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"Study on the structure and the mechanism of the formation of early caries is an important premise for evaluatingthe caries-preventive methods. Objective: To describe micrograph images of experimental carious lesionsat early stage in permanent teeth in Vietnamese. Methods: There were 60 permanent extracted premolars frompatients aged 18-25 used in this study. After cleaning and removing the remaining soft tissue, each tooth waspainted with acid-resistant coating leaving an enamel window of approximately 1 × 1mm2 on the buccal surface.The artificial carious lesion was performed by soaking the teeth for 96 hours in the demineralization solution andevaluated using the ICDAS criteria. The tooth specimen was observed under a scanning electronic microscope(SEM). Results: The experiment resulted 66.7% of ICDAS 1 and 33.3% ICDAS 2 carious lesions. The meandepth and area of the lesions were 107.6µm and 1.14 µm2, respectively. The difference in depth and area of lesionsbetween group ICDAS 1 and ICDAS 2 was significantly statistical with p=0.0001. The micrographs showed thatafter being soaked in demineralization solution, enamel surface became rough, enamel rods lost the minerals inthe body more than in the sheath, cross-sectional images showed widened gaps between the rods due to demineralization.There was a difference in demineralization degree between group ICDAS 1 and 2. Conclusion: Theimage of carious lesions was gained after the teeth were soaked in demineralization solution. It showed differentcharacteristics of the resulted lesions based on ICDAS criteria for early carious lesions using scanning electronmicroscope."

"Latar Belakang: Karies adalah penyakit multifaktorial, yang disebabkan oleh paparan asam pada permukaan gigi yang dihasilkan oleh metabolisme bakteri yang memicu demineralisasi dan dapat berubah menjadi remineralisasi ketika keasaman rongga mulut kembali ke netral. Sikat gigi dilakukan untuk menghilangkan plak dari rongga mulut, dua kali sehari, setelah sarapan pagi dan malam sebelum tidur. Akhir-akhir ini keluhan muncul dari rasa sakit primer yang dimulai dengan rasa sakit karena abrasi dan erosi terkait dengan kebiasaan menyikat gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan setelah makan pada tingkat mineralisasi email gigi yang diperiksa oleh DIAGNOdent Pen. Metode: Desain eksperimental dengan pendekatan uji coba crossover acak sebelum-sesudah. 20 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dipilih dan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Grup A menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan Grup B menyikat gigi setelah makan pada minggu pertama pemeriksaan. Setelah periode pencucian 1 minggu, pengobatan untuk kedua kelompok dipertukarkan. Pemeriksaan dilakukan 4 kali; baseline, setelah menyikat gigi, setelah makan dan 6 jam setelah makan / menyikat gigi. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menyimpulkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara menyikat gigi sebelum makan dan setelah makan (p> 0,05). Nilai rata-rata setelah menyikat gigi dan setelah makan pemeriksaan pada Grup A lebih rendah dari Grup B. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan dalam tingkat mineralisasi enamel antara menyikat gigi sebelum dan sesudah makan.

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Background: Caries is a multifactorial disease, caused by exposure to acids on the surface of the teeth produced by bacterial metabolism that triggers demineralization and can turn into remineralization when the acidity of the oral cavity returns to neutral. Toothbrushes are used to remove plaque from the oral cavity, twice a day, after breakfast in the morning and at night before bed. Lately complaints arise from primary pain that starts with pain due to abrasion and erosion associated with the habit of brushing teeth.

Objective: To determine the effect of brushing teeth before eating and after eating on the level of tooth enamel mineralization examined by DIAGNOdent Pen.

Method: An experimental design with a before-after random crossover trial approach. 20 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected and divided into 2 groups. Group A brushed teeth before eating and Group B brushed teeth after meals in the first week of examination. After the washing period of 1 week, the treatment for the two groups was exchanged. The inspection is carried out 4 times; baseline, after brushing teeth, after eating and 6 hours after eating/ brushing teeth.

Results: The Mann-Whitney test results concluded there was no statistically significant difference between brushing teeth before eating and after eating (p> 0.05). The mean values ​​after brushing and after eating the examination in Group A were lower than Group B.

