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"Untuk mengantisipasi ketergantungan impor LPG, perlu dilaksanakannya studi pemanfaatan energi alternatif subtitusi LPG. Salah satu alternatif subtitusi LPG adalah Dimetil Eter (DME) yang dapat dihasilkan dari gas alam (CH4). Proses produksi Dimetil Eter (DME) dari gas alam (CH4) dilakukan melalui 3(tiga) tahapan yaitu: sintesis gas, sintesis DME (direct method), dan pemurnian DME. HYSYS process simulation software model-based sebagai representasi pabrik DME digunakan untuk menganalisis 3(tiga) tahapan produksi DME. Teknologi yang diterapkan untuk memproduksi DME ialah teknologi direct method dimana dengan umpan gas alam sebesar 70 MMscfd mampu menghasilkan DME sebesar 658,9 ton/hari dengan tingkat kemurnian 99,99%. Perolehan produksi pabrik DME ini mampu mengurangi ketergantungan impor LPG di Indonesia sebesar 7% pada tahun 2018. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan keekonomian diperoleh biaya kapital (CAPEX) pabrik DME sebesar $57.818.702 dan biaya operasional (OPEX) sebesar $148.232.914/tahun. Dengan asumsi harga beli gas $6/MMBtu dan harga jual DME $833/ton (10% dibawah harga jual LPG), maka didapatkan IRR sebesar 44% dan NPV sejumlah $64.012.840 dengan masa pengembalian selama 5 tahun. Dari perolehan IRR dan NPV tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pabrik DME ini layak untuk didirikan dikarenakan nilai IRR (44%) lebih besar dari MARR (20%) dan NPV bernilai positif. Dari analisis sensitivitas diperoleh bahwa parameter harga jual DME bersifat sensitif terhadap NPV, dan parameter harga beli gas bersifat sensitif terhadap IRR dan PBP.

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To anticipate the LPG import dependency, required a study to look for an alternative energy as subtitution of LPG. One alternative is substituting LPG with Dimethyl Ether (DME) which can be produced from natural gas (CH4). The production process of Dimethyl Ether (DME) from natural gas (CH4) is done through three stages, namely: synthesis gas, DME synthesis (direct method), and DME purification. HYSYS Process simulation as a representation of the modelbased DME plant is used to analyze 3(three) stages of DME production. The technology applied for DME production are direct method technology where with feed natural gas (CH4) of 70 MMscfd are able to produce DME at 658,9 tonnes/day with a purity level of 99,99%. DME yield from this plant is capable to reduce import dependency of 7% in 2018.

Based on the economical analysis calculation, the total capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operasional expenditure (OPEX) of this DME plant are $57.818.702 and $148.232.914/year respectively. Assuming gas purchase price $6/MMBtu and DME sale price $833/tonnes then obtained an IRR 44% and NPV $64.012.840 with 5 years of payback period. Hence it can be concluded that this DME plant is feasible due to IRR (44%) is greater than MARR (20%) and NPV value is positive. Sensitivity analysis of DME plant showed that DME selling price variable are sensitive NPV. In addition, gas purchased price variable are sensitive to IRR and PBP (Payback Period)."

"This study is to verify the usage of DME as an alternative fuel and its production routs. As it is clear the energy, its supply and consumption is a very important concern. Countries are developing and as a result of that the energy consumption is increasing. Growing energy consumption is directly related to the depletion of fossil fuels particularly petroleum based fuels. So the world has to think of using other fuels which have at least the same performance and its production is cost-effective. One of these fuels is Dimethyl ether (DME). DME is very promising fuel and research on its characteristics and efficiencies show that it can be considered as a future fuel as it is cheap, environmental friendly and has good efficiency. Another advantage of DME production is that it has different applications and is a versatile fuel. Furthermore, similarity of its physical properties to LPG makes DME handling, storing and transportation easy however DME has low viscosity and lubricity. These mentioned disadvantages which are solvable may cause problems if enough attention is not paid to them. Typically DME is produced from natural gas as a feedstock although coal and biomass are also other possible feedstock to be utilized. To produce DME, natural gas is first converted to synthesis gas via ATR method (Auto thermal reforming) and then is converted to DME through direct method. This research aimed to be done to investigate about the possibility of using DME as a future fuel by discussing about its characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, its various production pathways has been talked about and tried to compare them in different aspects."

