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"Efektivitas Produksi Bioetanol dari Hirolisat Jerami Padi Menggunakan Ragi Bubuk dan Ragi Padat. Jerami padi merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian yang sangat melimpah di Indonesia. Jerami padi mengandung polisakarida dalam bentuk selulosa dan hemiselulosa, yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam produksi bioetanol. Penelitian bertujuan melihat efektivitas produksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi dengan menggunakan ragi roti (ragi bubuk ? F) dan ragi tapai (ragi padat ? S). Penelitian dilakukan dengan memfermentasikan sampel menggunakan kedua jenis ragi tersebut, dan isolat murni khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebagai kontrol. Kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan glucometer dan kadar bioetanol dianalisis menggunakan high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Penelitian menggunakan split plot design dengan dua faktor perlakuan; pemberian ragi (R) dan waktu fermentasi (T). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua jenis ragi pada produksi kadar bioetanol dari sampel memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata. Namun perlakuan S menghasilkan kadar bioetanol yang lebih tinggi (5.1 g/L) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan F (4.8 g/L); laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan S juga lebih tinggi (1.3 g/L.j) dibandingkan dengan laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan F (1.2 g/L.j). Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah penggunaan ragi Tapai lebih efektif dalam memproduksi bioetanol dari hidrolisat jerami padi.

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Rice straw is one of the most abundant forms of agricultural wastes in Indonesia. Rice straw contains polysaccharide in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be used as raw materials in the production of bioethanol. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of bioethanol production from rice straw?s hydrolyzate. Research was carried out by fermenting the sample using two types of starters (Baker's yeast, known as powder starter (F); and Tapai?s starter, known as solid starter (S) with a control of pure yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose levels were measured using a glucometer, and bioethanol levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, split plot design was used as a data analyzer with two treatment factors: starter?s inoculum (R) and time of fermentation (T). This study shows that there is no significant difference between the starters? levels of bioethanol production. However, S?s treatment produced higher levels (5,1 g/L) of bioethanol compared to F?s (4,8 g/L); the rate of bioethanol production in S?s treatment is also higher (1,3 g/L.h) than that in F?s (1,2 g/L.h). This study concludes that Tapai?s starter is more effective in producing bioethanol from rice straw?s hydrolyzate."

"Jerami padi merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian yang sangat melimpah di Indonesia. Jerami padi mengandung polisakarida dalam bentuk selulosa dan hemiselulosa, yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam produksi bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas produksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi dengan menggunakan ragi roti (ragi kering-Fermipan) dan ragi tapai (ragi padat-Sae). Penelitian dilakukan dengan memfermentasikan sampel menggunakan kedua jenis ragi tersebut dan isolat murni khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebagai kontrol. Kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan glucometer dan kadar bioetanol dianalisis menggunakan high-performance liquid chromatography. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Split Plot Design dengan dua faktor perlakuan; pemberian ragi (R) dan waktu fermentasi (T). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua jenis ragi pada produksi kadar bioetanol dari sampel memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata; namun perlakuan Sae menghasilkan kadar bioetanol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan Fermipan; laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan Sae juga lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan Fermipan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah perlakuan Sae lebih efektif dalam memproduksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi.

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Rice straw is one of the most abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia. Rice straw contains polysaccharide in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be used as raw materials in the production of bioethanol. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of bioethanol production from rice straw‘s hydrolyzate using baker's yeast (dry starter - Fermipan) and tapai‘s starter (solid starter - Sae).

Research was carried out by fermenting the sample using two types of starters with a control of pure yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose level was measured by using glucometer and ethanol level was analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. This study using Split Plot Design with two treatment factors; starter‘s inoculum (R) and time of fermentation (T).

The study shows that both types of starters has no significant difference on the bioethanol level production; however, Sae‘s treatment produced higher level of bioethanol compared to the Fermipan‘s; rate of bioethanol production at Sae‘s treatment is also higher than the rate of bioethanol production in Fermipan‘s. The conclusion of the study is Sae is more effective in producing bioethanol from rice straw hydrolyzate samples."

