami penurunan sebesar 6-11%, sedangkan modulus tarik meningkat sebesar 47-61% dibandingkan PP.

---

Polymer composite using nano material has been progressing quite rapidly in recent decades. Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and organoclay is the material that used in fabrication the polymer composites. This study used a technique of mixing melt at a temperature of 180oC for composite manufacturing process PP / MWCNT. Characterization of composites include electrical properties, rheological, mechanical strength and morphological analysis.

Analysis results of composite PP/MWCNT obtained value of electrical and rheological percolation threshold of 1.4 wt%. The tensile strength of composites PP/MWCNT decreased by 2-7%, while the tensile modulus increased by 44-53% compared to polypropylene (PP). The addition of the organoclay in the PP/MWCNT composite did not leave significant changes to the electrical and rheology properties. The tensile strength of composites PP/MWCNT/organoclay decreased by 6-11%, while the tensile modulus increased by 47-61% compared to PP."

"Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) mengandung serat selulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penyusun komposit. Penambahan carbon nanotube pada komposit diketahui melalui banyak penelitian dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penambahan carbon nanotube pada komposit serat TKKS dengan matriks epoksi. Bentuk serat divariasikan menjadi chopped strand, chopped strand mat, dan woven rovings. Untuk meningkatkan kompabilitas, fungsionalisasi dan perlakuan carbon nanotube dilakukan dengan metode mild acid oxidation dengan menggunakan asam nitrat yang dilanjutkan dengan hidrogen peroksida. Silane coupling agent digunakan untuk meningkatkan ikatan antar komponen dalam material komposit. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini adalah peningkatan modulus Young material komposit sesuai dengan penambahan 0,5% (%massa) CNT dan modifikasi serat strand, fiber mat, woven rovings sebesar 10,98%, 38,90%, dan 62,29% relatif terhadap komposit tanpa penambahan CNT. Komposit 0,5% CNT dan 40% serat TKKS woven rovings yang dihasilkan memiliki peluang untuk dikembangkan menjadi bumper mobil dengan nilai modulus Young sebesar 6,80 GPa.

---

Empty palm oil fruit bunch is the side product of palm oil cultivation which contains cellulose fiber. Cellulose fiber is usually used as the composite reinforcement. The addition of carbon nanotube in composite has been known that increase mechanical properties from many researches. In this research, carbon nanotube is added to the composite material which has epoxy as its resin and empty palm oil fruit bunch fiber as the reinforcement. The fiber form is variated to chopped strand, chopped strand mat, and woven rovings. To increase the compability, a functionalization of carbon nanotube in mild acid oxidation method with nitric acid and continued by hydrogen peroxide is performed. Silane coupling agent is used to strengthen the bond of composite components. The result obtained from this research is the increasing of composite materials? Young modulus as the addition of 0.5% (%mass) CNT and woven rovings fiber modification which equals 10.98%, 38.90%, 62.29% relative to the composite without CNT addition. The composite with 0.5% CNT and 40% woven rovings fibber has a chance to be developed into car bumper with 6,80 GPa Young modulus."

"[Pada penelitian ini, serat ijuk dihancurkan dan diayak ukuran 40 # setelah itu serat ijuk diberi perlakuan kimia dengan NaOH 2 % selama 1 jam, KMnO4 0,1 N selama 15 menit, dan NaClO 5 % selama 5 jam dengan tujuan mendapatkan selulosa kristalin. Setelah itu dilakukan proses pencampuran kering (hotmelt mixing) antara polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuan kimia dengan 7,5 % volum serat ijuk terhadap polipropilen dengan variabel temperatur 160°C, 165°C, dan 170°C dan variabel waktu pencampuran 15 menit dan 20 menit. Setelah itu dilakukan pengujian uji FTIR buat serat, sedangan buat komposit adalah uji tarik, uji STA, uji XRD, dan uji FE-SEM hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sifat kristalinitas dan mekanik dari komposit polipropilen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan lebih kristalin dari pada serat ijuk tanpa perlakukan, polipropilen dengan serat ijuk hasil perlakuaan kimia cukup kompatibel terhadap polipropilen, dari penelitian didapatkan sifat kristalinitas terbaik pada variabel 165°C selama 20 menit. Dan yang memiliki sifat kekuatan tarik paling baik adalah variabel 170°C selama 20 menit, sedangkan yang memiliki % elongasi paling baik adalah dengan variabel 160°C 20 menit.

