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"Fuel cells in the waste-to-energy chain explores the concept of waste-to-energy through a 5 step process which reflects the stages during the transformation of refuse flows to a valuable commodity such as clean energy. By providing selected, integrated alternatives to the current centralized, wasteful, fossil-fuel based infrastructure, this book explores how the concept of waste-to-energy can be constructed and developed into a realistic solution. The entire spectrum of current and future energy problems is illuminated through the explanation of the operational, integration and marketing implications of high efficiency technological solutions using the real context of developed regions such as Europe. Up-to-date reviews are provided on the status of technology and demonstration, implementation and marketing perspectives. The detailed technological information and insight gathered from over twenty years of experience in the field makes Fuel cells in the waste-to-wnergy chain a valuable resource for all engineers and researchers in the fields of energy supply systems and waste conversion, as well as providing a key reference for discussions by policy makers, marketing experts and industry developers working in energy supply and waste management."

"Saat ini upaya pembangkitan listrik sebagian besar masih menggunakan bahan bakar fosil yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Padahal potensi sumber energi terbarukan (renewable energy) yang tersedia sangat melimpah namun hingga kini belum tergarap secara optimal. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan (renewable energy) tersebut adalah sampah. Dikarenakan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk yang sangat tinggi sebanding dengan volume sampah yang dihasilkan oleh sebab itu dipilih lokasi DKI Jakarta. Untuk dianalisis potensi sampah seoptimal mungkin menjadi energi, yang dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan perhitungan proses konversi termokimia untuk sampah yang memiliki persentase material organik (non biodegradable/ tidak mudah terurai) yang tinggi serta kadar air yang rendah. Dan proses konversi biokimia untuk sampah yang memiliki persentase material organik (biodegradable/ mudah terurai) yang tinggi dan kadar air tinggi. Suatu metodologi diperlukan untuk melakukan penelitian baik kajian secara teknis maupun kelayakan keekonomian konsep tersebut dapat menghasilkan suatu model management tools, untuk menentukan kelayakan keekonomiannya sekaligus untuk melakukan pengujian sensitivitas setiap parameter yang berkaitan, termasuk menganalisis penerimaan tipping fee serta hasil analisis strategi lingkungan harus sesuai dengan peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah pusat, yang menyatakan pembangkit perencanaan PLTSa layak digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik dan mereduksi sampah.

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Currently the electricity generation mainly still use fossil fuels that can not be renewed and not environmentally friendly. The potential for renewable energy sources provided abundant but until now has not been explored optimally. One of the sources of renewable energy is waste. Due to the growth of population is very high in proportion to the volume of waste generated therefore been the location in DKI Jakarta. An analysis of potential waste into energy as possible as optimal , which can be done by calculating the thermochemical conversion of waste that has percentage of organic material (non biodegradable) high with low water levels. And biochemical conversion processes for waste that have a percentage of organic material (biodegradable) high with high water content. The methodology is needed to research studies in technical and feasibility of the economics concept can produce a model management tools, to determine study of its economical as well to test the sensitivity of each parameter related, including analyzing the revenue of tipping fee as well as analysis report of strategy environment assessment must be in accordance with the regulations issued by Indonesia government, which state the planned of PLTSa can be feasible to used generate electricity and reduce waste."

"The book introduces the theory of fuel cells and sliding-mode control. It contextualises PEMFCs both in terms of their development and within the hydrogen economy and today’s energy production situation as a whole. It then discusses fuel-cell operation principles, the mathematical background of high-order sliding-mode control and to a feasibility study for the use of sliding modes in the control of an automotive fuel stack. Part II presents experimental results of sliding-mode-control application to laboratory fuel cells and deals with subsystem-based modelling, detailed design, and observability and controllability. Simulation results are contrasted with empirical data and performance, robustness and implementation issues are treated in depth. Possibilities for future research are also laid out."