"ABSTRAKKebijakan pemanfaatan Dimetil Eter (DME) untuk substitusi LPG sangat diperlukan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan impor LPG dan beban subsidi yang terus meningkat. Diproyeksikan Kebutuhan LPG pada sektor rumah tangga mencapai 14 juta TOE pada tahun 2035 dengan pangsa impor sebesar 71%. Ide utama pada penelitian ini adalah menghitung keekonomian DME dengan melakukan perbandingan harga produksi DME dari bahan baku gas alam, batubara, biomassa dengan harga impor LPG sehingga didapatkan dua skenario penghematan terhadap harga LPG non subsidi dan LPG subsidi. Keekonomian DME dievaluasi melalui basis perhitungan kapasitas produksi 15000 ton/hari dengan metode Discounted Cash Flow untuk memperoleh harga FOB DME dengan IRR 10%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis sensitivitas parameter yang mempengaruhi harga DME. Dari hasil perhitungan didapatkan harga FOB DME dari gas alam, batubara dan biomassa berturut-turut adalah Rp.5,4 Juta/ton, Rp.2,5 Juta/ton, Rp.5,5 Juta/ton. Sedangkan dari dua skenario perhitungan penghematan, didapatkan penghematan hanya dari produksi DME dari batubara dengan nilai penghematan terhadap LPG non subsidi sebesar Rp7,28 triliun/tahun, dan penghematan subsidi sebesar Rp.8,9 triliun/tahun. Hasil analisis sensitivitas menunjukan harga bahan baku dan penjualan listrik merupakan parameter yang sensitif terhadap harga DME. Sehingga direkomendasikan kepada Pemerintah untuk mensubstitusi LPG dari DME berbahan baku batubara dengan tetap mengatur harga batubara agar bahan bakar DME dapat bersaing/kompetitif terhadap harga LPG.

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ABSTRACT

Policy of Dimethyl Ether (DME) utilization for LPG substitution is required to reduce dependence on imported LPG and subsidy which increase continuously. The projected need for LPG in the household sector reached 14 million TOE in 2035 with the share of imports by 71%. The idea of this research is to calculate the economics of DME by comparing DME production cost from raw material of natural gas, coal, biomass to LPG import prices thus obtained two scenarios savings on the price of non-subsidized LPG and subsidized LPG. DME economics are evaluated on the basis of the production capacity of 15000 tons / day with the Discounted Cash Flow method to obtain FOB price of DME with an IRR of 10%. The next step is to calculate the sensitivity analysis of parameters that influence the price of DME. From the calculation results obtained FOB DME price of natural gas, coal and biomass are respectively Rp.5,4 million / ton, Rp.2,5 million / ton, Rp.5,5 million / ton. Based on two scenarios for the calculation of savings, the savings obtained only from the production of DME from coal with a value of savings to non-subsidized LPG Rp. 7.28 trillion / year, and Rp.8,9 trillion / year for subsidized LPG. The results of the sensitivity analysis shows the price of raw materials and sale of electricity is a sensitive parameter to the price of DME. It is recommended to the Government to substitute LPG from DME made from raw coal by observing scenarios coal price regulation to ensure that the price of DME can compete with the price of LPG."