---

In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.;In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes., In this work, palm fiber crushed and sieved size 40 # after the palm fiber chemically treated with 2% NaOH for 1 hour, 0.1 N KMnO4 for 15 minutes, and 5% NaClO for 5 hours in order to obtain crystalline cellulose. Once that is done the dry mixing (hotmelt mixing) between polypropylene and palm fiber chemical treatment results with 7.5% volume of the palm fiber and polypropylene with a variable temperature of 160°C, 165°C and 170°C and a variable time mixing 15 minutes and 20 minutes. After it was examined FTIR test for fiber, while the composite is made tensile test, STA test, XRD test and FE-SEM test this is done to obtain crystallinity and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites this. The results show that fiber perlakuaan results more crystalline fibers than untreated palm fiber, polypropylene and palm fiber chemistry results treatment compatible enough to polypropylene, crystallinity of the research showed the best properties on the variable 165 ° C for 20 minutes. And who has the most excellent tensile strength properties are variable 170 ° C for 20 minutes, while the best of % elongation is at a variable 160 ° C 20 minutes.]"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini fokus pada peningkatan sifat mekanis Polipropilena impak kopolimer (PP) dengan menggunakan serat ijuk yang telah dimodifikasi. Modifikasi serat ijuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan proses alkalinisasi dan pemutihan. Proses tersebut bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kristalinitas dan kompatibilitas serat ijuk terhadap matriks PP. Pembuatan komposit PP-ijuk dilakukan menggunakan metode pencampuran lelehan panas untuk selanjutnya di cetak sesuai spesifikasi sampel uji sifat mekanis. Proses pencampuran dilakukan selama 15 menit dan dipelajari dua variabel utama, yakni variasi kadar serat ijuk (1%, 3%, 5%) dan variasi temperatur pencampuran (160⁰C dan 165⁰C). Komposit yang terbentuk selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian STA dan UTM. Dari hasil percobaan dapat disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan sifat mekanis yang optimal didapatkan pada percobaan menggunakan serat ijuk 1% dan suhu pencampuran 160⁰C. pada sampel tersebut teramati penambahan nilai kuat tarik hampir mencapai 1 Mpa. Hasil percobaan mengindikasikan bahwa serat ijuk hasil modifikasi dapat digunakan sebagai filler untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis PP. Kondisi utama yang paling mempengaruhi peran positif serat ijuk adalah distribusi dan dispersi.

---

ABSTRACTThis research focused on the employment of modificated ?ijuk? fibers as fillers to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene impact copolymer (PP). Ijuk fibers are processed through alkali treatment and bleaching. Those processes are intended to improve the crystalinity and compatibility of ?ijuk? fibers to matrix PP. Afterwards, PP-ijuk composite is made by using rheomixing and subsequently casted in satisfactory to meet the requirements as standard sample for tensile strength testing. Rheomixing was conducted for 15 minutes in different concentration of ?ijuk? fibers (1%, 3%, 5%) and temperature (160⁰C dan 165⁰C). STA and UTM were used to observe the properties of the composite. From the results, can be concluded that the optimal condition to improve the mechanical properties of PP is obtained in the condition of 1% ?ijuk? fibers and 160⁰C mixing temperature. These condition were successfully improved the tensile strength of PP by 1 Mpa. The experiments indicated that modificated ?ijuk? fibers can be used as filler to increase the mechanical properties of PP. Distribution and dispertion were attributed as the main factors which influenced the processes."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelapisan nikel dengan metode impregnasi basah pada substrat katalitik stainless steel 316 terhadap yield dan kualitas carbon nanotube CNT berbasis limbah polipropilena PP menggunakan reaktor flame synthesis. Dilakukan variasi loading nikel sebesar 0 , 5 dan 10 . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelapisan nikel dapat meningkatkan yield CNT namun tidak signifikan, yaitu hanya sebesar 8,4. Akan tetapi, hasil CNT yang dihasilkan dari pelapisan nikel dengan loading 10 pada substrat SS 316 memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik. Dari hasil XRD, CNT terdeteksi pada peak intensitas 2 = 26° dan 43°, serta masih terdeteksi beberapa pengotor berupa grafit, Fe3O4, Fe3C, dan NiO pada ketiga sampel. Hasil SEM menunjukkan CNT lebih banyak terbentuk pada substrat dengan loading nikel 10 , dan ketiga sampel masih terdapat karbon amorf dan pengotor lain. Hasil EDX menunjukkan persen berat karbon dari sampel CNT yang tumbuh pada substrat loading nikel 10 lebih tinggi dari sampel lain, yaitu 74,07. Pada hasil TGA, pelapisan nikel dapat meningkatkan stabilitas termal CNT karena CNT mengalami penurunan persen massa pada suhu oksidasi sebesar 620oC. Karena peningkatan yield yang tidak signifikan pada limbah PP, dilakukan uji pelapisan nikel pada substrat stainless steel dengan sumber karbon kamper. Yield yang dihasilkan juga tidak signifikan, hanya sebesar 6,8. Namun, kualitas CNT yang dihasilkan justru mengalami peningkatan, baik dari segi diameter kristal yang menjadi semakin kecil sebesar 8,08 nm, komposisi karbon yang meningkat sebesar 83,06, maupun stabilitas termal yang meningkat dengan suhu oksidasi sebesar 723°C. Oleh karena itu, pelapisan nikel dapat meningkatkan yield meskipun tidak signifikan serta dapat meningkatkan kualitas CNT.