"Clean, safe and sustainable energy sources must be found to minimize all side-effects of fossil fuel consumption. Second generation bioethanol possesses a great potential as an alternative energy source especially in the transportation sector. In this study, rice straw was selected to be studied as a conversion of potential lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. Firstly, rice straw was processed with mechanical pretreatment using a home blender, followed by acid pretreatment using 2.0 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at 90oC for 60 minutes. The glucose yield was found to be 9.71 g/L. Then, rice straw pretreated with acid was hydrolyzed using 24 mg of cellulase from Tichoderma Ressei ATCC 26921 over a 72-hour duration, which yielded a total glucose count of 11.466 g/L. After fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that by combining enzymatic hydrolysis with acid pretreatment yielded a higher ethanol content after fermentation (0.1503% or 52.75% of theoretical value) compared to acidic pretreatment alone (0.013% or 11.26% of theoretical value)."

"Pangan fungsional merupakan makanan dan minuman yang dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan. Makanan fermentasi seperti tape termasuk makanan fungsional karena mengandung probiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antibakteri dari tape ketan hitam dan tape beras hitam serta mengisolasi probiotik yang berperan. Tape dibuat dengan memasak kedua beras dan kemudian diberi ragi tape NKL dan difermentasi hingga hari ke 3, 5, dan 7. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan cylinder plate diffusion terhadap bakteri uji Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Kocuria rhizophila. Pengukuran pH dilakukan dengan pH meter sedangkan total asam diukur dengan metode titrasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terbesar pada filtrat tape ketan hitam dengan lama fermentasi 5 hari terhadap E. coli (16.33±1.38), P. aeruginosa (11.82±0.94), B. subtilis (13.44±1.18), S. aureus (14.14±0.67), dan K. rhizophila (15.35±1.18). Tape ketan hitam dengan lama fermentasi 5 hari memiliki nilai pH sebesar 4,935 dan persentase total asam 0,557% sedangkan nilai pH tape beras hitam sebesar 4,31 dan total asam 0,727%. Hasil aktivitas antibakteri kedua tape disebabkan oleh bakteriosin yang diproduksi oleh bakteri asam laktat. 4 isolat lactobacilli berhasil diisolasi dari air tape ketan hitam dan seluruh isolat memiliki karakteristik yang sesuai dengan ciri Lactobacillus berdasarkan identifikasi manual Cowan and Steel. Potensi isolat lactobacilli sebagai probiotik dapat diteliti lebih lanjut.

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Functional food is types of food that can provide health benefits. Fermented foods such as black glutinous rice included as functional foods because they contain beneficial probiotics. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of fermented black glutinous rice and fermented black rice and to isolate the probiotics. Fermented black glutinous rice is made by cooking both rice and inoculated with NKL starter culture and fermented until 3, 5, and 7 days. Antibacterial activity test was carried out with cylinder plate diffusion method on Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Kocuria rhizophila. pH measurement was done with pH meter while the total acid was measured by titration. Results showed that highest antibacterial activity was found in fermented black glutinous rice filtrate with 5 days of fermentation against E. coli (16.33±1.38), P. aeruginosa (11.82±0.94), B. subtilis (13.44±1.18), S. aureus (14.14±0.67), and K. rhizophila (15.35±1.18). Fermented black glutinous rice with 5 days of fermentation has a pH value of 4.935 and a total acid percentage of 0.557%, while fermented black rice has a pH value of 4.31 and a total acid percentage of 0.727%. The results of both fermented rices antibacterial activity were caused by bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Four lactobacilli isolates were successfully isolated from fermented black glutinous rice water and all isolates had characteristics that matched those of lactobacillus based on the identification manual by Cowan and Steel. The potential of lactobacilli isolates as probiotics could be further investigated."

