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"ABSTRAK Tesis ini bertujuan menilai perbandingan efektivitas injeksi intravitrealvorikonazol 100 µg/0.1 mL dengan amfoterisin B 5 µg/0.1 mL pada endoftalmitisakibat Aspergillus flavus di hewan coba kelinci. Uji eksperimental tersamar acakdilakukan pada 15 kelinci albino New Zealand white yang terbagi menjadi tigakelompok, yaitu kelompok vorikonazol, amfoterisin B, dan kontrol. Parameteryang dinilai adalah perubahan klinis, pemeriksaan mikologi, dan perubahanhistopatologi jaringan. Perubahan skor klinis di akhir evaluasi tidak berbedabermakna antara kelompok vorikonazol dengan amfoterisin B, namun respons klinis cenderung lebih baik pada kelompok vorikonazol. Jumlah koloni jamur terkecil dan berbeda bermakna didapatkan pada kelompok amfoterisin B. Tidakdidapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada rerata nilai histopatologi jaringan keduakelompok, namun derajat inflamasi cenderung lebih ringan pada kelompok vorikonazol.ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of intravitreal 100 µg voriconazole and 5 µg amphotericin B treatment against Aspergillus flavus in anexogenous endophthalmitis model in rabbit eyes. A randomized, controlledexperimentalstudy was conducted on 15 albino New Zealand white rabbits, which latter allocated into three differenttreatment group of voriconazole, amphotericin B, and control. Clinical grading were performed at multiple times, while mycology analysis and histopathological examination were performed at 10 daysafter treatment. No significant change in clinical grading was found between the treatment group, but voriconazole group showed better response tendency. The smallest number of fungal colony forming unit was found significantly in theamphotericin B group. No significant difference was found, however, between the mean histopathological score of the two treatment groups, but the tendency of a lower inflammation score was shown in voriconazole group. ;The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of intravitreal 100 µgvoriconazole and 5 µg amphotericin B treatment against Aspergillus flavus in anexogenous endophthalmitis model in rabbit eyes. A randomized, controlledexperimentalstudywasconductedon15albinoNewZealandwhiterabbits,whichlatterallocatedintothreedifferenttreatmentgroupofvoriconazole,amphotericinB,and control. Clinical grading were performed at multiple times, whilemycology analysis and histopathological examination were performed at 10 daysafter treatment. No significant change in clinical grading was found between the treatment group, but voriconazole group showed better response tendency. The smallest number of fungal colony forming unit was found significantly in theamphotericin B group. No significant difference was found, however, between themean histopathological score of the two treatment groups, but the tendency of a lower inflammation score was shown in voriconazole group. ;The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of intravitreal 100 µgvoriconazole and 5 µg amphotericin B treatment against Aspergillus flavus in anexogenous endophthalmitis model in rabbit eyes. A randomized, controlledexperimentalstudywasconductedon15albinoNewZealandwhiterabbits,whichlatterallocatedintothreedifferenttreatmentgroupofvoriconazole,amphotericinB,and control. Clinical grading were performed at multiple times, whilemycology analysis and histopathological examination were performed at 10 daysafter treatment. No significant change in clinical grading was found between the treatment group, but voriconazole group showed better response tendency. The smallest number of fungal colony forming unit was found significantly in theamphotericin B group. No significant difference was found, however, between themean histopathological score of the two treatment groups, but the tendency of a lower inflammation score was shown in voriconazole group. ;The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of intravitreal 100 µgvoriconazole and 5 µg amphotericin B treatment against Aspergillus flavus in anexogenous endophthalmitis model in rabbit eyes. A randomized, controlledexperimentalstudywasconductedon15albinoNewZealandwhiterabbits,whichlatterallocatedintothreedifferenttreatmentgroupofvoriconazole,amphotericinB,and control. Clinical grading were performed at multiple times, whilemycology analysis and histopathological examination were performed at 10 daysafter treatment. No significant change in clinical grading was found between the treatment group, but voriconazole group showed better response tendency. The smallest number of fungal colony forming unit was found significantly in theamphotericin B group. No significant difference was found, however, between themean histopathological score of the two treatment groups, but the tendency of a lower inflammation score was shown in voriconazole group. "

"Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 has been reported to produce lovastatin. This research was carried out to determine the effect of concentration variation of glucose technical grade on the ability of A. flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. The fermentation process was carried out using inoculum 2% (v/v) modified Czapek's Dox Broth (CDB). Variation of glucose technical grade concentration used were 0 g/L, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 15 g/L, 20 g/L, 25 g/L, 30 g/L and 35 g/L. Fermentation was carried out for 6 days at room temperature (27--30ºC) with agitation speed of 90 rpm. Extraction of lovastatin was done with ethyl acetate solvent. The extract was assayed by disk diffusion method against Candida albicans UICC Y-29.