---

This research aims to determine the effect of nickel coating on 316 stainless steel catalytic substrate by wet impregnation method on the yield and quality of polypropylene waste based carbon nanotube CNT using a flame synthesis reactor. The effect of nickel loading was studied at 0 , 5 and 10 . The results showed nickel coating increase CNT yield by 8.4 . However, CNT with 10 nickel loading offered the best yield and quality.. From the XRD results, CNT was detected at peak intensities of 2 26° and 43°, and still detected some impurities such as amorphous carbon, Fe3O4, Fe3C and NiO.

From the SEM results showed that more CNT were produced on substrate with 10 nickel loading. EDX result shows that the carbon weight percentage from CNT with 10 nickel loading substrate is higher than other samples, which is 74.10 . In the TGA results, nickel coating can increase the thermal stability of CNT because CNT mass has decreased at an oxidation temperature of 620oC. Because the CNT yield from PP waste is not significant, nickel coating on substrates is tested with camphor as carbon sources.

The yield produced is also insignificant by 6.8 . However, the quality of CNT is increased, in terms of crystal diameter which became smaller by 8.08 nm, the composition of carbon which increased by 83.06 , and the thermal stability which increased with an oxidation temperature of 723°C. Therefore, nickel coating can increase yield even it is not significant and can improve the quality of CNT."

"Polypropylene diperkuat serat flax dipersiapkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan serat dan coupling agent terhadap sifat - sifat mekanik dari komposit. Komposit flax/polypropylene dibuat dengan kandungan yang berbeda (10,20 dan 30 % berat). Sedangkan untuk coupling agent dengan tipe maleic anhydride polypropylene dilakukan penambahan 4% pada masing - masing komposisi komposit. Proses pembuatan material dilakukan dengan cara ekstrusi dan injeksi. Sifat - sifat mekanik yang diteliti yaitu tarik, tekan, tekuk, puntir dan impak. Modulus dan tegangan maksimum dari flax/polypropylene meningkat dengan penambahan serat. Pengaruh yang sama juga dihasilkan melalui penambahan coupling agent.

---

Flax fibre reinforced polypropylene were prepared to investigate the influence of fibre loading and coupling agent on the mechanical properties of the composite. Flax/polypropylene composite was made with different content (10, 20 and 30 wt %). Whereas, coupling agent of maleic anhydride polypropylene was added by 4% to each composite composition. The process making of materials was performed by extrusion and injection. The mechanical properties of composite such as tensile, compression, flexural, torsion and impact were investigated. Modulus and maximum stress of flax/polypropylene increased with increase of fibres loading. The same effect was also generated through the addition of coupling agent."

