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"Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Jintan (Plectranthus amboinicus) terhadap Kadar BUN dan Kreatinin serta Respon Seluler Faktor Proinflamasi TNF-α dan IL-1β Pasien Gout Artritis. Pengobatan gout artritis (GA) saat ini dikembangkan berbasis anti sitokin yaitu blokade kemokin, penghambatan pelepasan IL-1β dan TNF-α. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan pengobatan berbasis anti sitokin dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun jintan yang diaplikasikan pada penderita GA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental semu dengan desain penelitian randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Pengambilan sampel pasien GA di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Poli Penyakit Dalam RSU Haji Surabaya yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 responden terbagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol masing-masing 15 responden. Pada kelompok perlakuan diminta untuk minum obat dari Rumah Sakit ditambah dengan kapsul ekstrak daun jintan selama 7 hari, dengan dilakukan pengamatan keradangan sendi. Pada kelompok kontrol minum obat dari Rumah Sakit dan dilakukan pengamatan keradangan sendi. Sampel darah diambil sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan untuk mengukur kadar BUN, kreatinin, konsentrasi TNF-α dan IL-1β. Terdapat penurunan kadar BUN dan kreatinin pada kelompok kontrol namun tidak signifikan yaitu menurun sebesar 3% dan 8%. Sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terdapat peningkatan kadar BUN dan Kreatinin namun juga tidak signifikan sebesar 3% dan 7%. Terdapat penurunan konsentrasi TNF-α pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 9% dan kelompok perlakuan sebesar 22%, keduanya tidak signifikan. Sementara konsentrasi IL-1β terjadi peningkatan pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 18%, sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terjadi penurunan sebesar 3%, keduanya tidak signifikan.

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The purpose of this research was to develop anti-cytokine-based treatment using extract of Plectranthus amboinicus applied to gout arthritis (GA) patients. The research was quasi experimental, with a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. The samples were GA patients in the Outpatient Installation of Internal Medicine in General Hospital Haji, Surabaya. The sample was comprised of 30 respondents. The respondents were divided into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group was asked to take medicine from the hospital, coupled with P. amboinicus extract capsules, for 7 days, during which time patients? joint inflammation was observed. The control group was provided with only medication from the hospital, and their joint inflammation was likewise observed. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, to measure the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, as well as the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β. There was a decrease in BUN and creatinine levels in the control group, but it was not significant, decreasing by 3% and 8%, respectively. The treatment group also showed elevated levels of BUN and creatinine, which also was not significant at 3% and 7%, respectively. There was a decrease in the concentration of TNF-α in the control group by 9% and 22%. The concentration of IL-1β in the control group increased by 18%, whereas,in the treatment group, it decreased by 3%; however, the decreases in both groups were not significant."