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Dimethyl Ether (DME) adalah energi alternatif yang memiliki sifat dan karakteristik mirip dengan Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) yang telah banyak diteliti sebagai bahan bakar untuk berbagai aplikasi. Dalam kaitannya dengan kondisi di Indonesia dimana saat ini impor LPG telah meningkat sangat pesat terutama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sektor rumah tangga, penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik pembakaran terutama pada pembakaran difusi DME dibandingkan dengan LPG menjadi sangat penting. Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakteristik nyala api difusi terutama Wobbe Index, stabilitas nyala api, Tinggi Api (Flame Height , F_H) dan Beban Pembakaran (Burning Load, BL) yang dihasilkan oleh bahan bakar DME serta campuran LPG-DME dibandingkan dengan LPG, serta pengaruh parameter jet velocity aliran bahan bakar. Eksperimen yang dilakukan menggunakan burner yang didesain khusus untuk memperoleh variasi kecepatan jet dan pengaruh bahan bakar yang digunakan. Uji kinerja menggunakan kompor mini juga dilakukan untuk membandingkan F_H, temperatur nyala api, dan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar DME terhadap LPG. Hasil yang dicapai yaitu perbedaan karakter pembakaran LPG dan DME terutama untuk parameter Wobbe Index dan stabilitas nyala api yaitu Blow Out dan Lift Off dapat didekati dengan pencampuran DME ke dalam LPG hingga maksimum komposisi DME 23% massa dan pada rentang fuel jet velocity 10 m/s – 34 m/s. Nilai optimum ini diperoleh pada kondisi eksperimen dengan burner tipe cylindrical dan pada diameter nosel  2,5 mm. F_H  yang setara antara DME dengan LPG dicapai pada rentang u_f  = 3,5 m/s – 6,3 m/s saat d_f  = 4,5 mm untuk DME dan d_f  = 2,5 mm untuk LPG, serta pada rentang u_f  = 5,3 m/s – 10,8 m/s saat d_f  = 5,0 mm untuk DME dan d_f  = 3,0 mm untuk LPG. BL yang setara antara DME dengan LPG dicapai pada u_f lebih kecil dari 0,5 m/s untuk semua diameter nosel. Uji kinerja pada kompor mini menghasilkan efisiensi penggunaan bahan bakar DME yang lebih tinggi, yaitu ketika pengatur air entrainment pada posisi close 1 sebesar 64,5% dan close 2 sebesar  67,9%, dibandingkan dengan LPG pada posisi open sebesar 62,5%. 

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Dimethyl Ether is one of the promising alternative energy to substitute Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) considering its similarity on properties and behavior to LPG. Indonesia currently import huge amount of LPG, mainly for energy in household purpose. Considering the potentiality of DME to substitute LPG especially for household purposes which basically works in atmospheric diffusion combustion, it is very important to study the comparison of LPG and DME in the field of diffusion combustion characteristics. This study aim to compare diffusion flame characteristics of DME, LPG, and the blends of DME mixed LPG with DME composition of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The characteristics being investigated are Wobbe Index, flame stability, Flame Height (F_H) and Burning Load (BL) under the effect of fuel jet velocity (u_f), which performed by a series of experiments in laboratory. The experiments were done using a specially designed cylindrical burner to get the variation of fuel jet velocity. The results show that the difference of Wobbe Index and flame stability represented by Lift Off (LO) and Blow Off (BO) between DME and LPG can be improved by blending DME into LPG at optimum composition of 23% weight and  is achieved at the range of u_f from 10 m/s to 34 m/s. This optimum condition is achieved using cylindrical burner with  nozzle diameter (d_f) 2.5 mm. The equality of  F_H between DME and LPG is achieved at the range of u_f  from  3.5 – 6.3 m/s at d_f = 4.5 mm for DME and d_f = 2.5 mm for LPG,  and at the range of u_f  from 5.3 – 10.8 m/s at d_f = 5.0 mm for DME and d_f = 3.0 mm for LPG. The equality of BL between DME and LPG is achieved at u_f lower than 0,5 m/s at all nozzle diameter. Performance test on mini stove shows that DME can achieve higher fuel efficiency than LPG at different air entrainment setting, where DME achieved  fuel efficiency of 64.5%, at position of air entrainment close 1 and 67.9% at position of close 2, compare to LPG with fuel efficiency of 62.5% at position of air entrainment open.

 

