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"Penghambatan enzim siklooksigenase merupakan dasar efikasi dan toksisitas obat anti inflamasi non steroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi jenis obat anti inflamasi non steroid yang digunakan di poliklinik penyakit saraf Rumkital Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta dan mengevaluasi tolerabilitas meloxicam 15 mg dengan natrium diklofenak 100 mg terhadap saluran cerna. Metode penelitian ini observasi cross-sectional dan cohort prospektif pada periode Desember 2010?Maret 2011. Pengambilan data mengenai keluhan dispepsia terkait penggunaan obat anti inflamasi non steroid terdiri dari nyeri abdomen atas, mual, muntah, kembung abdomen dan cepat kenyang dilakukan melalui wawancara berdasarkan kuesioner PADYQ (The porto alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire) yaitu sebelum, setelah 2 minggu, dan setelah 4 minggu pengobatan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan obat anti inflamasi non steroid paling banyak diresepkan di poliklinik penyakit saraf Rumkital Dr. Mintohardjo adalah meloxicam (48,21%), selanjutnya natrium diklofenak (31,07%), asam mefenamat (15,36%), piroxicam (3,93%) dan asetaminofen (1,43%). Meloxicam secara bermakna menunjukkan resiko yang lebih kecil terhadap insiden saluran cerna daripada natrium diklofenak setelah 2 minggu pengobatan dalam hal keluhan nyeri abdomen atas dan kembung abdomen dengan nilai kebermaknaan pengujian masing-masing sebesar 0,020 dan 0,037. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini diketahui meloxicam memiliki tolerabilitas saluran cerna lebih baik daripada natrium diklofenak setelah 2 minggu pengobatan.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal side-effects. Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme is the basis for both the efficacy and toxicity of NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to avaluate the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used in neuro polyclinic hospital of Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta, and to evaluate gastrointestinal tolerability of meloxicam 15 mg compared with diclofenac sodium 100 mg. The methode of this study was cross-sectional observation and cohort prospective on December 2010-March 2011. The data of dyspepsia associated were used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs consist of pain in upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal bloating and early satiety collected with PADYQ (The porto alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire) were assessed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in neuro polyclinic hospital of Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta were meloxicam (48.21%), diclofenac sodium (31.07%), mefenamic acid (15.36%), piroxicam (3.93%) dan acetaminophen (1.43%). Insiden of adverse event after 2 weeks treatment was significantly lower in the meloxicam group compared with diclofenac sodium group in pain in upper abdomen and upper abdominal bloating (p=0.020 and p=0.037). These result suggest that meloxicam was much better tolerated than diclofenac sodium after 2 weeks treatment."

"Meskipun telah digunakan secara luas, obat anti inflamasi non steroid dihubungkan dengan insiden efek samping yang tinggi terhadap saluran cerna. Penghambatan enzim siklooksigenase merupakan dasar efikasi dan toksisitas obat anti inflamasi non steroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi jenis obat anti inflamasi non steroid yang digunakan di poliklinik penyakit saraf Rumkital Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta dan mengevaluasi tolerabilitas meloxicam 15 mg dengan natrium diklofenak 100 mg terhadap saluran cerna. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi cross-sectional dan cohort prospektif pada periode Desember 2010 - Maret 2011. Pengambilan data mengenai keluhan dispepsia terkait penggunaan obat anti inflamasi non steroid terdiri dari nyeri abdomen atas, mual, muntah, kembung abdomen dan cepat kenyang dilakukan melalui wawancara berdasarkan kuesioner PADYQ (The porto alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire) yaitu sebelum, setelah 2 minggu dan setelah 4 minggu pengobatan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa obat anti inflamasi non steroid yang paling banyak diresepkan di poliklinik penyakit saraf Rumkital Dr. Mintohardjo adalah meloxicam (48,21%), selanjutnya natrium diklofenak (31,07%), asam mefenamat (15,36%), piroxicam (3,93%) dan asetaminofen (1,43%). Meloxicam secara bermakna menunjukkan resiko yang lebih kecil terhadap insiden saluran cerna daripada natrium diklofenak setelah 2 minggu pengobatan dalam hal keluhan nyeri abdomen atas dan kembung abdomen dengan nilai kebermaknaan pengujian masing-masing sebesar 0,020 dan 0,037. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini diketahui meloxicam memiliki tolerabilitas saluran cerna lebih baik daripada natrium diklofenak setelah 2 minggu pengobatan.