"The purpose of this research was to develop anti-cytokine-based treatment using extract of Plectranthus amboinicusapplied to gout arthritis (GA) patients. The research was quasi experimental, with a pretest-posttest randomized controlgroup design. The samples were GA patients in the Outpatient Installation of Internal Medicine in General HospitalHaji, Surabaya. The sample was comprised of 30 respondents. The respondents were divided into a treatment group anda control group. The treatment group was asked to take medicine from the hospital, coupled with P. amboinicus extractcapsules, for 7 days, during which time patients’ joint inflammation was observed. The control group was provided withonly medication from the hospital, and their joint inflammation was likewise observed. Blood samples were takenbefore and after treatment, to measure the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, as well as theconcentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β. There was a decrease in BUN and creatinine levels in the control group, but it wasnot significant, decreasing by 3% and 8%, respectively. The treatment group also showed elevated levels of BUN andcreatinine, which also was not significant at 3% and 7%, respectively. There was a decrease in the concentration ofTNF-α in the control group by 9% and 22%. The concentration of IL-1β in the control group increased by 18%,whereas,in the treatment group, it decreased by 3%; however, the decreases in both groups were not significant.Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Jintan (Plectranthus amboinicus) terhadap Kadar BUN dan Kreatinin serta ResponSeluler Faktor Proinflamasi TNF-α dan IL-1β Pasien Gout Artritis. Pengobatan gout artritis (GA) saat inidikembangkan berbasis anti sitokin yaitu blokade kemokin, penghambatan pelepasan IL-1β dan TNF-α. Tujuanpenelitian ini adalah mengembangkan pengobatan berbasis anti sitokin dengan menggunakan ekstrak daun jintan yangdiaplikasikan pada penderita GA. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental semu dengan desain penelitianrandomized pretest-posttest control group design. Pengambilan sampel pasien GA di Instalasi Rawat Jalan PoliPenyakit Dalam RSU Haji Surabaya yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 30responden terbagi menjadi kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol masing-masing 15 responden. Pada kelompokperlakuan diminta untuk minum obat dari Rumah Sakit ditambah dengan kapsul ekstrak daun jintan selama 7 hari,dengan dilakukan pengamatan keradangan sendi. Pada kelompok kontrol minum obat dari Rumah Sakit dan dilakukanpengamatan keradangan sendi. Sampel darah diambil sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan untuk mengukur kadar BUN,kreatinin, konsentrasi TNF-α dan IL-1β. Terdapat penurunan kadar BUN dan kreatinin pada kelompok kontrol namuntidak signifikan yaitu menurun sebesar 3% dan 8%. Sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terdapat peningkatan kadarBUN dan Kreatinin namun juga tidak signifikan sebesar 3% dan 7%. Terdapat penurunan konsentrasi TNF-α padakelompok kontrol sebesar 9% dan kelompok perlakuan sebesar 22%, keduanya tidak signifikan. Sementara konsentrasiIL-1β terjadi peningkatan pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 18%, sementara pada kelompok perlakuan terjadi penurunansebesar 3%, keduanya tidak signifikan."

"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impaired wound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic of impaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such as levels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound with standard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day, (5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once every two days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance.Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in subjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significant differences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.Conclusions: Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells in Wistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests that squid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days after wound creation.Keywords: diabetic wound, squid, TNF"

"Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan kelainan metabolik yang terjadi karena penurunan sensitifitas insulin. Latihan fisik mempunyai peranan penting dalam manajemen diabetes melitus tipe 2 dan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan rentang gerak sendi aktif terhadap kadar glukosa darah penyandang diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen yang menggunakan desain one group pretest-posttest dengan jumlah sampel 37 orang yang diambil dengan teknik consecutive sampling pada ruang perawatan penyakit dalam RSUD Pasar Minggu. Responden diberikan intervensi latihan rentang gerak sendi aktif selama 30 menit yang dilakukan 2 jam setelah makan yang diperkirakan antara jam 09.00-10.00 WIB. Pemeriksaan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu responden dilakukan sebelum dan segera setelah latihan rentang gerak sendi aktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh latihan rentang gerak sendi aktif yang signifikan terhadap kadar glukosa darah sewaktu penyandang diabetes melitus tipe 2 antara sebelum dan setelah latihan (p=0,000; α 0,05). Namun, disarankan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh latihan ini dengan meningkatkan frekuensi latihan dan mempertimbangkan jenis pengobatan diabetes responden.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs due to decreased insulin sensitivity. Physical exercise plays an important role in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a decreases blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of active range of motion exercises on the blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This research is an experimental study used the one group pretest-posttest design. Thirty seven respondents were selected using consecutive sampling technique in general ward in Pasar Minggu Hospital. Respondents were given 30-minute active range of motion exercise which were carried out 2 hours after meals which were estimated between 09.00-10.00 WIB. Blood glucose level was measured before and immediately after active range of motion exercise. The results showed that active range of motion exercises had a significant effect in reducing blood glucose levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus between before and after exercise (p = 0,000; α 0,05). However, it is recommended to evaluate the effect of this exercise by increasing the frequency of exercise and considering the type of diabetes treatment respondents."