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"ABSTRAKMasalah penurunan produksi minyak bumi di Indonesia telah terjadi sejak tahun 2000. Negara Indonesia telah menjadi importir minyak bumi sejak tahun 2003 dengan nilai impor 100 ribu barel per hari yang terus meningkat dari waktu ke waktu hingga tahun 2014. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kebutuhan untuk energi dan bahan bakar di Indonesia terus meningkat. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan Dimethyl Ether (DME) sebagai sumber bahan bakar alternatif dengan beberapa manfaat dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar fosil. Penelitian tentang desain pabrik DME terus dilakukan, salah satu studi yang dilakukan berjudul Produksi DME dari Gas Sintetis untuk Aditif Bahan Bakar Mesin Diesel dan Campuran LPG. Namun, hasil desain masih memerlukan kontrol proses untuk mencapai proses produksi yang optimal. Penelitian tentang sistem kontrol proses di pabrik ini telah dilakukan, tetapi masih belum menghasilkan sistem kontrol proses yang optimal. Sistem kontrol Multivariable Model Predictive Control (4x4) dapat diterapkan pada desain pabrik ini. Parameter MMPC (4x4) optimal dalam bentuk T, P, dan M dalam proses pemurnian DME dari campuran metanol secara berurutan adalah 25, 18, dan 41. Parameter ini merupakan hasil kombinasi dari metode Shridhar-Cooper dan fine tuning. Jika dibandingkan dengan MPC, MMPC (4x4) memberikan peningkatan kinerja kontrol dari 15,46% menjadi 94,7% bila dilihat dari IAE dan 10,31% hingga 97,726% bila dilihat dari ISE. Dengan demikian sistem MMPC (4x4) memberikan kinerja kontrol yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan sistem MPC.

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ABSTRACTThe problem of decreasing petroleum production in Indonesia has occurred since 2000. The Indonesian state has been an importer of petroleum since 2003 with an import value of 100,000 barrels per day which continues to increase from time to time until 2014. This is due to the need for energy and fuel in Indonesia continues to increase. This problem can be overcome by using Dimethyl Ether (DME) as an alternative fuel source with several benefits compared to fossil fuels. Research on the design of the DME plant continues to be carried out, one of the studies conducted was entitled Production of DME from Synthetic Gas for Diesel Engine Fuel Additives and LPG Blends. However, the design results still require process control to achieve optimal production processes. Research on the process control system at this plant has been carried out, but it has not yet produced an optimal process control system. The Multivariable Model Predictive Control (4x4) control system can be applied to this factory design. The optimal MMPC (4x4) parameters in the form of T, P, and M in the DME refining process from methanol mixtures respectively are 25, 18, and 41. These parameters are the result of a combination of the Shridhar-Cooper method and fine tuning. When compared to MPC, MMPC (4x4) gives an increase in control performance from 15.46% to 94.7% when viewed from IAE and 10.31% to 97.726% when viewed from ISE. Thus the MMPC system (4x4) provides better control performance compared to the MPC system."

"ABSTRAKPemanfaatan batubara domestik untuk diproduksi menjadi DME sangat diperlukan dalam mengurangi jumlah import LPG. Hal ini tidak hanya mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan batubara domestik tetapi juga mengatasi pertumbuhan kebutuhan LPG sektor rumah tangga sebagai jumlah permintaan LPG tertinggi yang tidak dapat lagi dipenuhi oleh produksi LPG di dalam negeri. Pada tahun 2016, impor LPG mencapai 67 dari total kebutuhan nasional dengan nilai APBN yang dibutuhkan sebesar 2.647 juta USD. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan evaluasi pemanfaatan DME dari bahan baku batubara domestik untuk mensubstitusi LPG impor pada sektor rumah tangga dan penghematan yang dapat dihasilkan. Komposisi maksimum pencampuran antara DME dan LPG pada penelitian ini adalah 85 wt LPG dan 15 wt DME dan didistribusikan mengikuti pola distribusi LPG yang ada saat ini. Harga campuran DME-LPG di depot akan dihitung berdasarkan harga FOB DME pada kilang DME Kalimantan Timur , biaya transportasi kapal, biaya pencampuran dan pengelolaan di depot. DME berbahan baku batubara akan didistribusikan ke depot yang sudah memiliki fasilitas pencampuran blending facilities sehingga biaya yang dibutuhkan adalah hanya biaya investasi tangki penyimpanan DME. Jumlah DME berbahan baku batubara akan dihitung sebesar 15 dari proyeksi total kebutuhan LPG impor pada tahun 2040. Hasil dari penelitian didapatkan harga campuran DME-LPG di depot sebesar 391 USD/Ton di Depot Tanjung Priok, 391 USD/Ton di Depot Eretan, 396 USD/Ton di Depot Tanjung Perak, 397 USD/Ton di Depot Gresik, dan 401 USD/Ton di Depot Semarang. Sementara itu, harga LPG impor di Depot Tanjung Priok 620 USD/Ton, di Depot Eretan 620 USD/Ton, di Depot Tanjung Perak 622 USD/Ton, di Depot Gresik 622 USD/Ton, di Depot Semarang 624 USD/Ton. Substitusi LPG impor dengan DME berbahan baku batubara domestik menghasilkan penghematan APBN sebesar 433 juta USD IDR 5.332 miliar . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan DME berbahan baku batubara domestik adalah layak secara keekonomian untuk mengurangi jumlah LPG impor dan memberikan penghematan APBN. Ini juga dapat membantu pemerintah Indonesia mengurangi LPG impor untuk menjaga ketahanan energi nasional.