Conclusion: There was no difference in the level of enamel mineralization between brushing teeth before and after eating."

"Latar belakang : Salah satu tindakan pencegahan Early Childhood Caries (ECC) adalah perbaikan status gizi anak karena dengan perbaikan status gizi anak maka gigi tahan terhadap karies serta didukung oleh pola konsumsi kariogenik dan peran ibu dalam mencukupi gizi selama masa kehamilan. Tujuan : Untuk menganalisis hubungan status gizi anak terhadap terjadinya ECC. Metode : Cross-sectional pada 287 anak usia 6-48 bulan, wawancara, dan pemeriksaan intraoral. Hasil : Status gizi anak adalah variabel yang sesuai dalam pencegehan ECC karena merupakan salah satu variabel prediktor yang baik terhadap terjadinya ECC. Kesimpulan : Terdapat hubungan status gizi anak terhadap terjadinya ECC.

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Background : One prevention ECC is improving thr nutritional status of children from the womb due to the improvement of the nutritional status of the children's teeth are resistant to caries and is supported by the pattern of consumption of cariogenic and role of adequate nutrition in the mother during pregnancy.

Purpose : To see the relationship to the nutritional status of children Early Childhood Caries (ECC).

Methods : Cross-sectional study on 287 children aged 6-48 months, interview, and examination intraoral.

Results : Nutritional status of children is appropriate variables in the prevention of ECC because it is one of the predictor variables were either against the ECC.

Summary : There is a relationship to the nutritional status of ECC"

"In 2000, the US Surgeon General announced that dental caries is a "silent epidemic" and the most prevalent disease affecting children. Though much has been written on the science and practice of managing this disease, publications are diverse in their loci preventing easy access to the reader."

"Metode deteksi karies menggunakan pemeriksaan visual secara langsung terkadang menjadi hambatan pada skrining karies gigi, terutama jika dilakukan dalam komunitas besar seperti pada basis sekolah, di tambah dengan pandemi virus Covid-19. Smartphone photography dapat menjadi alat alternatif untuk deteksi karies gigi pada program skrining karies gigi jarak jauh berbasis sekolah sehingga dapat mengurangi kebutuhan sumber daya manusia, alat, bahan, dan dana serta memperluas jangkauan sekolah yang terjaring. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sensitivitas, spesifisitas, akurasi, dan reliabilitas penggunaan smartphone photography sebagai alat deteksi karies gigi pada murid Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP). Penelitian ini adalah studi cross-sectional yang tergolong dalam studi observasional deskriptif. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis uji diagnostik terhadap smartphone photography dibandingkan dengan metode pemeriksaan visual secara langsung untuk deteksi karies gigi permanen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan smartphone photography merupakan alat yang sensitif, spesifik, akurat, dan reliable untuk deteksi karies gigi permanen sebagai alternatif pada program skrining gigi dan mulut jarak jauh. Dengan pemberian informasi dan pelatihan sederhana, siswa SMP Nugraha Bandung cukup mampu untuk melakukan prosedur pengambilan foto intra oral menggunakan kamera smartphone untuk kebutuhan pemeriksaan karies gigi jarak jauh.

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Direct visual examination sometimes becomes an obstacle for dental caries screening, especially if it is carried out in large communities such as on a school basis, coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic. Smartphone photography can be an alternative tool for detecting dental caries in school-based remote screening programs. This method can reduce the need for human resources, tools, materials, and funds as well as expanding the reach of schools that are examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and reliability of smartphone photography as a screening tool for dental caries in junior high school students. This research is a cross-sectional study which is classified as a descriptive observational study. This research analyzes the diagnostic accuracy of smartphone photography compared to the direct visual examination method for detecting dental caries on permanent teeth. The results showed that smartphone photography is a sensitive, specific, accurate, and reliable tool to detect dental caries on permanent teeth, and can be used as an alternative for a school-based remote dental screening programs. By providing simple information and training, students at SMP Nugraha Bandung are quite capable to take intra-oral photos using smartphone camera."