"This book addresses the problems of integrating waste-to-energy (WTE) in developing countries and countries in transition, where waste management infrastructure and awareness can be lacking, and where scepticism is among a unique and complex set of barriers. ;"

"Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) merupakan salah satu teknologi yang dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan sumber energi baru terbarukan. Namun teknologi ini tergolong mahal, sehingga penelitian pun banyak diarahkan untuk menjadikan teknologi ini lebih efisien, ekonomis dan berkelanjutan. MFC yang memanfaatkan limbah industri tempe sebagai substrat, merupakan salah satu alternatif yang dapat dikembangkan. Mikroorganisme pada limbah industri tempe yang berpotensi mencemari lingkungan di sekitar dapat dimanfaatkan aktivitasnya untuk menghasilkan suatu energi listrik. Pada penelitian sebelumnya telah dilakukan uji coba penggunaan reaktor dual dengan menggunakan membran dan reaktor tunggal tanpa membran (single chamber/membranless). Namun, hasil yang diberikan masih perlu dilakukan peningkatan kinerja.. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini difokuskan pada MFC dengan penggunaan reaktor tubular chamber/membranless dengan variasi penambahan bakteri konsorsium, substrat yang disirkulasikan serta jumlah reaktor. Hasil penelitian didapatkan listrik keluaran terbesar dari percobaan menggunakan multireaktor yang dikonfigurasikan secara paralel dengan substrat yang disirkulasikan, tegangan maksimum 301,9 mV dan 5,39 mW/m2 untuk power density. Hasil coloumbic efficiency terttinggi diperoleh dari percobaan dengan variasi penambahan sejumlah konsorsium menggunakan multireaktor. Riset lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan guna mendapatkan energi listrik yang maksimum dan efisien, supaya industri yang bersangkutan dapat mereduksi biaya operasi dengan menggunakan listrik yang dihasilkan oleh limbahnya, sehingga tujuan menjadikan MFC sebagai teknologi yang ekonomis, berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan dapat tercapai.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology developed to obtain new sources of renewable energy. But this technology is quite expensive, so teh research was directed to make this technology more efficient, economical and sustainable. MFC that utilize industrial waste of tempe as a substrate, is one alternative that can be developed. Activity of microorganism in industrial waste of tempe potentially contaminate the surrounding environment can be used to produce an electrical energy. In the previous study have been done testing performance of dual chamber MFC with membrane and single chamber MFC without membrane (single chamber/membranless). However, given the result still need improve the performance. Therefore, this study focused on using a tubular reactor MFC/membranless with variations are the addition of consortium, circulating substrate and the number of reactor. The result showed the biggest electricity output obtain from the experiment using multireaktor configured in parallel with the substrate is circulated, the maximum voltage 301.9 mV and 5.39 mW/ m2 of power density. The highest coloumbic efficiency results obtained from experiments with variations of the addition of a number of consortia using multireactor. Further research needs to be done in order to obtain maximum electrical energy and efficient, so that the industry concerned can reduce operating costs by using electricity generated by waste, so the aim of making the MFC as a technology that is economical, sustainable and environmentally friendly can be achieved."

"Kota Depok menghasilkan timbulan sampah sebesar 3764 m3/hari yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya. Berdasarkan wawancara dengan pihak UPS, selama ini pengolahan kembali material sampah seperti botol bekas, logam, dan karet belum dilakukan sehingga sampah tersebut terkadang menjadi residu dan dibuang ke Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Memanfaatkan sampah untuk menghasilkan renewable energy merupakan alternatif lain pengolahan sampah yang akan meningkatkan nilai ekonomis sampah dan dapat mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil. Produksi Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) didesain untuk mengubah fraksi sampah yang mudah terbakar dari limbah padat perkotaan untuk dijadikan bahan bakar. Oleh karena itu perlu diketahui berapa potensi nilai kalor dari UPS di Kota Depok.Potensi nilai kalor dari UPS diketahui dengan meneliti komposisi sampah, karakteristik sampah, potensi nilai kalor dari sampah dan jenis polimer sampah plastik. Karakteristik sampah yang diperiksa adalah kadar air dan kadar abu untuk jenis sampah RDF yang didapat melalui uji laboratorium. Potensi nilai kalor sampah didapatkan dengan metode penghitungan menggunakan nilai kalor dari referensi.Hasil penelitian membuktikan belum semua jenis sampah memenuhi standar kadar air dan kadar abu untuk dijadikan RDF. Sampah plastik yang berada di UPS terdiri dari PET, PP, HDPE dan PS berdasarkan hasil identifikasi. Potensi nilai kalor dari UPS Grogol sebesar 86250.68 MJ/minggu atau 21.96 MJ/kg, UPS Permata Regency memiliki potensi nilai kalor sebesar 54841.11 MJ/minggu atau 23.36 MJ/kg dan UPS Cilangkap memiliki potensi nilai kalor sebesar 20346.4 MJ/minggu atau 23.18 MJ/kg.