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ABSTRACTUtilization of domestic coal based dimethyl ether DME is necessary to decrease Indonesia liquefied petroleum gas LPG import. This utilization will not only optimize the use of domestic coal but also overcome the growing LPG demand household sector as the highest demand that could not be fulfilled by the existing LPG production. In 2016 import LPG reached 67 of total national demand and the amount of state budget about 2,647 million USD. Therefore, this study evaluates the utilization of domestic coal based DME to substitute LPG import for household sector and the impact to the saving of state budget. Maximum LPG DME blending in this study is 85 weight LPG and 15 weight DME and distributed following existing LPG supply chain. DME LPG mixture price at depot will be calculated based on DME FOB price at production plant East Kalimantan , shipping cost, mixing and handling cost. Domestic coal based DME will be distributed to the existing depots which already have the blending facilities, the only required investment cost is DME storage tank. The amount of domestic coal based DME will be calculated 15 from the total demand of LPG import projected to year 2040. The result of the research shows that DME LPG mixture price at each depot are 391 USD MT at Depot Tanjung Priok, 390 USD MT at Depot Eretan, 396 USD MT at Depot Tanjung Perak, 397 USD MT at Depot Gresik, and 401 USD MT at Depot Semarang. While the import LPG price at each depot are 620 USD MT at Depot Tanjung Priok, 620 USD MT at Depot Eretan, 622 USD MT at Depot Tanjung Perak, 622 USD MT at Depot Gresik, and 624 USD MT at Depot Semarang. The substitution of LPG import with domestic coal based DME results the saving of state budget about 433 million USD IDR 5,332 billion . It concludes that the utilization of domestic coal based DME is economically feasible to reduce the import of LPG and obtain the saving for state budget. It will also help the government of Indonesia to decrease the dependency of import LPG to maintain the national energy security."

"Dimethyl ether (DME) is a type of renewable energy that could replace the use of fossil fuel in Indonesia. Nevertheless, DME can cause degradation of rubber-based materials. Therefore, the performance of rubber that has been degraded by DME must be improved. This research study aims are to determine the degradation characteristics of modified vulcanized natural rubber in a DME environment. The effect of the filler (carbon black) and plasticizer (minarex-B) components of vulcanized natural rubber was examined. The vulcanized rubber samples were comprised of 10, 30, and 60 parts per hundred rubbers (phr) of filler and 0, 10 and 20 phr of plasticizer. The degradation of the mass and mechanical properties of the rubber were investigated. Degradation testing was conducted by immersing the samples inside a pressure vessel that was filled with the liquid phase of DME. The results indicate that the increasing of the filler composition reduces the impact of degradation, while the increasing of the plasticizer composition has the opposite effect. The plasticizer is needed to distribute the filler to all parts of the rubber. Consequently, a filler composition of 30 phr and a plasticizer composition of 10 phr provide a vulcanized natural rubber with optional protection against the degradation caused by DME. The characteristics of natural rubber, as measured by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that DME does not damage the structure of the polymer chains, although DME may react with some ingredients in the rubber that have a similar polarity."