"Latar Belakang: ECC merupakan penyakit multifactorial pada anak. Tujuan: menganalisis korelasi antara viskositas saliva, frekuensi menyikat gigi dan asupan karbohidrat dengan skor dmft pada anak ECC usia 3 – 5 tahun. Metode: viskositas saliva, frekuensi menyikat gigi, dan asupan karbohidrat dari 21 subjek dianalisis korelasinya dengan skor dmft menggunakan regresi linier. Hasil: koefisien korelasi (r): antara asupan karbohidrat dengan skor dmft adalah 0,569; viskosita saliva dengan skor dmft adalah 0,389; dan frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan skor dmft adalah – 0,179. Korelasi dari ketiga faktor diperoleh F-hitung = 3,19 > F-tabel (0,05) = 2,43743. Kesimpulan: ketiga faktor berkorelasi terhadap skor dmft dengan asupan karbohidrat menunjukkan korelasi yang kuat untuk terjadinya ECC.

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Background: ECC is a multifactorial desease in children.

Aim: analyzed the correlation between the viscosity of saliva, tooth brushing frequency and carbohydrate intake with dmft score in ECC aged 3 – 5 years.

Methods: the correlation from 21 data viscosity of saliva, tooth brushing frequency, and carbohydrate intake were analyzed with dmft score using linear regression

Results: the correlation coefficient (r): between carbohydrate intake with dmft score was 0.569; the viscosity of saliva with dmft score was 0.389; and the frequency of tooth brushing with dmft score was – 0.179. Correlation of three factors obtained F-count = 3.19 > F-table (0,05) = 2.43743.

Conclusion: The three factors correlate to dmft score with carbohydrate intake showed a strong relationship to the ECC."

"Latar Belakang: Sampai saat ini tingkat penyakit gigi dan mulut di Indonesia masih sangat tinggi yaitu 57,6% dari total populasi dan penyakit karies mencapai 88,8% dari jumlah tersebut. Terdapat beberapa metode untuk mendeteksi karies, dan salah satu metode yang paling sering digunakan adalah kombinasi pemeriksaan klinis dan pemeriksaan radiografis. Akan tetapi, lesi karies dini sering kali tidak terdeteksi. Saat ini computed radiography memiliki kelebihan yaitu dapat meningkatkan kualitas gambaran radiografik dengan menggunakan imaging tools berupa filter, yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan akurasi deteksi lesi karies dini. Tujuan: Penelitian ini membandingkan akurasi gambaran radiografik tanpa filter dan penggunaan beberapa filter dalam digital imaging processor untuk deteksi lesi karies dini. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain laboratorik eksperimental dengan metode uji diagnostik. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima set model gigi posterior, terdiri dari 16 gigi dengan 42 permukaan tidak memiliki karies, dan 36 permukaan dengan simulasi karies dini buatan. Data primer berupa gambaran radiografik tanpa filter dan menggunakan filter yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan digital imaging processor yaitu sistem storage phosphor plate Vistascan©. Seluruh gambaran radiografik tanpa filter, filter fine, caries 1, caries 2 dan HD (High Diagnostic) dinilai oleh tiga orang pengamat yang menyatakan ada atau tidak ada lesi karies dini. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik paired T-test, didapatkan hasil gambaran filter HD dan fine memiliki nilai sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan gambaran tanpa filter (p < 0,05). Gambaran filter caries 1 dan caries 2 tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan gambaran tanpa filter. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada spesifisitas antara gambaran sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan filter. Nilai akurasi keseluruhan antara gambaran tanpa filter dan gambaran dengan filter meningkat secara signifikan hanya pada gambaran filter HD (p < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Gambaran filter HD menunjukkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan akurasi keseluruhan tertinggi diantara gambaran filter-filter yang ada dalam sistem Vistascan maupun gambaran tanpa filter. filter HD juga merupakan satu-satunya filter yang memiliki nilai akurasi keseluruhan lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan gambaran tanpa filter.