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Although widely used, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal side-effects. Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme is the basis for both the efficacy and toxicity of NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to avaluate the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs were used in neuro polyclinic hospital of Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta, and to evaluate gastrointestinal tolerability of meloxicam 15 mg compared with diclofenac sodium 100 mg.

The methode of this study was crosssectional observation and cohort prospective on December 2010-March 2011. The data of dyspepsia associated were used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs consist of pain in upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal bloating and early satiety collected with PADYQ (The porto alegre dyspeptic symptoms questionnaire) were assessed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment.

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in neuro polyclinic hospital of Dr. Mintohardjo Jakarta were meloxicam (48,21%), diclofenac sodium (31,07%), mefenamic acid (15,36%), piroxicam (3,93%) dan acetaminophen (1,43%). Insiden of adverse event after 2 weeks treatment was significantly lower in the meloxicam group compared with diclofenac sodium group in pain in upper abdomen and upper abdominal bloating (P=0.020 and P=0.037). These result suggest that meloxicam was much better tolerated than diclofenac sodium after 2 weeks treatment."

"Inflammation is tissue respons of the body to injury and infection, is ssually cure by medicine class AINS that has seriously side effect, such as disturbance digestion. Mangkokan leaf (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) in empirical can be used as antyinflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose that had greatest inhibition edema effect in plantar of male white rats furrow Sprague–Dawley induced by 2% carrageenan.This study used Winter method that had modified at 30 male rats which had been divided into five groupes. First groupe had been given with CMC 0.5% as negative control, groupe II, III, and IV had been given with variation dose 0,9; 1,8 dan 3,6 g dried powder/200 g BW, and groupe V had been given diclofenac sodium as positive control, and each of them had been given orally. The measuring volume edema continued every one hour during seven hours.The result show that infusa of mangkokan leaf at dose 3,6 g dried powder/200 g BW has greatest inhibition percentage, about 38,65% and statitical value (p<0.05) showed significant differences with negative control at third until fourth hour after injection carrageenan.

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Inflamasi merupakan suatu respon jaringan pada tubuh terhadap cedera dan infeksi, yang pada umumnya diterapi dengan obat golongan AINS yang memiliki efek samping serius, diantaranya gangguan pencernaan. Daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) secara empiris digunakan sebagai antiinflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan dosis optimal yang dapat memberikan efek penghambatan udem terbesar pada telapak kaki tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang diinduksi karagenin 2%.Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode Winter yang telah dimodifikasi pada 30 ekor tikus putih jantan, yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok pertama diberikan CMC 0,5% sebagai kontrol negatif, kelompok II, III, dan IV diberikan variasi dosis ekstrak, yaitu 0,9; 1,8 dan 3,6 g serbuk kering/200 g BB tikus, serta kelompok V yang diberikan natrium diklofenak sebagai kontrol positif secara per oral. Pengukuran volume udem berturut-turut dilakukan setiap jam, selama 7 jam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infus daun mangkokan memiliki persentase penghambatan tertinggi pada dosis 3,6 g serbuk kering/200 g BB tikus sebesar 38,65% dan berdasarkan uji statistik (p< 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan kontrol negatif pada jam ketiga hingga keempat."

"Sodium (Na) was found as one of chemical elements that able to disturb plants that grow along the Cikijing river. This river water that had been detected as contains high sodium,whereas the river water is still used by local famers to irigate their rice fields....."