"Insulasi panas merupakan material yang penting dalam industri untuk menunjang efisiensi suatu proses sistem. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan komposit dengan menggunakan epoksi Interzinc®52 sebagai matriks dan material zirkonia sebagai penguat. Proses pembuatan komposit dengan menggunakan metode pengaduk mekanis dengan kondisi waktu pengadukan 5 menit dan 15 menit. Material substrat yang digunakan adalah baja karbon ASTM A36 dengan ukuran 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. Persen berat (wt%) untuk material zirkonia digunakan dengan Persen 5% (wt%), 10% (wt%) dan 15% (wt%) pada 50 ml epoksi, ketebalan lapisan insulasi 1 mm, 3 mm dan 5 mm. Pengujian dilakukan untuk mengetahui sifat termal dan sifat mekanis dari komposit yang terbentuk terdiri dari X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, heat loss, thermogravimetric analysis, hardness shore D. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kadar ZrO2 ke dalam epoksi dan kenaikan ketebalan lapisan dapat menghasilkan lapisan insulasi panas dengan stabilitas termal yang lebih baik dan menurunkan PRH (percentage of residual heat). Selain itu nilai kekerasan permukaan naik seiring bertambahnya ZrO2 di dalam epoksi, hal ini disebabkan adanya kenaikan kerapatan dalam struktur mikro. Sementara itu, semakin lama waktu pengadukan meningkatkan nilai kekerasan dan kemampuan lapisan komposit dalam menahan panas yang hilang ke permukaan. Dari penelitian ini di peroleh PRH terendah 64% dan nilai kekerasan tertinggi 36 HD pada sampel epoksi dengan campuran 15% ZrO2 pada ketebalan 5 mm setelah pengadukan selama 15 menit.

---

Nowadays, Heat insulation is an important material in industry to support the efficiency of a system process. In this study, composites were made using epoxy Interzinc®52 as matrix and zirkonia material as reinforcement. The process of making composites using the mechanical stirring method with a stirring time of 5 minutes and 15 minutes. The substrate material used is ASTM A36 carbon steel with a size of 50 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. Weight percentage (wt%) for zirkonia material used with percentages of 5% (wt%), 10% (wt%) and 15% (wt%) in 50 ml Epoxy, insulation layer thickness 1 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm. Tests were carried out to determine the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites, consisting of X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, heat loss, thermogravimetric analysis, hardness shore D. The test results show that the addition of ZrO2 content into the epoxy and the increase in layer thickness can produce a heat insulation layer with better thermal stability and reduce PRH (percentage of residual heat). In addition, the surface hardness value increases with the addition of ZrO2 in the Epoxy, this is due to an increase in density in the microstructure. Meanwhile, the longer stirring time increases the hardness value and the ability of the composite layer to withstand heat loss to the surface. From this study, the lowest PRH value was 64% and the highest hardness value was 36 HD on the Epoxy sample with a mixture of 15% ZrO2 at a thickness of 5 mm after stirring for 15 minutes."

"Dalam percobaan ini, bahan polipropilena yang kami gunakan adalah thermoforming grade homopolymer yang diperoleh dari PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical, yang sudah dikenal dengan kualitas kekuatan dan kejernihan produknya yang ada di pasaran. Nucleating agent yang digunakan berbahan dasar calsium salt, diperoleh dari Milliken Chemical, Singapura.Prinsip kerja nucleating agent adalah menjadi inti kristal dan mempercepat inisiasi kristalisasi untuk meningkatkan Tc dan Tm hingga 10 dan memperbaiki sifat fisik hingga 15, mekanik hingga 30, dan optik material hingga 40. Menurut hasil yang telah analisis, variabel terbaik untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kinerja optimum dengan Nucleating Agent juga telah ditentukan.

---

In this experiment, the reference polypropylene material we used is thermoforming grade homopolymer, obtained from PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical, which already known for their high quality of strength and of clarity of the thermoforming product in the market. The nucleating agent used is calcium salt based, obtained from Milliken Chemical, Singapore.The working principle of Nucleating agent is becoming the core of crystal and accelerate the initiation of crystallization in order to boost up Tc and Tm up to 10 and improve the physical properties up to 15, mechanical properties up to 30, and optical properties up to 40. According to result we have analyzed, the best variables of to produce an optimum performance thermoforming product with Nucleating Agent also determined."