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Background: Until now, record of 57.6% of the total population in Indonesia has oral diseases, with caries lesion problems amounting to 88.8% of these diseases. This can be interpreted as caries being highly prevalent in Indonesia. There are some methods to detect caries lesion, with one of the most popular method being combined clinical and radiographic examination. Nevertheless, early caries lesion is frequently undetected. Computed radiography offers the privilege of original image quality enhancement through imaging tools such as filters and is expected to increase the accuracy of early caries lesion detection. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of original radiographic images, and images which have been enhanced with specific filters on digital imaging processor for detection of early caries lesion. Methods: The type of research conducted was laboratory experiment research with diagnostic test methods. This research used 5 working model, containing 16 tooth with research 42 tooth surfaces were sound, and 36 had early caries lesions. Primary data were used in the form of radiographic images in several filters made by Vistascan storage phosphor plate system. All of the radiographic images were assessed by 3 observers who recorded the presence or absence of early caries lesions. Results: Using statistical paired T-test, the sensitivity of HD and fine filter images were significantly higher than the non-filter images (p < 0.05). The caries 1 and caries 2 images did not differ significantly than the original images. There is no significant difference between the specificity of original filter images and filter enhanced images. The overall accuracy between original filter images and filter enhanced images increased significantly only on HD filter (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HD filter showed the highest sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy from all other filters and the original images. Furthermore, HD filter is the only filter modalities that had significantly higher overall accuracy than the original images. Therefore, there is a significant increase in accuracy from the original images and filter enhanced images."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Mikoflora yang merupakan bagian dari plak yang melekat di permukaan gigi dan tumbuh dalam biakan anaerob adalah jamur Actinomyces. Di Indonesia, penelitian terhadap mikoflora Actinomyces sebagai bagian dari komposisi plak belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prevalensi Actinomyces pada plak di dalam kavitas karies, kalkulus dan permukaan utuh gigi; apakah terdapat perbedaan prevalensi menurut lokalisasi plak pada permukaan gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan diambil dari penderita yang datang ke Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mulut FKGUI. Bahan pemeriksaan adalah kerokan jaringan karies di bagian 2/3 oklusal dan bagian 1/3 servikal, kerokan kalkulus supragingiva dan subgingiva, serta kerokan plak pada permukaan utuh gigi. Bahan pemeriksaan dikelompokkan menurut macam penderita, yakni penderita karies (I), penderita kalkulus (II), dan penderita karies dan kalkulus (III). Bahan tersebut dibiak dan diisolasi secara anaerob dalam medium BHI cair. Hasil biakan dianggap positif berdasarkan morfologi sal, dan bentuk makrokoloni dan mikrokoloni Actinomyces sp.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Telah diperiksa 65 penderita karies dan/atau kalkulus. Pada kelompok I dan II, mikoflora Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di permukaan utuh gigi (14,8% dan 13,3%). Pada kelompok III, Actinomyces lebih sering ditemukan pada plak di dalam kavitas karies di bagian 1/3 servikal (23%). Berdasar lokalisasi plak, pada setiap kelompok tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna prevalensi Actinomyces. Mikoflora yang ditemukan dari isolasi anaerob sebagian besar (90,7%) adalah Actinomyces AR. yang fakultatif anaerob.

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ABSTRACT

Scope and Method of Study: The mycoflora isolated from dental plaques and grown anaerobically are fungi which belong to the genus Actinomyces. In Indonesia, the study of Actinomyces sp. as a part in the composition of dental plaque has not been reported. This study was taken to determine the prevalence of Actinomyces as a part of dental plaque the cavity of caries, on calculus and in the plaque deposited on the smooth teeth surface, whether the prevalence differ according to the location of the plaque. The clinical materials were taken from patients who attended the Laboratory of Oral Medicine of the School of Dentistry of the University of Indonesia. The materials are caries tissues taken from 2/3 occlusal and 1/3 cervical of the tooth, curettage of supragingival and subgingival calculus and from plaques deposited on the smooth teeth surface. The material was divided into three groups according to the condition of the patients: the patients with caries (I), patients with calculus (II), and patients with both caries and calculus {III). The samples were cultured on BHI broth and isolated anaerobically. The identification of positive cultures was based on the morphology of the cell, as well as by studying the shape of macro and microcolonies.