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Average waste generation in Depok is 3764 m3/day and still increase every year. Based on the interviews with the managers of UPS, all this time re-processing of waste material like bottles, metals, and rubbers has not been done so that sometimes it can be the residual waste and disposed of to the Final Waste Disposal (TPA). Utilizing the waste to produce renewable energy is an alternative waste treatment that will increase the economic value of waste and reduce fossil fuel usage. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) production is designed to divert combustible fractions from municipal solid wastes (MSW) to produce fuel.Therefore it is necessary to know how the potential heating value of the UPS in Depok. Potential heating value of the UPS is known by examining the composition of waste, waste characteristics, potential calorific value of waste and the type of polymer plastic waste. The examined characteristics was moisture content and ash content for RDF. It was obtained through laboratory testing. The heating value potential of waste was obtained by the method of calculation using the reference calorific value. This research proves that not all types of waste suitable with moisture content and ash content standard to be used as RDF. Based on the identification, plastic waste in the UPS consists of PET, PP, HDPE and PS. The heating value potential of the UPS Grogol is 86250.68 MJ/week or 21.96 MJ/kg, UPS Permata Regency has the potential heating value of 54841.11 MJ/week or 23:36 MJ/kg and UPS Cilangkap has the potential heating value of 20346.4 MJ/week or 23:18 MJ/kg."

"[Parameter COD dan TDS merupakan dua parameter yang nilainya paling tinggi pada limbah susu yaitu dengan kisaran 1.000-8.000 mg/L untuk COD dan 1.000-4.000 mg/L untuk TDS. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menurunkan kedua nilai parameter tersebut menggunakan bioreaktor Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) yaitu merupakan sebuah teknologi alternatif pengolahan limbah yang dapat mendegradasi kandungan organik limbah serta menghasilkan energi listrik secara langsung tanpa membutuhkan konversi dan untuk melihat potensi limbah susu secara teoritis dalam menghasilkan energi listrik Penelitian dilakukan selama 2 bulan dengan membuat reaktor. MFC skala laboratorium dengan jenis single chamber tanpa membran berukuran 16/L dengan dimensi 40/20/20 cm Terdapat penambahan bakteri Escherichia coli untuk meningkatkan degradasi kandungan organik limbah. Penelitian yang dilakukan secara batch ini menunjukkan efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 51 pada waktu tinggal 13 hari sedangkan TDS mengalami peningkatan karena adanya penambahan larutan elektrolit. Dengan konsentrasi COD influen sebesar 3.853 mg/L penurunan rata rata COD dari total yang tersisihkan adalah 7.7 setiap harinya Limbah susu ini memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan substrat dalam reaktor MFC karena secara teoritis dapat menghasilkan arus maksimum sebesar 340 mA dengan efisiensi Coulomb sebesar 13 Hasil ini lebih besar dibandingkan dengan penelitian lain yang menggunakan limbah domestik sebagai substrat.

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COD and TDS are two parameters that have the highest value in dairy wastewater with a COD ranging between 1.000 and 8.000 mg/L and a TDS ranging between 1.000 and 4.000 mg/L. The aim of this study is to reduce the value of these parameters by using a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) bioreactor an alternative wastewater treatment technology that can degrade the organic content of the wastewater and produce electrical energy directly without the need of conversion and to see theoretically the dairy wastewater potential in power generation Research is done for 2 months by creating a laboratory scale MFC reactor with single chamber type without a membrane and has reactor volume of 16/L with dimensions of 40/20/20 cm. There is an addition of Escherichia coli bacteria to increase the degradation of the organic content of the wastewater Research which carried out in batch shows COD removal efficiency of 51 at the HRT of 13 days while TDS has increased due to the addition of an electrolyte solution As influent COD concentration is 3.853 mg/L the average decrease of the total excluded COD was 7.7 per day Therefore dairy wastewater has the potential to be used as a substrate in MFC reactor because theoretically it can produce a maximum current of 340 mA with Coulomb efficiency of 13. These result is greater than other research that use domestic wastewater as a substrate., COD and TDS are two parameters that have the highest value in dairy wastewater with a COD ranging between 1 000 and 8 000 mg L and a TDS ranging between 1 000 and 4 000 mg L The aim of this study is to reduce the value of these parameters by using a Microbial Fuel Cell MFC bioreactor an alternative wastewater treatment technology that can degrade the organic content of the wastewater and produce electrical energy directly without the need of conversion and to see theoretically the dairy wastewater potential in power generation Research is done for 2 months by creating a laboratory scale MFC reactor with single chamber type without a membrane and has reactor volume of 16 L with dimensions of 40 20 20 cm There is an addition of Escherichia coli bacteria to increase the degradation of the organic content of the wastewater Research which carried out in batch shows COD removal efficiency of 51 at the HRT of 13 days while TDS has increased due to the addition of an electrolyte solution As influent COD concentration is 3 853 mg L the average decrease of the total excluded COD was 7 7 per day Therefore dairy wastewater has the potential to be used as a substrate in MFC reactor because theoretically it can produce a maximum current of 340 mA with Coulomb efficiency of 13 These result is greater than other research that use domestic wastewater as a substrate ]"