"Penderita obesitas di dunia terus meningkat tidak hanya di negara maju namun negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Peningkatan kejadian obesitas ternyata juga sejalan dengan peningkatan kejadian Sindrom Metabolik (SM) salah satunya adalah Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Pengukuran obesitas yang selama ini dilakukan belum akurat. ABSI menggabungkan hasil ukur lingkar pinggang dengan IMT dan tinggi badan sebagai upaya mencari indikator antropometri baru yang lebih valid dalam menggambarkan bahaya dari kegemukan dan obesitas. Sedangkan untuk memperkiraan kejadian Diabetes agar menjadi lebih akurat diperlukan durasi obesitas. Aktivitas fisik diduga menjadi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kejadian obesitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain studi kohor retrospektif. Analisis penelitian menggunakan survival dengan regresi cox. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 2.591 orang dewasa dengan obesitas di 5 Kelurahan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ketahanan terhadap DM Tipe 2 paling rendah terjadi pada orang obesitas yang melakukan aktivitas fisik rendah dibandingkan dengan yang beraktifitas sedang dan tinggi. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi survival time antara lain umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, asupan karbohidrat, dan asupan lemak.

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Obese people in the world continue to increase not only in developed countries but developing countries like Indonesia. The increase in the incidence of obesity was also in line with the increase in the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (SM), one of which was Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Obesity measurements that had been carried out had not been accurate. ABSI combines waist circumference measurements with BMI and height in an effort to find new anthropometric indicators that are more valid in describing the dangers of obesity and overweight. Whereas to estimate the incidence of diabetes in order to be more accurate the duration of obesity is needed. Physical activity is thought to be the main factor affecting the incidence of obesity.

This study uses a quantitative approach using a retrospective cohort study design. Research analysis uses survival with cox regression. The number of samples in this study was 2,591 obese adults in 5 villages in the city of Bogor.

The results of this study showed the lowest resistance to Type 2 DM occurred in obese people who did low physical activity compared to those with moderate and high activity. Other factors that affect survival time include age, sex, family history, carbohydrate intake, and fat intake."

"Obesitas telah ditetapkan sebagai epidemi global dan menyebabkan risiko kematian menjadi tiga kali lipat. Dampak yang ditimbulkan tidak hanya secara medis, tetapi juga psikologis serta menghilangnya produktivitas dan biaya ekonomi tambahan. Prevalensi obesitas di seluruh dunia terus bertambah hampir tiga kali lipat. Hal serupa terjadi di Indonesia, berdasarkan data Riskesdas prevalensi obesitas telah mencapai 21,8% pada tahun 2018. Prevalensi ini cenderung mulai meningkat setelah usia 36 tahun ke atas dan kemudian menurun setelah usia 60 tahun ke atas. Tingginya obesitas mengindikasikan terdapat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan obesitas tersebut. Tujuan utama dari penellitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor dominan kejadian obesitas pada penduduk Indonesia usia 36-65 tahun. Penelitian ini adalah studi kuantitatif dengan desain bersifat cross sectional menggunakan data sekunder IFLS 2014. Faktor-faktor yang dianalisis hubungannya terhadap kejadian obesitas adalah usia, jenis kelamin, suku, status kawin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, penghasilan, kebiasaan makan sumber karbohidrat, kebiasaan makan sumber protein, kebiasaan makan sumber lemak, kebiasaan makan sayuran, kebiasaan makan buah, aktifitas fisik berat, aktifitas fisik sedang, aktifitas fisik jalan kaki, kebiasaan merokok, wilayah tempat tinggal, tinggi badan (stunting). Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan determinan kejadian obesitas adalah usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, penghasilan, kebiasaan makan sumber protein, kebiasaan makan buah, kebiasaan merokok dan wilayah tempat tinggal. Faktor dominan kejadian obesitas adalah jenis kelamin, yaitu perempuan memiliki risiko menjadi obese 2,1 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan laki-laki.

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Obesity has been defined as a global epidemic and triples the risk of death. The impact is not only medically, but also psychologically as well as the disappearance of productivity and economic costs. The prevalence of obesity throughout the world continues to increase almost threefold. Something similar happened in Indonesia, based on Riskesdas data, the prevalence of obesity had reached 21.8% (2018). This prevalence tends to increase after the age of 36 years and above and then decreases after the age of 60 years and over. The high obesity indicates there are factors that affect the increase of obesity.