"Scope and Method of Study: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are still a major problem in developing countries viewed from epidemiological, laboratory, as well as clinical aspects. Reliable laboratory diagnosis is the blood culture. However, failure of the blood culture occurs, due to the bactericidal effect of blood (phagocytes, complement, and specific and nonspecific antibodies, among others). Microbiologists are challenged to improve the blood culture by adding sodium polyanethol sulphonate (SPS) in the media. SPS is capable to inactivate the blood bactericidal effect, is an effective anticoagulant, non-toxic to most pathogens, stable to high temperature, acid and alkaline solutions, and is water-soluble.The objective of this study is to compare bile culture plus 0.05% SPS to conventional bile culture for the growth of salmonella in blood. The result was evaluated by the rate of growth in both cultures after 1 minute, 4 hours and 12 hours (logarithmic phase). The number of organisms was calculated from growth on nutrient agar plates when the range-of growth were 30-300 colonies per 0.1 ml inoculum, and the dilution of both cultures.Findings and Conclusions: Fifty isolates representing five species of salmonellae has been tested and showed that the number of organisms per ml in the SPS bile culture was not significantly different compared to conventional bile culture. In conclusion, the SPS bile culture is the same as conventional bile culture for the growth of S. typhi, S. pa-atyphi A, B, C, and S. typhimurium in blood from healthy humans, with a blood-broth ratio of 1: 10."

"Ibu dengan seksio sesarea akan menghadapi berbagai macam permasalahan kesehatan, baik masalah fisik maupun psikologis. Permasalahan fisik yang sering terjadi antara lain post operatif ileus yang menyebabkan nyeri "gas pain", distress yang memperlama hari rawat serta meningkatkan resiko infeksi. Hal ini terjadi akibat efek samping anestesi, operasi di abdomen, trauma dan stress operasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan design quasi experimental pretest posttest with control group yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas mengunyah penmen karet dalam meningkatkan motilitas saluran cerna (frekuensi bising usus, mual/muntah, kembung dan flatus) di RSUD Koja. Populasi adalah semua ibu yang melahirkan dengan seksio sesarea di RSUD Koja. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini 75 orang yang terdiri dari 37 orang kelompok perlakuan dan 38 orang kelompok kontrol yang pengambilannya dengan cara quota sampling. Uji homogenitas responden antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol didapatkan hasil kedua kelompok homogen (p> 0,05). Analisis efektivitas mengunyah permen karet terhadap frekuensi bising usus dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t, sedangkan mual/muntah, kembung dan flatus diukur setiap 30 menit dan dianalisis dengan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan rata-rata frekuensi bising usus diantara kedua kelompok setelah mengunyah permen karet (p=0,00, x 0,05) Baik pada kelompok perlakuan maupun kelompok kontrol tidak ditemukan kejadian mual/muntah dan kembung setelah intervensi, namun demikian pada kelompok perlakuan kejadian mual/muntah lebih cepat hilang satu jam. Mengunyah penmen karet juga memberi efek flatus lebih cepat (13,5%) dibanding dengan yang tidak mengunyah permen karet. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mengunyah permen karet dapat meningkatkan motilitas saluran cerna. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan untuk memotivasi klien post operasi untuk mengunyah permen karet sebab mengunyah permen karet efektif dalam meningkatkan motilitas saluran cema, simple, mudah ditoleransi, aman dan murah.

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Women with caesarean section will face many health problems physiologically and psychologically. One of the most common physical problems is post ileuses operative such as gas pain, distress and which may causes longer durations of inpatient stay, higher rates of hospital-acquired infection. This problem occurs due to side effect of the anesthesia, abdomen surgery, trauma and the surgical stress. This study used a quasi experimental pretest posttest with control group design to identify the effectiveness of chewing gum toward gastro intestinal tract motility (frequency of bowel wheezing, nausea/vomiting, bloating and flatus) at RSUD Koja. The study included all women in labor at RSUD Koja. A total of 75 women as sample were divided into two groups; 37 women as intervention group and 38 women as control group. They were taken by quota sampling. The result shown that the characteristic between both groups is equal (p 0, 05) it's mean that the both group are homogeny. The study of effectiveness of chewing gum towards bowel sounds frequencies was analyzed by using t test. Whereas, nausea/vomiting, bloating and flatus that has been taken observation every 30 minute were analyzed by distribution frequencies. The study has shown that there are any differences in average of bowel sounds frequencies between intervention group and control group (p.1.00, cc 0.05): Nausea/vomiting and flatus did not appear in both groups after intervention. However reducing the nausea/vomiting in intervention group faster one hour than groups control. The passage of flatus in the gum chewing groups is after intervention obtained 13,5% and than it did not happen in control groups. This study proved that the intervention increase gastro intestinal tract motility. The study recommends motivate post-operation clients to chewing gum because chewed gum speeds recovery post operatif ileus by stimulating bowel motility. The chewing gum is simple, easily tolerate no complication and inexpensive easy method of stimulating intestinal motility."