Findings and Conclusions: A total of 65 patients had been observed. In group I and II, Actinomyces sp. was found most frequently on plaques of the smooth teeth surface (14,8 % and !3,3 %, respectively). In group III, Actinomyces sp. was most frequent on plaques in the cavity of caries at 1/3 cervical part of the teeth {23 %). There were no significant difference on the prevalence of Actinomyces sz. in the third group in relation to the location of the plaque. The majority of the mycoflora (90,7 %) isolated anaerobically are facultative anaerobic Actinomyces sp."

"Karies merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi mulut yang paling tinggi pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Indonesia. Mengobati karies sejak dini dapat menghilangkan rasa sakit dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup anak. SDF merupakan salah satu perawatan karies pada gigi sulung. 59 anak usia 3-5 tahun di Serpong diaplikasikan SDF pada permukaan gigi sulung yang karies dan di evaluasi setelah 3 bulan. Ibu subjek diberikan kuisioner pengukuran kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah aplikasi SDF. Setelah dioleskan SDF, 89,36% karies terhenti. Kualitas hidup 59 subjek meningkat setelah aplikasi SDF (p < 0,05). SDF efektif dalam menghentikan karies gigi sulung dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup anak.

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Caries is the highest oral health problem in children aged 3-5 yeard old in Indonesia. Early caries treatment can heal tootache and increase quality of life. SDF is one of caries treatment for primary teeth. 59 children aged 3-5 years old were applied SDF and evaluated 3 months later. Mothers are given quality of life questionairre before and after SDF application. After SDF application, 89,36% caries are arrested. Quality of life of the subjects are increased after SDF application (p<0,05). SDF is effective in treating primary teeth caries and increase children quality of life."

"Latar belakang: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) terjadi apabila terdapat satu atau lebih gigi karies, gigi yang hilang akibat karies atau gigi yang telah ditambal pada anak usia dibawah 71 bulan. Dalam dua dekade terakhir berbagai studi menunjukkan Candida albicans (C. albicans) juga merupakan faktor utama penyebab karies. Tindakan pencegahan ECC dapat dilakukan dengan menyikat gigi menggunakan pasta gigi secara rutin. Salah satu bahan herbal yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antimikroba adalah Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Kandungan asam lemak pada VCO menyebabkan VCO memiliki efek antifungal, antibakteri dan antivirus Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menguji VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% dan 80% terhadap viabilitas biofilm C. albicans pasien ECC. Biofilm dibentuk pada 96-microwell plate. Setelah inkubasi 24 jam, plat dimasukkan ke dalam microplate reader untuk mendapatkan nilai viabilitas biofilm diukur menggunakan perhitungan optical density (OD). Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji t-test tidak berpasangan menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% berbeda tidak bermakna dengan kontrol negatif (tanpa bahan uji). Sedangkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menunjukkan nilai viabilitas biofilm C. albicans berbeda bermakna dengan kontrol negatif. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan viabilitas biofilm C. albicans setelah pemberian VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 8% meningkat. Sebaliknya, VCO sediaan pasta gigi konsentrasi 80% menurunkan viabilitas C. albicans.

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Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is defined as a child 71 months of age or younger with the presence of one or more decayed teeth, missing (due to caries) or filled teeth surface. In the past two decades, various studies have shown Candida albicans (C. albicans) also the main etiology of dental caries. ECC prevention can be carried out by brushing teeth regularly using toothpaste. VCO is one of natural product that has been proven to have antimicrobial effect. The fatty acid content in VCO causes VCO to exhibit antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effect. Methods: This study tested VCO 8% and 80% toothpaste against C. albicans biofilm viability. Biofilm was formed on 96-microwell plate. After 24 hours incubation, plate was inserted into microplate reader to obtain biofilm viability value measured using optical density (OD). Results: Data analysis using independent t-test showed C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 8% toothpaste group was not significantly different from negative control. However, C. albicans biofilm viability in VCO 80% toothpaste was significantly different from negative control. Conclusion: This study showed increasing C. albicans biofilm viability after VCO 8% toothpaste exposure. In contrast, VCO 80% toothpaste decreased C. albicans biofilm viability."