"ABSTRAKSektor industri yang memproduk bahan kimia dan polimer sintetik sangat bergantung pada sumber daya fosil. Sumber daya fosil seperti minyak bumi semakin berkurang sehingga berdampak pada efektivitas biaya dan daya saing polimer. Biomassa lignoselulosa non-pangan seperti jerami padi sangat melimpah di Indonesia dan dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti sumber daya fosil untuk memproduksi prekursor petrokimia. Diketahui bahwa komponen selulosa adalah sumber utama untuk pembentukan levoglucosan LG . Karena kandungan selulosa yang tinggi, potensi jerami padi dapat diubah dengan pirolisis untuk menghasilkan bio-oil dan produk turunan menuju levoglucosan LG harus dikembangkan. Levoglucosan adalah senyawa intermediet penting karena dapat diubah menjadi prekursor bio-polimer asam adipat, bio-etanol, dll. Saat ini masih jarang penelitian yang berfokus pada rute yang menghasilkan LG melalui pirolisis. LG kemudian dapat mengalami reaksi lebih lanjut dan menghasilkan produk turunan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil tertinggi dari LG dalam bio-oil pada akhir pirolisis, suatu kondisi yang dapat menghambat reaksi lebih lanjut dari LG selama pirolisis berlangsung. Faktor sumber biomassa lignoselulosa dan komposisi, suhu, dan waktu tinggal disesuaikan dengan mengatur laju alir gas N2 kemungkinan besar sangat mempengaruhi komposisi produk yang terbentuk pada akhir pirolisis. Dalam penelitian ini, fast-pyrolysis jerami padi dilakukan dalam reaktor unggun tetap 5 gram biomassa pada rentang suhu yang berbeda 450 hingga 600oC , laju alir N2 antara 1200 hingga 1582 ml / menit untuk memaksimalkan hasil LG . Untuk mengkonfirmasi konten LG pada produk pirolisis diukur dengan instrumen GC-MS. Diketahui suhu dan waktu tinggal optimum adalah 500oC dan 1.582 ml/menit untuk mendapatkan yield levoglucosan sebesar 67,64 area kromatogram GC-MS . Kata kunci: biomassa, fast-pyrolysis, levoglucosan, lignoselulosa, waktu tinggal

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ABSTRACT

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The industrial sectors that produce synthetic chemicals and polymers rely heavily on fossil resources. Fossil resources such as petroleum are diminishing thus impacting on the cost effectiveness and competitiveness of polymers. Non food lignocellulosic biomass such as rice straw is very abundant in Indonesia and can be used as a substitute for fossil resources to produce petrochemical precursors. It is known that cellulose component is the main source for LG formation. Due to high contain of cellulose, the potential of rice straw can be transform by pyrolysis to produce bio oils and derivative products towards levoglucosan LG should be developed. Levoglucosan is important intermediet compound as it can be convert to the precursor of bio polymer adipic acid, bio ethanol, etc. Nowadays it rsquo s still rarely research focused on this mechanism route producing LG through pyrolysis. LG then can run into a further reaction and produce derivative products. In order to obtain the highest yield of LG in bio oil at the end of pyrolysis, a condition that may inhibit the further reaction of LG during pyrolysis takes place. The factor of lignocellulosic biomass source and composition, temperature, and holding time adjusted by N2 feed most likely greatly affect the composition of the product formed at the end of pyrolysis. In this study, fast pyrolysis of rice straw was performed in fixed bed reactor 5 grams of biomass under different temperatures ranges 450 to 600 oC , N2 flow rate 1200 to 1582 ml min to maximize the yield of LG. To confirm the content of LG on the pyrolysis product was measured by GC MS instruments. The maximum yield of LG was obtained at an optimal pyrolysis temperature of 500 C, 1.35 s of holding time."

"Commercialization of bioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output and colossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensity worldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well as turning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention of bioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass to fuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In this study, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocks as the raw materials for bio ethanol production because they do not adversely impact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventional fermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably for waste biomass-to-bio ethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is more cost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zero chemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biological conversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bio ethanol, the diverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains, plus bioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmental issues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well as future process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Presently, substantial progress has been made in advancing biofuel production to meets global energy demands and the adverse effects high fuel prices. However, food-derived bioethanol feedstocks have aroused social and environmental concerns. Chlorococcum sp., a microalgae strain with high carbohydrate content for fermentation feedstock, is a potential biomass for bioethanol production.