"Latar Belakang: Kebocoran plasma merupakan penanda derajat keparahan penyakit infeksi virus dengue. Kadar natrium menurun seiring dengan terjadinya kebocoran plasma.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan natrium pada pasien infeksi DENV dengan derajat keparahan penyakit.Metode: Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini sebesar 43 pasien. Sebanyak lima pasien di eksklusi sehingga 38 sampel yang dapat digunakan pada penelitian ini. Sampel berasal dari data sekunder pasien infeksi DENV pada komunitas di Jakarta. Kadar natrium diambil pada hari ketiga dan keempat demam pada pasien, karena kebocoran plasma yang signifikan terjadi pada hari tersebut sebagai awal fase kritis pasien. Penegakan derajat infeksi DENV menggunakan klasifikasi WHO tahun 1997 yang terbagi atas Undifferentiated fever, DD, dan DBD. Namun, pada penelitian ini kelompok infeksi DENV yang diteliti terbagi atas DD dan DBD. Kadar natrium dan derajat keparahan penyakit akan dianalisis menggunakan uji nonparametrik yaitu Uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil: Nilai median kadar natrium hari ketiga demam pada kelompok pasien DBD (132 mEq/L) lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok pasien DD (135 mEq/L). Secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan bermakna kadar natrium pada pasien DD dan DBD di hari ketiga demam (p=0,057). Hasil yang sama didapatkan pada hari keempat demam yaitu nilai median kadar natrium kelompok pasien DBD (133 mEq/L) lebih kecil dibandingkan kelompok pasien DD (136 mEq/L). Namun, secara statistik terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok DD dan DBD (p 0,011).Kesimpulan: Kadar natrium mengalami penurunan pada kelompok pasien DBD dibandingkan dengan DD yaang signifikan pada hari keempat demam tetapi tidak bermakna pada hari ketiga. Sehingga terdapat hubungan antara kadar natrium dengan derajat keparahan penyakit pasien infeksi virus dengue.

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Background: Plasma leakage is used to determine the severity of dengue virus infection. Natrium level decreases along with plasma leakage.

Objective: To understand the association of Natrium level in patients with DENV infection to the degree of disease severity.

Methods This study used 43 samples. Five patients excluded, there are 38 samples remained in this study. Samples derived from secondary data of patients with DENV infection in the community in Jakarta. Natrium level had taken at the third and fourth days of fever, due to a significant plasma leakage that occurred as the beginning of a critical phase of the patient. Enforcement degree of DENV infection using the 1997 WHO classification, divided into an undifferentiated fever, Dengue Fever (DF), and Dengue Haemmorrhagic Fever (DHF). However, this study examined groups of DENV infection that divided into DF and DHF. Natrium Level and the degree of disease severity will be analyzed using a nonparametric test, the Mann-Whitney test.

Results: The median value of the natrium level on the third day of fever in the DHF patient group is (132 mEq/L) lower than the DF patient group (135 mEq/L). There is no statistically significant difference in natrium levels in DF and DHF patients on the third day of fever (p = 0,057). The same results obtained on the fourth day of fever is the median value of the natrium DHF group (133 mEq/L) is smaller than the group of DF (136 mEq/L). However, there is a significant difference between the DF and DHF group (p 0,011).

Conclusion: Natrium levels decreased in the DHF patient group compared to the DF group which indicate significance on the fourth day of the Fever, but not on the third day. So, there is a association between Natrium Level and the degree of Disease Severity in Patients with Dengue Virus Infection in Jakarta, Indonesia."