"Bahan LPG berbasis gas alam masih dominan seagai bahan bakar yang digunakan masyarakat, dimana pada masa yang akan datang kebutuhan masyarakat akan mengalami peningkatan dengan kemajuan industri. Pada penelitian ini telah dimbuat suatu bakar alternatif sebagai substitusi LPG dengan menggunakan dimetil eter (DME). Produksi DME melalui proses langsung dari gasifikasi batubara dan biomassa. Reaksi dilakukan di dalam reaktor unggun diam dengan katalis Cu-ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5. Tekanan yang digunakan adalah 20 bar. Variabel bebas yang digunakan yaitu variasi temperatur pada 250˚C, 270˚C, 280˚C dan rasio gas sintesis (H2/CO) untuk biomassa (H2/CO)=0,5 dan batubara (H2/CO)=2. Hasil produk terbesar yang didapatkan pada kondisi temperatur 270˚C dan rasio H2/CO=2 didapatkan yield sebesar 83%, analisa DME yang telah dihasilkan menggunakan gas kromatografi dengan jenis TCD dan FID untuk mengetahui hasil reaksi dari sintesis DME langsung.

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Materials of natural gas-based LPG is still the dominant fuel used seagai society, where the future needs of the community will increase with the progress of industry. This research will make an alternative fuel as a substitute for LPG by using dimethyl ether (DME). DME production through the direct process of gasification of coal and biomass. The reaction carried out in the fixed bed reactor with catalyst Cu-ZnO-Al2O3/ZSM-5. The pressure used was 20 bar. The independent variables used were variations of temperature at 250 ˚ C, 270˚C, 280˚C and the ratio of synthesis gas (H2/CO) for biomass (H2/CO) = 0.5 and coal (H2/CO) = 2. The results of the largest product obtained under conditions of temperature 270 ˚ C and the ratio H2/CO = 2 obtained a yield of 83%, which has resulted DME analysis using gas chromatography with TCD and FID types to determine the reaction of the direct synthesis of DME."

"Dimetil eter adalah senyawa organik dengan rumus kimia CH3OCH3 yang dapat dijadikan bahan bakar alternatif LPG. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan model reaktor unggun diam heterogen yang valid untuk sintesis DME dari CO2 pada katalis Cu-Fe-Zr/HZSM-5 sehingga diperoleh parameter kinetika yang dipakai untuk merancang reaktor unggun diam skala komersial. Model yang telah dikembangkan disimulasikan menggunakan software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5. Validasi model dilakukan pada kondisi isotermal sehingga tidak ada neraca energi. Validasi model dilakukan dengan menyamakan konsentrasi luaran reaktor simulasi dan eksperimen dengan mengubah-ubah parameter kinetika. Faktor pra-eksponensial yang diperoleh untuk hidrogenasi CO2, hidrogenasi CO, RWGS, dan dehidrasi metanol masing-masing sebesar 6,3376 x 103 mol/kg.s, 5,12 x 10-2 mol/kg.s, 1,20863 x 105 mol/kg.s, dan 6 x 1029 mol/kg.s serta energi aktivasi masing-masing sebesar 1,8919 x 104 J/mol, 0 J/mol, 7,629 x 103 J/mol, dan 1 x 105 J/mol dengan range AARD (average absolute relative deviation) antara 6,3111-13,4582%. Parameter kinetika tersebut dipakai untuk merancang reaktor unggun diam skala komersial untuk target produksi DME sebesar 150.000 ton per tahun dengan memvariasikan suhu, tekanan, GHSV (gas hour space velocity), rasio H2/CO2, diameter katalis, dan geometri reaktor sehingga diperoleh volume reaktor terendah. Variasi suhu sebesar 240-280 oC, variasi tekanan sebesar 1-5 MPa, variasi GHSV sebesar 500-2500 mL/g.h, variasi rasio H2/CO2 sebesar 1:1-7:1, variasi diameter katalis sebesar 1-5 mm, variasi diameter unggun sebesar 5-20 cm, dan variasi panjang unggun sebesar 8-16 m. Hasil yang optimal diperoleh pada suhu 260 oC, tekanan 3 MPa, GHSV 2000 mL/g.h, rasio H2/CO2 4:1, diameter katalis 2 mm, diameter unggun 10 cm, dan panjang unggun 12 m dengan konsentrasi DME 12,1 mol/m3, laju alir massa DME 107,3 kg/d, dan jatuh tekan 0,20384 bar dengan jumlah tube sebanyak 3995 di dalam satu reaktor.