"Listrik telah menjadi sebuah kebutuhan yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia masa kini dan telah menjadi salah satu tolok ukur kemajuan suatu daerah. Hingga kini, ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan listrik sangat mengkhawatirkan, dan mengakibatkan penipisan bahan bakar tersebut. Saat ini dunia sedang memberikan perhatian lebih kepada energi terbarukan sebagai salah satu solusi terbaik untuk menyelesaikan masalah pemenuhan energi di masa depan. Energi terbarukan menjadi sebuah solusi terbaik karena tidak akan habis dan ramah lingkungan. Namun dibalik itu, energi terbarukan juga memiliki kekurangan sehingga dibuat sebuah sistem hibrida yang diharapkan mampu untuk meminimalisasi kekurangan tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat sebuah rancangan sistem hibrida dengan perangkat lunak HOMER PRO untuk memperhitungkan faktor teknis dan faktor ekonomi dari sistem hibrida tersebut sehingga mampu membuat rancangan sistem hibrida yang handal. Dalam rancangan hibrida ini dan menggunakan asumsi-asumsi yang akan terjadi maka sistem hibrida ini akan bisa mandiri tanpa terhubung dengan grid pada tahun ke-19.

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Electricity has become a very important need for human life today and one of the parameters in one region condition. Nowadays, the dependence on fossil fuels to fulfill the electricity needs is really worrying, and it causes the depletion of fossil fuels. Today, the whole world is paying more attention to renewable energy as one of the best solution to solve the future energy problems. Renewable energy becomes the best solution because it will not be exhausted and enviromentally friendly. In the other hand, renewable energy also have problem, because it cannot produce energy everytime like photovoltaics which can produce energy only when there is enough solar radiation. Therefore, a hybrid system is made that expected to minimize the weakness from other components of the system . In this project, a hyrid system is designed using HOMER PRO software to calculate the electricity and economic factor of the hybrid system. The objective of this project is to find the best hybrid system that can solve the electricity problems. The system will be independent since grid function will replaced by fuel cell in the 19th year based on the assumption."

"Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan selama delapan hari penelitian pula, diketahui bahwa timbulan sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu adalah sebesar 266,88 ton/hari. Dengan komposisi sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu yang berupa material mudah terbakar combustible material adalah sampah plastik, karet, kertas, kayu, dan tekstil yang masing-masing berjumlah 11,41 , 4,44 , 5,48 , 5,03 , dan 5,58 dari total keseluruhan sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu. Dengan jumlah yang cukup besar tersebut, salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah seperti jenis diatas dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah material sampah tersebut menjadi bahan baku Refuse Derived Fuel RDF. Potensi sampah dari tiap-tiap material tersebut ditinjau dari beberapa parameter penelitian. Parameter yang digunakan antara lain berupa kadar air, kadar volatil, kadar abu, serta nilai kalor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kadar air sampah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku RDF sebesar 41,81 , kadar volatil sebesar 81,21 , dan kadar abu sebesar 12,09, serta nilai kalor sebesar 2.365,27 ndash; 3.967,12 kCal/kg.

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Based on the eight day of observation, the generation of solid waste that enter TPA Sumur Batu was as many as 266,88 tones day. With solid waste composition that enter TPA Sumur Batu consists of combustible materials which is plastic, rubber, paper, wood, and textile each with 11,41 , 4,44 , 5,48 , 5,03 , and 5,58 from the total amount of solid waste generation.With such a considerable amount of solid waste, one of the efforts that could be done to reduce the amount of solid waste varieties as mentioned above is convert the waste materials into Refuse Derived Fuels RDF.

Waste potential from each materials reviewed by several research parameters.Parameters used in this research are water content, volatile content, ash content, and calorific value. Based on the research results obtained that the water content amount of solid waste which can be used as Refuse Derived Fuel RDF raw material is 41,81 , the volatile content amount is 81,21 , the ash content amount is 12,09 , and the calorific value is as much as 2.365,27 ndash 3.967,12 kCal kg."