"Tujuan : Melakukan evaluasi nyeri pada biopsi prostat transrektal (bimbingan USG) dengan pemberian Na Diklofenak 100 mg suppositoria. Materi dan Metoda : Penelitian ini bersifat prospektif, randomized doubleblind memakai plasebo sebagai kontrol pada 70 pasien biopsi prostat. Pasien dipilih secara random masing-masing 35 orang memakai Na Diklofenak 100 mg suppositoria dan 35 orang memakai plasebo, 1 jamsebelum biopsi. Pasien di tanya skala nyeri saat dibiopsi menggunakanskala nyeri "Visual Analogue Scale” (VAS).Pasien selama 1 minggu kemudian diobservasi untuk menilai komplikasiseperti demam, hematuri, hematosesia, dan nyeri paska biopsi. Skala nyeri dianalisa secara statistik dengan Student T-Test.Hasil : Pemberian Na Diklofenak 100 mg suppositoria mengurangi nyerisecara bermakna dibandingkan dengan plasebo dengan VAS ( 3,22 vs5,03 p< 0,05). Penelitian ini memiliki kesetaraan dalam hal umur, volumeprostat, jumlah biopsi, Prostat Spesifik Antigen (PSA), hasil patologianatomi dan komplikasi antara lain demam, hematuri, hematosesia.Kesimpulan : Nyeri biopsi prostat paska pemberian Na Diklofenak 100mg suppositoria bermakna mengurangi nyeri dibandingkan plasebo danpemberian Na Diklofenak 100 mg suppositoria sebelum biopsi prostatpraktis dan aman serta tidak meningkatkan morbiditas."

"Latar Belakang: Keganasan saluran cerna bagian atas terutama esofagus dan gastermerupakan penyebab kematian akibat kanker keenam dan ketiga di dunia. Beberapapenelitian mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesintasan pasien padapasien keganasan esofagus, gaster dan duodenum dalam studi yang terpisah telahbanyak dilakukan, namun saat ini belum diketahui sepenuhnya faktor-faktor apasaja yang mempengaruhi kematian pasien keganasan saluran cerna bagian atas diIndonesia dengan pengembangan model prognostik.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prognostik kematian 1 tahun pada pasienkeganasan saluran cerna bagian atas di Indonesia.Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif berbasis data rekam medis pasien keganasansaluran cerna bagian atas di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo (2015-2019). Analisisbivariat dan multivariat dengan uji statistik Cox Proportional Hazards RegressionModel dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor independen yangmempengaruhi kematian pasien keganasan saluran cerna bagian atas. Sistem skordikembangkan berdasarkan identifikasi faktor-faktor tersebut.Hasil: 184 pasien dianalisis, sebagian besar laki-laki (58,7%), dengan rata ratausia 54,5 tahun. Faktor-faktor independen yang berhubungan dengan kematian 1tahun pasien keganasan saluran cerna bagian adalah usia > 60 tahun dengan HR1,93 (IK95% 1,30-2,88), indeks massa tubuh < 20 dengan HR 2,04 (IK95% 1,25-3,33), riwayat merokok dengan HR 1,77 (IK95%1,20-2,61), performa status ECOG> 2 dengan HR 3,37 (IK95% 2,11-5,37), stadium tumor dengan stadium 4 denganHR 9,42 (IK95% 1,27-69,98) dan stadium 3 HR 9,78 (IK95% 1,31-72,69), danderajat diferensiasi tumor dengan HR 2,30 (IK95% 1,48-3,58) Kesintasan 1 tahunadalah 39,7% dengan median survival 9 bulan. Skor prognotik kematian keganasnsaluran cerna bagian atas yang dikembangkan memiliki nilai AUC yang baik 0,918Kesimpulan: Faktor-faktor independen yang berhubungan dengan kematian 1tahun pasien keganasan saluran cerna bagian atas adalah usia, indeks masa tubuh,riwayat merokok, performa status, stadium tumor, derajat diferensiasi tumor danketerlambatan intervensi. Kesintasan 1 tahun pasien keganasan saluran cerna bagian atasadalah 39,7%. Telah dibuat sistem skor prediksi probabilitas kematian keganasansaluran cerna bagian atas

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Background: Upper gastrointestinal malignancy especially esophageal and gastric

cancer is the sixth and third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Some studies have been done separately to investigate factors which associated

with survival in patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy, but not fully

evaluated which factors associated with mortality patients with upper

gastrointestinal malignancy regarding variables and prognostic score model.