The main objective of this research is to find out the dominant factors in the incidence of obesity in the Indonesian population aged 36-65 years. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design using secondary data of 2014 IFLS. Factors analyzed in relation to the incidence of obesity are age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, employment, income, eating habits of carbohydrates, eating habits protein, eating habits, sources of fat, eating habits, eating habits, heavy physical activity, moderate physical activity, walking physical activity, smoking habits, area of ​​residence, height (stunting).

Based on the results of multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression showed determinant factors of obesity are age, sex, education, occupation, income, eating habits of protein, eating habits of fruit, smoking habits and area of ​​residence. The dominant factor in the incidence of obesity is gender, women have a risk of becoming obese 2,1 times higher than men."

"Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known ashyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impairedwound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages andneutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic ofimpaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such aslevels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats.Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound withstandard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day,(5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once everytwo days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance. Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) insubjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significantdifferences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. Conclusions:Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells inWistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests thatsquid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days afterwound creation."

"Kadar Zinc dan Cuprum pada Penderita Hipertensi Primer dan Normotensi. Salah satu pencetus hipertensi primer yaitu paparan radikal bebas. Pembentukan radikal bebas dalam tubuh dapat dicegah dengan antioksidan. Peran zinc dan cuprum adalah sebagai kofaktor dari enzim antioksidan endogen superoksida dismutase (SOD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kadar serum zinc dan cuprum pada kelompok hipertensi primer dan normotensif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional dan metode simple random sampling. Subjek adalah orang yang berusia 40-70 tahun, mengunjungi Rumah Sakit Haji Surabaya, dan terdiri dari 15 responden hipertensi primer dan 15 responden normotensif (kelompok pembanding). Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan uji laboratorium klinis sampel darah. Konsentrasi serum zinc dan cuprum diukur dengan metode AAS (Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom). Data dianalisis dengan chi-square dan independent T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat rata-rata serum zinc dan cuprum responden pada kelompok hipertensi primer lebih rendah daripada kelompok normotensif. Namun, secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,852) kadar serum zinc antara kelompok hipertensi primer dan kelompok normotensi, tapi ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar serum cuprum (p=0,022). Kesimpulannya adalah ada yang berbeda dari kadar serum cuprum antara dua kelompok sedangkan untuk kadar serum zinc tidak berbeda.;One of the causes of primary hypertension is an exposure to free radicals. The formation of free radicals in the body can be prevented by taking antioxidants. Zinc and copper are cofactors of endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to analyze the differences of zinc and copper levels in primary hypertensive and normotensive patients. This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design and simple random sampling method. Subjects were patients aged 40-70 years at Haji General Hospital consisting of 15 primary hypertensive patients and 15 normotensive individuals (comparison group). Data was collected through interviews and laboratory test of blood samples. Zinc and Copper serum concentrations were measured by AAS. Data were analyzed by chi-square and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the mean levels of zinc and copper in primary hypertensive patients was lower than normotensive. However, statistically there was no difference in zinc serum levels (p=0.852) in the two groups, and there was a significant difference in copper serum levels (p=0.032). It can be concluded that there were differences in copper serum levels between the two groups but not with the levels of zinc.

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One of the causes of primary hypertension is an exposure to free radicals. The formation of free radicals in the body can be prevented by taking antioxidants. Zinc and copper are cofactors of endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. This study aimed to analyze the differences of zinc and copper levels in primary hypertensive and normotensive patients. This was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design and simple random sampling method. Subjects were patients aged 40-70 years at Haji General Hospital consisting of 15 primary hypertensive patients and 15 normotensive individuals (comparison group). Data was collected through interviews and laboratory test of blood samples. Zinc and Copper serum concentrations were measured by AAS. Data were analyzed by chi-square and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the mean levels of zinc and copper in primary hypertensive patients was lower than normotensive. However, statistically there was no difference in zinc serum levels (p=0.852) in the two groups, and there was a significant difference in copper serum levels (p=0.032). It can be concluded that there were differences in copper serum levels between the two groups but not with the levels of zinc."