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Dimethyl ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3OCH3 which can be used as an alternative fuel for LPG. The objective of this study is to obtain a valid heterogeneous fixed bed reactor model for DME synthesis from CO2 on a Cu-Fe-Zr/HZSM-5 catalyst to obtain the kinetic parameters and used to design a commercial scale fixed bed reactor. The developed model was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 software. Model validation was carried out under isothermal conditions so there is no energy balance. Model validation was carried out by fitting the simulation and experimental concentration reactor output by varying the kinetic parameters. The pre-exponential factors obtained for CO2 hydrogenation, CO hydrogenation, RWGS, and methanol dehydration were 6.3376 x 103 mol/kg.s, 5.12 x 10-2 mol/kg.s, 1.20863 x 105 mol/kg.s, and 6 x 1029 mol/kg.s and the activation energies were 1.8919 x 104 J/mol, 0 J/mol, 7.629 x 103 J/mol, dan 1 x 105 J/mol with the AARD range (average absolute relative deviation) between 6,3111-13,4582%.These kinetic parameters are used to design a commercial scale fixed bed reactor for a DME production target of 150,000 ton per year by varying temperature, pressure, GHSV (gas hourly space velocity), H2/CO2 ratio, catalyst diameter, and reactor geometry to obtain the lowest reactor volume. Temperature variation of 240-280 oC, pressure variation of 1-5 MPa, GHSV variation of 500-2500 mL/g.h, H2/CO2 ratio variation of 1:1-7:1, catalyst diameter variation of 1-5 mm, reactor diameter variation of 5-20 cm, and reactor length variation of 8-16 m is used. Optimal results were obtained at 260 oC, pressure 3 MPa, GHSV 2000 mL/g.h, H2/CO2 ratio 4:1, catalyst diameter 2 mm, reactor diameter 10 cm, and reactor length 12 m with DME concentration of 12.1 mol/m3, mass flow rate of 107.3 kg/d, and pressure drop of 0.20384 bar with 3995 tubes in one reactor."

"Adanya regulasi carbon footprint trade serta kemajuan teknologi carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) menimbulkan urgensi instalasi CCUS pada seluruh kilang secara global. CO2 yang tertangkap dapat dijadikan peluang ekonomi baru dengan diolah kembali sebagai bahan baku proses produksi. CO2dapat diolah menjadi DME lewat proses dry methane reforming, methanol synthesis, dan methanol dehydration. Pemerintah Indonesia berencana untuk mengganti LPG dengan DME. Dengan demikian, dilakukan simulasi proses menggunakan Aspen Plus untuk melihat efektivitas produksi beserta analisis kelayakan investasi ditinjau dari nilai NPV, IRR, PBP, dan PI serta peninjauan probabilitas menggunakan simulasi Monte Carlo. Dari simulasi pada aspen plus, DME terproduksi sebanyak 868,04 ton / hari. Selanjutnya parameter keekonomian dihitung dengan harga jual DME $1.300/ton dan didapatkan nilai didapatkan NPV sebesar $1.783.715.566,19, IRR 58,44%, PBP 2,041 Tahun, dan PI 3,675 sehingga pabrik dapat dikatakan layak. Dari 1000 iterasi yang dilakukan pada simulasi, keempat parameter keekonomian menunjukkan nilai positif sehingga risiko finansial pabrik relatif aman.

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The existence of carbon footprint trade regulations and advances in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology have led to the urgency of CCUS installations at all refineries globally. Captured CO2 can be used as a new economic opportunity by being reprocessed as a raw material for the production process. CO2 can be processed into DME through dry methane reforming, methanol synthesis, and methanol dehydration processes. The Indonesian government plans to replace LPG with DME. Thus, a process simulation using Aspen Plus was carried out to see the effectiveness of production along with an investment feasibility analysis in terms of NPV, IRR, PBP, and PI values and a probability review using Monte Carlo simulation. From the simulation on Aspen Plus, DME was produced as much as 868.04 tons/day. Furthermore, the economic parameters were calculated with a DME selling price of $1,300/ton and obtained an NPV value of $1,783,715,566.19, IRR 58.44%, PBP 2.041 years, and PI 3.675 so that the plant can be said to be feasible. From 1000 iterations carried out in the simulation, the four economic parameters show positive values so that the financial risk of the plant is relatively safe."