Objective: To assess prognostic factors for one-year mortality in patients with

upper gastrointestinal malignancy in Indonesia

Methods: Retrospective cohort study using the hospital database of patients with

upper gastrointestinal malignancy at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (2015-2019).

Bivariate and multivariate cox proportional hazards regression analysis were

performed to identify independent factors associated with mortality upper

gastrointestinal malignancy. Scoring system were developed based on the identified

factors.

Results: 184 patients were analyzed, mostly male (58,7%) with average ages 54,5

years old. Independent factors associated with one-year mortality were age > 60

years with HR 1,93 (95%CI 1,30-2,88), body mass index < 20 with HR 2,04 (95%CI

1,25-3,33), smoking history with HR 1,77 (95%CI 1,20-2,61), performance status

ECOG > 2 with HR 3,37 (95%CI 2,11-5,37), clinical stage which is 4th stage HR

9,42 (95%CI 1,27-69,98) and 3rd stage HR 9,78 (95%CI 1,31-72,69), and cellular

differentiation grade with HR 2,30 (95%CI 1,48-3,58). One-year survival rate was

39,7% with median survival was 9 months. The scoring system for predicting

mortality had AUC values of 0,918 respectively.

Conclusion: The independent factors associated with one-year mortality were age,

body mass index, smoking history, performance status, clinical stage of tumor,

cellular differentiation grade, and delay for start treatment. 1-year survival rate

was 39,7%. The mortality probability prediction scoring system has been developed

for upper gastrointestinal malignancy"

"Kalium diklofenak memiliki waktu paruh yang pendek sehingga obat akan cepat dieleminasi dari tubuh. Enkapsulasi kalium diklofenak menggunakan polimer biodegradable sebagai sistem pengantar obat terkontrol dapat meminimalkan masalah tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, enkapsulasi kalium diklofenak menggunakan hidrogel semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) berbasis pada kitosan dan metil selulosa telah dilakukan dengan metode in situ loading dan post loading. Komposisi hidrogel semi-IPN terdiri dari kitosan : metil selulosa 60 : 40 (b/b) dan glutaraldehid 0,1 M 2% (b/b) terhadap kitosan sebagai agen pengikat silang. Karakterisasi hidrogel semi-IPN dilakukan menggunakan tensile strength test, spektorfotometer FTIR, dan mikroskop stereo. Efisiensi loading kalium diklofenak dengan metode in situ loading mencapai 100% dan metode post loading 37% diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pelepasan kalium diklofenak memiliki pelepasan yang lebih rendah pada pH 1,2 selama 2 jam (11% in situ loading dan 16% post loading) dibandingkan pada pH 7,4 selama 12 jam (94% in situ loading dan 98% post loading).

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Diclofenac potassium has a short half-life time that causes it to be quickly eliminated from the body. Using biodegradable polymer as drug encapsulation for controlled release drug delivery system can minimize the problem. In this research, diclofenac potassium is being encapsulated by semi interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogels based on chitosan and methylcellulose. The encapsulation has been conducted by both in-situ loading and post loading methods. The biodegradable polymer hydrogel is composed by 60:40 (w/w) ratio of chitosan : methylcellulose and 0,1 M 2% glutaraldehyde (w/w) in regard to the weight of chitosan as crosslinking agent. The hydrogels and microcapsules were then characterized by tensile strength test, FTIR spectrophotometry, and stereomicroscopy. The entrapment efficiency of diclofenac potassium by in-situ loading method was found to be up to 100% and 49% for post loading method as was measured by UV spectroscopy. The dissolution of diclofenac potassium in pH 1,2 which was around 11% for in-situ loading and 16% for post loading in 2 hours is lower than dissolution in pH 7,4 in 12 hours (94% for in-situ loading and 97% for post loading)."