"Efek samping yang ditimbulkan oleh obat - obatan sintetis untuk penderita hiperkolesterol saat ini membuat berkembangnya pengobatan alternatif dengan menggunakan tanaman herbal. Keji beling (Strobilanthes cripa) merupakan salah satu herbal yang berpotensi sebagai bahan obat penurun kolesterol karena mengandung senyawa golongan fitosterol. Upaya untuk mengoptimalkan efisiensi penyerapan ekstrak daun keji beling dalam tubuh adalah dengan cara penyalutan (enkapsulasi) dan menjadikannya ukuran nanopartikel dengan ultrasonikator. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan alat MAE (Microwave Assisted Extraction) selama 15 menit dan suhu 75oC. Pelarut etanol 70% (pharmacy grade) digunakan untuk menjamin keamanan klinis. Hasil randemen ekstraksi dengan etanol 70% yaitu sebesar 21,25%. Uji kualitatif kandungan fitosterol dalam ekstrak dengan reagen LB menghasilkan perubahan warna menjadi hijau kebiruan sedangkan uji dengan metode KLT menghasilkan Rf 0,85. Sedangkan uji kualitatif flavonoid dengan metode wilstater menghasilkan warna merah pada ekstrak. Pembuatan nanopartikel ekstrak daun keji beling meliputi variasi konsentrasi kitosan dan natrium tripolifosfat (STPP). Penentuan hasil terbaik dilakukan dengan menganalisis hasil efisiensi penyalutan, loading capacity, morfologi dan ukuran nanopartikel (dengan FE-SEM) serta aktivitas penurunan kolesterol. Komposisi kitosan dan STPP yang terbaik dalam pembuatan nanopartikel adalah 1% : 1,5% (b/v). Hasil efisiensi penyalutan yang didapatkan sebesar 90,49% fitosterol dan 90,51% untuk flavonoid. Beberapa senyawa golongan flavonoid yang terdapat dalam ekstrak kasar daun keji beling dan memiliki aktivitas penurunan kolesterol yang bersinergi dengan fitosterol seperti catechin dan kuersetin. Loading capacity yang dihasilkan sebesar 24,57% dan diameter sekitar 94,16 - 175,7 nm dengan morfologi permukan yang halus, cembung namun tidak bulat. Analisa FTIR yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan berhasilnya terbentuk nanopartikel kitosan-STPP karena terdapat gugus P=O (crosslink kitosan-TPP). Penyalutan senyawa aktif juga berhasil dilakukan dengan melihat bertambahnya gugus fungsi pada spektrum nanopartikel kitosan terisi. Pengujian penurunan kolesterol secara in-vitro dengan metode Rudel dan Morris (1973) menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan ekstrak murni 0,3 mg mampu menurunkan kolesterol sebesar 46,3% sedangkan ekstrak dalam ukuran nano sebesar 78,21%. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ukuran nano dapat mengurangi dosis pemakaian obat karena memiliki kemampuan penurunan kolesterol yang lebih baik.

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Side effects caused by synthetic drugs for hypercholesterolemia’s patients are currently making the development of alternative medicine using herbs. Keji beling (Strobilanthes cripa) leaf is one of the herbs that have the potential as a cholesterol-lowering drug because it has phytosterols compound on it. Efforts to optimize the efficiency of absorption of Keji Beling leaf extract in the body is by coating (encapsulation) and make it to be nanoparticle size by ultrasonicator. Extraction process used Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) instrument for 15 minutes and the temperature of 75oC. Extraction rendement’s result with ethanol 70% was 21,25%. The results are larger than the solvent n-hexane technical. Qualitative assay of phytosterol content in the extract with LB reagent changed the colour of extract (green-brown) to be blue-green while Rf phytosterol identification with TLC method was 0,85. Qualitative assay of flavonoid using wilstater method produced red color in the extract. Preparation of extract nanoparticles included variations in the concentration of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Determination of the best results by analyzing the results of the encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, morphology and size of nanoparticles (with FE-SEM instrument), and cholesterol-lowering activity. The best ratio composition of chitosan and STPP in this research was 1% : 1,5% (w/v). Encapsulation efficiency result of the best composition was 90,49% for phytosterol and 90,51% for flavonoid. Some flavonoid compounds contained in the crude extract of the Keji Beling leaves have cholesterol-lowering activity in synergy with phytosterols such as catechin and quercetin. Loading capacity in this encapsulation process was 24.57%. Diameter nanoparticle had a range between 94.16 to 175.7 nm with a smooth surface morphology, convex but not round. FTIR analysis that has been done showing the success of the crosslinking between chitosan – STPP to make nanoparticle form because there was a group P=O. Active compound encapsulation also successfully carried out by seeing an increasing spectrum of functional groups on the chitosan nanoparticles loaded. In vitro assay for decreasing cholesterol concentration by Rudel and Morris method (1973) showed that %decreasing cholesterol of 0,3 mg crude extract was 46,03%, while the extract in nano-sized was 78,21%. These result indicate that the nanoparticle can reduce the dose of the drug because it has the ability to decrease cholesterol better."

