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"As age related diseases increase in prevalence and impact more significantly on medical resources it is imperative to understand these diseases and the mechanisms behind their progression. New research has stimulated a growing interest in mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson’s disease, alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis and the mechanisms which lead from mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders brings together contributions from leaders in the field internationally on the various ways in which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases, guiding the reader through the basic functions of mitochondria and the mechanisms that lead to their dysfunction, to the consequences of this dysfunction on neuronal function before finishing with the modelling of these disorders and discussion of new potential therapeutic targets. "

"This is the definitive, one-stop resource on preclinical drug evaluation for potential mitochondrial toxicity, addressing the issue upfront in the drug development process. It discusses mitochondrial impairment to organs, skeletal muscle, and nervous systems and details methodologies used to assess mitochondria function. It covers both in vitro and in vivo methods for analysis and includes the latest models. "

"The editor of this volume, having research interests in the field of ROS production and the damage to cellular systems, has identified a number of enzymes showing ·OH scavenging activities details of which are anticipated to be published in the near future as confirmatory experiments are awaited. It is hoped that the information presented in this book on NDs will stimulate both expert and novice researchers in the field with excellent overviews of the current status of research and pointers to future research goals. Also the insights gained should be valuable for further understanding of the diseases at molecular levels and should lead to development of new biomarkers, novel diagnostic tools and more effective therapeutic drugs to treat the clinical problems raised by these devastating diseases."

"Tujuan: Tujuan dari kajian sistematis ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi alat ukur yang dapat mengevaluasi disfungsi otot orofasial saat mastiksai dan/atau deglutasi pada pasien Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). Metode: Protokol kajian disusun dan diregistrasikan pada International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada enam basis data daring yaitu Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, SpringerLink and Wiley dengan membatasi hanya literatur dalam bahasa Inggris dan dipublikasikan dalam rentang waktu tahun 2012 hingga 2022. Kriteria inklusi yang ditetapkan adalah studi yang mengevaluasi otot orofasial dalam pemeriksaan perilaku, performa, efisiensi, durasi, frekuensi mastikasi dan/atau deglutasi pada pasien TMD. Studi yang terpilih sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukan ekstraksi data dan penilaian risiko bias menggunakan borang Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.Hasil: Dari proses seleksi didapatkan 2848 literatur dan terdapat 21 literatur yang termasuk dalam kriteria inklusi. Untuk mengukur disfungsi otot orofasial, empat belas literatur menggunakan alat ukut surface electromyography (sEMG), dua belas literatur menggunakan Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) dan satu literatur menggunakan MBGR Protocol. OMES and MBGR merupakan protokol pemeriksaan yang mencakup postur, mobilitas dan fungsi otot orofasial dari persepsi operator. Kesimpulan: Meskipun sifatnya yang non invasif, perolehan data sEMG saja tidak cukup untuk mendapatkan informasi disfungsi otot orofasial saat mastikasi dan deglutasi. OMES dan MBGR memberikan data tambahan yang luas dalam aspek postur, mobilitas dan fungsi dari otot orofasial. Keduanya dapat diaplikasikan secara efisien dalam mengidentifikasi serta mengevaluasi perawatan pada pasien TMD. 

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Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify instruments that evaluates orofacial muscle dysfunctions during mastication and/or deglutition in temporomandibular disorders 

Materials and methods: Protocol was organized and registered to the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Literature search were conducted in 6 databases, Pubmed, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, SpringerLink and Wiley with restriction for studies that are published in English between 2012-2022. The inclusion criteria are studies evaluating orofacial muscle within behaviour, performance, efficiency, duration, frequency assesment during mastication and/or deglutition in TMD patients. Data extraction were followed by risk of bias (RoB) assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and continued with further analysis. 

Results: Through selection process on 2848 articles found, 21 were included. For measurement on orofacial muscle, fourteen studies used surface electromyography (sEMG), twelve studies used Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) and one study used MBGR Protocol. OMES and MBGR are examination protocols that covers posture, mobility and functions from the perception of operator.  

Conclusions: Despite that it is non invasive, sEMG data are not sufficient to obtain information on muscle dysfunction during mastication and deglutition. OMES and MBGR protocols provides broad supplementary data on posture, mobility and functions of orofacial muscle. Both protocols are efficiently applicable for identification and treatment evaluation for TMD patients."

"Mitochondria are far more than the “powerhouse” of the cell as they have classically been described. In fact, mitochondria biological activities have progressively expanded to include not only various bioenergetic processes but also important biosynthetic pathways, calcium homeostasis and thermogenesis, cell death by apoptosis, several different signal transduction pathways mainly related to redox control of gene expression and so on. This functional and structural complexity may undergo important derangements so to justify the definition of ‘mitochondrial medicine’, which should include all the clinical consequences of congenital or acquired mitochondrial dysfunctions. There are actually a growing number of studies which assign a significant pathogenic role to damaged mitochondria in different diseases: ischemia/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer with its dramatic sequelae (i.e, metastasis), metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemias, just to mention a few of the most important pathologies. In this context, a further aspect that should not be disregarded is the interaction of pharmacological agents with mitochondria, not only in regard of the toxicological aspects but, above all, of the potential therapeutic applications. In fact, it is interesting to note that, while the properties of different so-called “mitoxicants” are well-known, the subtle linkages between drugs and mitochondria is still in need of a real pharmacological and therapeutic control at the clinical level. "

"Wiart presents evidence that natural products are not only able to protect neurons and boost their activities, but also to induce neuritogenesis, raising the possibility that flowering plants helped apes evolve into Homo sapiens during the Tertiary period. In the near future, he says, they may also allow complete victory over neurodegenerative diseases."--ProtoView.com, April 2014"

"Focuses on occupational therapy for physical dysfunction. This text provides a view of the field - from theoretical rationale to evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. Through the Occupational Functioning Model (OFM), it emphasize the conceptual foundation and scientific basis for practice"

"This book provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the neuropsychiatric disturbances that may be experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis. The first section is designed primarily to describe the general clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis, from epidemiology to assessment tools. The role of neuroimaging and especially MRI is then explained, and treatment approaches and rehabilitation strategies are described. The core section of the volume is the second, in which the various forms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction are considered in depth. Especially, detailed attention is devoted to depression, but the other main categories of disturbance are also described and discussed. The final section addresses cognitive dysfunctions since they represent some of the worst events that patients with multiple sclerosis can suffer and are intimately related to neuropsychiatric dysfunction."