This study examines technical and economical feasibility of the production, which capitalise annual biomass of 50,000 tonnes over 10 years operating time. This study explores different technologies configuration at various production stages, where chosen technologies are mainly cost-effective, energy saving, and reliable for large-scale operation. With biomass cultivation in raceway pond, dual-stage flocculation preceding centrifugation dewatering, dilute acid pre-treatment, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, and purification, the overall production cost incurs at AU$ 33 per litre bioethanol produced. The overall finding indicates that the project is technologically feasible, but not economically. Improving cultivation and dewatering can further reduce production cost hence the economic of microalgal bioethanol becomes more competitive and attractive."

"Commercialization ofbioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output andcolossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensityworldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well asturning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention ofbioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass tofuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In thisstudy, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocksas the raw materials for bioethanol production because they do not adverselyimpact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventionalfermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably forwaste biomass-to-bioethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is morecost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zerochemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biologicalconversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bioethanol, thediverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains,plusbioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmentalissues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well asfuture process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Etanol atau bioetanol adalah senyawa alkohol berantai karbon dua yang bermanfaat sebagai pelarut organik dan antiseptik dalam dunia farmasi dan kesehatan. Selain itu etanol menjadi salah satu solusi bagi permasalahan krisis energi dunia. Bioetanol dibuat dengan fermentasi menggunakan khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proses ini mengubah rantai berkarbon enam, glukosa sebagai sumber substratnya, menjadi rantai berkarbon dua yaitu etanol. Sumber dari rantai berkarbon enam dapat diambil dari limbah biomassa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) yang mengandung selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan khamir potensial penghasil bioetanol dan mendapatkan kondisi fermentasi optimum yang dipengaruhi oleh pengadukan, suhu, detoksifikasi hidrolisat, dan konsentrasi sumber N pada media. Isolasi khamir potensial dilakukan dari lima jenis buah yang berbeda yaitu Anggur Merah, Anggur Hitam, Durian Medan, Durian Bangkok dan Durian Montong. Dari isolat-isolat yang didapatkan, isolat DM1 yang diperoleh dari Durian Medan cukup potensial menghasilkan bioetanol, namun masih lebih rendah dari Saccharomyces cerevisiae pembanding. Hasil analisis kromatografi gas menunjukan bahwa kondisi terpilih dalam fermentasi bioetanol yaitu pada kondisi temperatur lebih rendah di bawah suhu kamar (+220C), tanpa pengadukan, menggunakan hidrolisat tanpa detoksifikasi, dengan konsentrasi amonium asetat sebagai sumber N sebesar 1%. Konsentrasi bioetanol yang dihasilkan adalah 0,241%.

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Ethanol or bioethanol is a two-carbon chain alcohol compound that are useful as an organic solvent and antiseptics in pharmaceutical and health. In addition, ethanol can be one of solution to the problem of world energy crisis. Bioethanol is made by fermentation process using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The processes change the six-carbon chain, as the source of its substrate, into a two-carbon chain, namely ethanol. The source of six-carbon chain can be taken from the waste of biomass Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), which contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

The purpose of this research was to find potential yeast producing bioethanol and to obtain optimum fermentation conditions were influenced by effect of shaking, temperature, detoxification of hydrolyzate, and concentration of N sources on media. Isolation of potential yeast was carried out from five different types of fruit, namely Red Grape, Black Grape, Durian Medan, Durian Bangkok and Durian Montong.

Among isolates, Isolate DM1 that obtained from Durian Medan was quite potential to produce bioethanol but still lower than comparator Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results of analysis using gas chromatography showed that the selected conditions in the fermentation of bioethanol are in temperature conditions below room temperature (+220C), without shaking, using the hydrolyzate without detoxification, with 1% concentration of ammonium acetate as a source of N. The concentration of ethanol produced was 0,241%."