"Evaluasi Biokimiawi Bubuk Akar Withania somnifera pada Tikus yang Diinduksi Adjuvant-Arthritis. Penelitian saat ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi efek biokimiawi dari Withania somnifera Linn. Solanaceae, yang juga dikenal sebagai ashwagandha, pada tikus yang diinduksi adjuvant-arthritic. Hasil penelitian kemudian dikomparasi terhadap Indomethacin, yang merupakan obat anti peradangan non-steroid. Arthritis diinduksi dengan menggunakan injeksi Complete Freund?s Adjuvant (0,1 mL) secara intra-dermal ke telapak kaki belakang tikus Wistar albino. Akar Withania somnifera bubuk (1000 mg/kg/hari) dan Indomethacin (3 mg/kg/hari) diberikan secara oral selama 8 hari (dari hari ke 11-18) pasca dilakukannya injeksi adjuvant. Setelah masa experimen, seluruh hewan percobaan dikorbankan, kemudian sampel limpa, hati, dan serum dikumpulkan untuk analisis biokimiawi lebih jauh. Pada tikus-tikus yang diinduksi adjuvant-arthritic, terdapat peningkatan signifikan dalam aktifitas enzim glukoneogenesis, enzim petanda jaringan, level glukosa darah, jumlah sel darah putih (WBC), jumlah keping darah, tingkat sedimentasi eritrosit, dan protein fase akut (asam hyaluronic, fibrinogen dan ceruloplasmin). Sementara itu, terjadi penurunan aktifitas enzim glikolisis, berat tubuh, level hemoglobin, jumlah sel darah merah (RBC), dan volume sel yang dimampatkan (PCV). Kondisi perubahan biokimiawi yang terjadi pada hewan penderita arthritis ini membaik secara signifikan setelah pemberian bubuk akar Withania somnifera (1000 mg/kg/b.wt) dan Indomethacin (3 mg/kg/b.wt). Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa bubuk akar Withania somnifera dapat menyembuhkan perubahan biokimiawi pada adjuvant-arthritis yang disebutkan di atas. Hasil ini dapat bermanfaat dalam perawatan kondisi rheumatoid-arthritis.

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The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the biochemical effect of Withania somnifera Linn. Solanaceae, commonly known as ashwagandha on adjuvant induced arthritic rats. Results were compared to Indomethacin, a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Arthritis was induced by an intra dermal injection of Complete Freund?s Adjuvant (0.1 mL) into the right hind paw of Wistar albino rats. Withania somnifera root powder (1000 mg/kg/day) and Indomethacin (3 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 8 days (from 11th to 18th day) after adjuvant injection. After the experimental period, all the animals were sacrificed and serum, liver and spleen samples were collected for further biochemical analysis. A significant increase in the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes, tissue marker enzymes, blood glucose level, WBC, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and acute phase proteins (hyaluronic acid, fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin) was observed in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, whereas the activities of glycolytic enzymes, body weight, levels of hemoglobin, RBC count, and packed cell volume were found to be decreased. These biochemical alterations observed in arthritic animals were ameliorated significantly after the administration of Withania somnifera root powder (1000 mg/kg/b.wt) and Indomethacin (3 mg/kg/b.wt). Our results suggest that Withania somnifera root powder is capable of rectifying the above biochemical changes in adjuvant arthritis and it may prove to be useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis."