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"Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmental alteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children who attended to Student?s polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727 Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence of alteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzed comparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727 OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years. Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found in maxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There were significant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p < 0.05) while there were no significant differences with gender and delayed eruption as (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia was considerably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but no association with gender and delayed eruption.;"

"Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence, distribution and association of developmentalalteration in tooth number with gender, location, and presence of delayed eruption of tooth among children whoattended to Student’s polyclinic of IIUM Kuantan, Malaysia. Methods: A cross sectional study on total 727Orthopanthomograms (OPGs) of 3-17 years old children from April 2009 to July 2012. OPGs with presence ofalteration number were scrutinized to find out the prevalence, distribution and association. The data was analyzedcomparing gender, location and presence of delayed eruption and tested using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 727OPGs, 71 OPGs showed developmental alteration in tooth number. The prevalence was 98/1000 OPGs within 3 years.Among those 71 OPGs, the gender differences were: males (49.3%) and females (50.7%). Locations were found inmaxilla (45.1%), mandible (40.8%) and both (14.0%). The finding of delayed eruption was (7.0%). There weresignificant differences between alteration in tooth number with location as (p < 0.05) while there were no significantdifferences with gender and delayed eruption as (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that hyperdontia wasconsiderably lower than hypodontia. There was association between alteration in tooth number with location, but noassociation with gender and delayed eruption."

"Penderita obesitas di dunia terus meningkat tidak hanya di negara maju namun negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Peningkatan kejadian obesitas ternyata juga sejalan dengan peningkatan kejadian Sindrom Metabolik (SM) salah satunya adalah Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2. Pengukuran obesitas yang selama ini dilakukan belum akurat. ABSI menggabungkan hasil ukur lingkar pinggang dengan IMT dan tinggi badan sebagai upaya mencari indikator antropometri baru yang lebih valid dalam menggambarkan bahaya dari kegemukan dan obesitas. Sedangkan untuk memperkiraan kejadian Diabetes agar menjadi lebih akurat diperlukan durasi obesitas. Aktivitas fisik diduga menjadi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kejadian obesitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain studi kohor retrospektif. Analisis penelitian menggunakan survival dengan regresi cox. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 2.591 orang dewasa dengan obesitas di 5 Kelurahan di Kota Bogor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ketahanan terhadap DM Tipe 2 paling rendah terjadi pada orang obesitas yang melakukan aktivitas fisik rendah dibandingkan dengan yang beraktifitas sedang dan tinggi. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi survival time antara lain umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat keluarga, asupan karbohidrat, dan asupan lemak.

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Obese people in the world continue to increase not only in developed countries but developing countries like Indonesia. The increase in the incidence of obesity was also in line with the increase in the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (SM), one of which was Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Obesity measurements that had been carried out had not been accurate. ABSI combines waist circumference measurements with BMI and height in an effort to find new anthropometric indicators that are more valid in describing the dangers of obesity and overweight. Whereas to estimate the incidence of diabetes in order to be more accurate the duration of obesity is needed. Physical activity is thought to be the main factor affecting the incidence of obesity.

This study uses a quantitative approach using a retrospective cohort study design. Research analysis uses survival with cox regression. The number of samples in this study was 2,591 obese adults in 5 villages in the city of Bogor.

The results of this study showed the lowest resistance to Type 2 DM occurred in obese people who did low physical activity compared to those with moderate and high activity. Other factors that affect survival time include age, sex, family history, carbohydrate intake, and fat intake."

"Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kekerasan berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin pada Wanita Hamil yang Mengunjungi Klinik Antenatal di Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer Daerah Syangja, Nepal. Kehamilan dan kelahiran anak merupakan waktu rawan yang khusus untuk penganiayaan kekerasan karena perubahan fisik, sosial, emosi, dan kebutuhan ekonomi wanita selama kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor yang berkaitan dengan kekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil yang datang ke klinik ANC. Penelitian cross sectional dilakukan pada 202 wanita hamil yang mengunjungi bagian antenatal PHC di daerah Syangja selama September 2014 hingga Desember 2014 menggunakan kuesioner semi terstruktur dengan wawancara tatap muka. Perangkat lunak SPSS digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Prevalensi GBV di antara wanita hamil diperoleh sebesar 91,1%. Variabel sosio demografik seperti suku, agama, usia responden, usia pernikahan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan per tahun tidak berkaitan dengan pengalaman berbagai jenis GBV (p>0,05). Walaupun demikian, ada hubungan secara statistik antara pendidikan suami (p=0,03), usia kehamilan (p=0,039), dan jenis pernikahan (p=0,013) pada kasus kekerasan psikologis dan ekonomi walaupun tidak ada hubungan secara statistik dengan jenis kekerasan yang lain. Kesimpulannya, kekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin selama kehamilan merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang paling utama di daerah Syangja, Nepal. Berdasarkan pada usia pernikahan, jenis pernikahan, dan pendidikan suami dapat mengurangi kekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil. Pemberdayaan wanita, kemandirian ekonomi, sensitisasi, kepedulian dan perlunya survei berdasarkan populasi skala besar merupakan rekomendasi utama penelitian ini.

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Pregnancy and childbirth were a time of unique vulnerability to violence victimization because of changes in women?s physical, social, emotional, and economic needs during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the factors associated with gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic (ANC). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 pregnant women attend antenatal ward of primary health care centre (PHC) of Syangja district during September 2014 to December 2014 by using semi-structure questionnaire with face to face interviews. SPSS software was used for analysis the data. The prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) among pregnant women was found to be 91.1%. The socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, religious, the age of respondents, the age of marriage, occupation, and annual income had no association with the experience of different types of GBV (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically association between husband education (p=0.03), the age of marriage (p=0.039) and type of marriage (p=0.013) in case of psychological and economic violence whereas there was no statistically association between with other types of violence. In conclusion, gender based violence during pregnancy was a major prevalent public health problem is Syangja district of Nepal. Focus on age of marriage, types of marriage and education of husband may reduce gender based violence among the pregnant women. Women?s empowerment, economic autonomy, sensitization, awareness and needed of large-scale population-based surveys were the major recommendation of this study."

"Sosiodemografi, Perilaku Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut, dan Aktivitas Fisik: Berbagai Faktor Penyebab Karies.Karies gigi adalah salah satu penyakit umum disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Banyak orang dewasa menderita karies gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan prediktor karies gigi pada orang dewasa. Tiga ratus tiga puluh empat orang dewasa ikut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Informasi yang dikumpulkan adalah latar belakang sosio- demografis, perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut, tingkat aktivitas fisik, indeks massa tubuh, persentase lemak tubuh, tingkat lemak visceral, dan indeks gigi yang hilang, ditambal, dan diekstraksi (DMFX). Semua protokol standar diamati dan DMFX diperiksa mengikuti kriteria Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO). Prevalensi karies gigi adalah 87,4%, termasuk 61,3% responden perempuan dengan pengalaman karies. Sebagian besar peserta penelitian kelebihan berat badan. Hanya konsumsi makanan tinggi gula (p=0,03) yang dapat dikaitkan dengan karies gigi dan perilaku kesehatan mulut dan gigi. Analisis regresi (p<0,001) menunjukkan bahwa usia yang lebih tua (p<0,001), kunjungan rutin ke klinik gigi per tahun (p=0,012), tingkat pendidikan yang lebih rendah (p=0,025), dan aktivitas fisik yang lebih rendah (p=0,008) merupakan faktor signifikan yang menyebabkan karies gigi pada populasi penelitian ini. Orang dewasa berusia lanjut, rendahnya frekuensi kunjungan ke dokter gigi, kurangnya pendidikan mengenai kesehatan mulut dan gigi, dan aktivitas fisik yang lebih rendah merupakan faktor yang memungkinkan kehadiran karies gigi.

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Dental caries is one of the common diseases which are attributed by many factors. Many from the adult population are afflicted with dental caries. This study aimed to determine the predictors of developing dental caries among adults. Three hundred and thirty four adults participated in this study. Information gathered were their socio-demographic backgrounds, oral health behaviour, physical activity level, body mass index, body fat percentages, visceral fat level, and dental missing filled extracted teeth (DMFX) index. All standard protocols were observed and DMFX was examined using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Prevalence of dental caries was 87.4%, inclusive of 61.3% of female respondents with caries experience. Most of the study participants were overweight. Only consumption of high sugar food (p=0.03) were found between dental caries and oral health behaviours. Regression analysis (p<0.001) showed that older age (p<0.001), regular visits to dental clinic per year (p=0.012), lower education level (p=0.025), and lower physical activity (p=0.008) were significant factors in developing dental caries among in this study population. Older aged adults, frequent appointment with the dentist, lower education in oral health and lower physical activity were possible factors for dental caries presence."

"Latar belakang. Infeksi Cytomegalovirus (CMV) kongenital merupakan faktor non genetik yang paling sering menjadi penyebab terjadinya ketulian sensorineural pada bayi dan anak. Infeksi CMV dapat memberikan tanda dan gejala namun dapat juga tidak memberikan gejala pada yang terinfeksi. Ketulian akibat infeksi CMV kongenital tidak memiliki konfigurasi patognomik sehingga penelitian terhadap infeksi CMV kongenital pada pendengaran masih sangat diperlukan. Pengetahuan tentang ketulian akibat infeksi CMV kongenital di negara-negara luar yang semakin berkembang membuat peneliti ingin mengetahui bagaimana gambaran gangguan pendengaran anak dengan infeksi CMV kongenital di Indonesia, khususnya RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Tujuan. Mengetahui gambaran gangguan pendengaran pada anak usia 0-5 tahun yang mengalami infeksi CMV kongenital berdasarkan pemeriksaan DPOAE dan BERA click. Metode. Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan November 2015-Mei 2016 pada 27 subjek anak usia 0-5 tahun yang telah didiagnosa terinfeksi CMV kongenital. Hasil. Gambaran gangguan fungsi pendengaran pada subjek anak usia 0-5 tahun dengan infeksi CMV kongenital berdasarkan pemeriksaan DPOAE dan BERA click pada unit telinga adalah tuli sensorineural sebanyak 58,0%. Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik (p = 0,002) antara keterlambatan tumbuh kembang dengan terjadinya tuli sensorineural. Keterlambatan tumbuh kembang memiliki risiko 6,57 (CI 95%; 1,88 – 22,87) kali lebih besar dibandingkan pasien dengan tumbuh kembang normal untuk mengalami gangguan pendengaran sensorineural.

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Background. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a non genetical factor that is most commonly found asthe etiology of sensorineural hearing loss in infants and children. CMV does not always cause signs and symptoms.Hearing loss caused by CMV infection does not have a patognomonic configuration hence further research is needed. The development on the knowledge on hearing loss caused by congenital CMV infection in foreign countriesis the reason the author decide to investigate on the profile of hearing impairment in children with congenital CMV infection in Indonesia, especially in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Purpose. To know the profile of hearing impairment in children age 0-5 years old with congenital CMV infection based on DPOAE and BERA click.

Methods.This cross-sectional study was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusum Hospital since November 2015-May 2016 in 27 subjects, children age 0-5 years old with congenital CMV infection.

Results. Hearing impairment in subjects children age 0-5 years old with congenital CMV inefection, based on DPOAE and BERA click on ear unitsis 58,0% with sensorineural hearing loss. There is a significant relationship (p=0,002) between developmental delay and the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss. Developmental delay has a 6,57 times (CI 95%; 1,88 – 22,87) higher the risk for subjects to experience sensorineural hearing loss compared to normal development."

"Latar Belakang: Dalam talaksana kasus kedokteran gigi, seringkali dibutuhkan interpretasi gambaran radiograf dengan keakuratan yang tinggi. Meskipun gambaran radiograf diyakini sudah terinterpretasi dengan kualitas mutu yang baik, namun terdapat berbagai faktor yang menyebabkan tetap ada selisih ukuran objek pada gambaran radiograf dengan ukuran sebenarnya. Selisih ukuran ini dapat terjadi dalam arah vertikal, berupa distorsi vertikal. Distorsi vertikal penting untuk diperhatikan oleh klinisi untuk mencegah pengulangan pengambilan foto radiograf dan menghindari paparan radiasi berlebih pada pasien. Tujuan: Mengetahui nilai rata-rata distorsi vertikal pada radiograf periapikal gigi geligi maksila dan mandibula berdasarkan pengukuran selisih panjang gigi klinis dan radiografis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 120 sampel rekam medis klinis beserta dengan radiograf periapikal pasien endodontik di RSKGM FKG UI yang dikelompokkan menjadi 60 sampel gigi geligi maksila dan 60 sampel mandibula. Pengukuran estimasi panjang gigi klinis menggunakan rasio ukuran panjang kerja pada data rekam medis dan pengukuran panjang gigi radiograf diukur dari foto radiograf periapikal awal pasien. Ukuran distorsi vertikal didapat dari pengukuran selisih antara panjang gigi radiograf dengan estimasi panjang gigi klinis. Uji reliabilitas intraobserver dan interobserver dilakukan dengan uji ICC dan dilakukan analisa komparatif menggunakan uji mann whitney. Hasil: Hasil analisa menunjukkan nilai rerata distorsi vertikal pada kelompok gigi geligi maksila sebesar 1,58 mm, dengan maksimum 5,53 mm. Nilai rerata distorsi vertikal pada kelompok gigi geligi mandibula sebesar 1,48 mm, dengan nilai maksimum 3,96 mm. Sebanyak 52 (43.33%) sampel mengalami pemanjangan, sebanyak 55 (45.83%) mengalami pemendekan, dan 13 (10.83%) data tidak terdistorsi. Kesimpulan: Rerata pengukuran estimasi panjang gigi klinis dan panjang gigi pada gambaran radiograf tidak berbeda bermakna (p 0,451). Rerata distorsi vertikal pada gigi geligi maksila dan mandibula tidak berbeda bermakna (p 0,975).

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Background: In the management of dental cases, it is often necessary to interpret radiographs with high accuracy. Although it is believed that the radiographic image has been interpreted with good quality, there are various factors that cause the difference in the size of the object on the radiographic image to the actual size. The size of this distortion can occur in the vertical direction, in the form of vertical distortion. Vertical distortion is important for clinicians to pay attention to prevent retaking the radiographs and avoid overexposure of radiation on the patient. Objective: To determine the mean value of vertical distortion on periapical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular teeth based on the measurement of the difference in radiographic and actual size of the tooth length. Methods: The study or research is carried out on 120 samples of medical records along with periapical radiographs of endodontic patients at RSKGM FKG UI, divided into 60 samples of maxillary teeth and 60 samples of mandibular teeth. Measurement of estimated clinical tooth length obtained by using the ratio of working length recorded in the medical record, and the measurement of the radiographic tooth length obtained by using the patient's initial periapical radiograph. The measurement of vertical distortion was obtained by measuring the difference between the radiographic and the estimated clinical tooth length. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability tests were performed using the ICC test and comparative analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney test. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the mean of the vertical distortion in the maxillary teeth was 1.58 mm, with a maximum value of 5.53 mm. The mean value of vertical distortion in the mandibular teeth was 1.48 mm, with a maximum value of 3.96 mm. A total of 52 (43.33%) samples were elongated, 55 (45.83%) samples were shortened, and 13 (10.83%) samples were not distorted. Conclusion: The mean measurement of estimated clinical tooth length and tooth length on radiographs was not significantly different (p 0.451). The mean vertical distortion of the maxillary and mandibular teeth was not significantly different (p 0.975)."

"Latar Belakang: Prakiraan usia adalah bagian penting dari pemeriksaan forensik. Prakiraan usiang sering digunakan dalam berbagai kondisi, baik dalam kondisi kriminalitas maupun bencana alam. Selain itu, perkiraan usia juga dapat diterapkan pada orang yang masih hidup, terkait dengan aplikasi hukum dan penerbitan surat-surat penting. Perkiraan usia dengan untuk usia anak hingga remaja juga penting dalam konteks hukum dan medikolegal karena saat ini hanya gigi molar ketiga yang masih mengalami pertumbuhan. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perkiraan usia dengan menggunakan metode kh¨oler yang di koversikan dengan angka dari perkembangan gigi geraham ketiga pada penduduk Indonesia. Metode:Jumlah sample terdiri dari 300 foto radiograf panoramik pada orang Indonesia yang telah diketahui usia kronologis (8-25) tahun). Analisis ini menggunakan uji korelasi pearson. Analisis ini digunakan untuk mendapatkan rumus regresi untuk perhitungan prakiraan usia. Hasil: Analisis statistik menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson (uji parametrik) menunjukkan korelasi antara variabel gigi molar tiga 18, 28, 38, dan 48, dan usia bermakna secara statistik (p < 0,05) dengan koefisien korelasi (kekuatan korelasi) >0,75. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa 18, 28, 38, dan 48 gigi geraham ketiga masing-masing berpotensi cukup kuat untuk dijadikan variabel dalam pendugaan usia kronologis. Kesimpulan: Menunjukkan rumus penghitungan estimasi usia dengan kehadiran empat molar ketiga, tiga gigi molar tiga, dua gigi molar tiga, dan satu gigi molar tigayang dapat menampilkan prakiraan estimasi usia populasi di Indonesia

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Background: Age estimation is an important part of forensic examination. Age forecasts are often used in various conditions, both under conditions of crime and natural disasters. In addition, age estimates can also be applied to living persons, related to legal applications and the issuance of important papers. Estimates of age for children to adolescents are also important in legal and medicolegal contexts because currently only third molars are still developing. Objective: To determine the estimated age using the Kh¨oler method which is converted to the number of third molars in the Indonesian population. Methods: The number of samples consisted of 300 panoramic radiographs of Indonesian people with known chronological age (8-25) years). This analysis uses the Pearson correlation test. This analysis is used to obtain a regression formula for calculating the estimated age. Results: Statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation test (parametric test) showed a correlation between the third molar variables 18, 28, 38, and 48, and age was statistically significant (p < 0.05) with a correlation coefficient (correlation strength) >0, 75. This shows that 18, 28, 38, and 48 third molars each have strong enough potential to be used as variables in estimating chronological age. Conclusion: Shows the formula for calculating age estimation with the presence of four third molars, three third molars, two third molars, and one third molar that can show the estimated age of the population in Indonesia."