The results revealed that the fermentation extract on glucose technical grade at 15 g/L showed the highest inhibition index of 0.77 ± 0.09. Analysis using Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P < 0.05) showed there was significant difference on the ability of A. flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin at different glucose technical grade concentration. High Performance of Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) showed that concentration of 15 g/L glucose technical grade had the same retention time with standard lovastatin at 4.52 minutes and 54.2 mg/L concentration."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi molaseterhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkanlovastatin. Proses fermentasi dilakukan dalam medium Czapek?s Dox Broth(CDB) modifikasi dengan perlakuan variasi konsentrasi molase (0 g/L, 55 g/L, 60g/L, 65 g/L, 70 g/L, 75 g/L, 80 g/L, dan 85 g/L) selama 7 hari pada suhu ruang(27--30˚C) dengan kecepatan agitasi 90 rpm. Ekstraksi senyawa lovastatindilakukan dengan pelarut etil asetat. Pengujian ekstrak lovastatin dilakukandengan metode difusi agar cara cakram terhadap Candida albicans UICC Y-29.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata indeks penghambatan tertinggisebesar 0,49 ± 0,07 diperoleh dari ekstrak lovastatin dengan perlakuan molase 70g/L. Analisis uji Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P < 0,05) menunjukkanbahwa terdapat pengaruh nyata perlakuan konsentrasi molase terhadapkemampuan A. flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkan lovastatin. Analisiskualitatif dan kuantitatif lovastatin dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi(KCKT) menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa lovastatin pada perlakuan molase 70g/L dengan waktu retensi sama dengan lovastatin standar, yaitu 4,5 menit dengankadar 1,1 mg/L.

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ABSTRACTThis research was carried out to determine the effect of concentration variation ofmolasses on the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. Thefermentation process was carried out using Czapek's Dox Broth (CDB) containingvariation of molasses concentrations (0 g /L, 55 g /L, 60 g/L, 65 g/L, 70 g/L, 75g/L, 80 g/L, and 85 g/L) for 7 days at room temperature (27--30˚C) with agitationspeed of 90 rpm. Extraction of lovastatin was done with ethyl acetate solvent.Lovastatin extracts were tested using agar disc diffusion method against Candidaalbicans UICC Y-29. The result revealed that the highest inhibition index of 0.49± 0.07 was obtained from lovastatin extracts-treated molasses 70 g/L. Analysisusing Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P < 0.05) indicated that there wassignificant difference on the ability of A. flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin atdifferent molasses concentration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis oflovastatin using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) proved thatlovastatin was present at 70 g/L molasses with the same retention time tolovastatin standard, which was 4.5 minutes, at concentration of 1.1 mg/L."

"[Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 merupakan fungi yang mampu menghasilkan senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa lovastatin. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi urea terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkan lovastatin. Proses fermentasi menggunakan konsentrasi inokulum Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 sebesar 1,96% (v/v) dalam medium Czapek?s Dox Broth (CDB) modifikasi dengan variasi konsentrasi urea (0mM, 33 mM, 42 mM, 50 mM, 58 mM, dan 67 mM) dan inkubasi selama 7 hari pada suhu ruang (27--300C) dengan kecepatan agitasi 90 rpm. Ekstrak hasil fermentasi dalam etil asetat diuji terhadap Candida albicans UICC Y-29 menggunakan metode difusi agar cara cakram. Ekstrak hasil fermentasi dari konsentrasi urea 42 mM mempunyai indeks penghambatan rata-rata tertinggi sebesar 0,54 ± 0,15. Hasil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) menunjukkan bahwa nilai Rf ekstrak hasil fermentasi dari konsentrasi urea 42 mM sama dengan lovastatin standar, yaitu 0,42 yang mengindikasikan ekstrak mengandunglovastatin. Uji Least Significant Difference (LSD) (P < 0,05) menunjukkanterdapat perbedaan nyata variasi konsentrasi urea terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkan lovastatin. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pemberian variasi konsentrasi urea berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 dalam menghasilkan lovastatin.;Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 is capable of producing secondary metabolites such as lovastatin. The study aims to determine the effect of variations of urea concentration on the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. The fermentation process using 1.96% (v/v) inoculum concentration of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 in the Czapek?s Dox Broth (CDB) medium modified with urea concentration variations (0 mM, 33 mM, 42 mM, 50 mM, 58 mM, and 67 mM) and incubated for 7 days at room temperature (27--30 °C) with agitation speed of 90 rpm. Ethyl acetate extracts were tested against Candidaalbicans UICC Y-29 using agar disc diffusion method. The extractfrom fermentation medium of 42 mM urea has the highest average of inhibition index of 0.54 ± 0.15. Results of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that the extract from fermentation medium of 42 mM urea has the same Rf value with lovastatin standard Rf 0.42 which indicated that the extract contained lovastatin. Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that there were significant difference in the urea concentration variation in the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. It shows that variation of urea concentrations affect the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin., Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 is capable of producing secondary metabolites such as lovastatin. The study aims to determine the effect of variations of urea concentration on the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. The fermentation process using 1.96% (v/v) inoculum concentration of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 in the Czapek’s Dox Broth (CDB) medium modified with urea concentration variations (0 mM, 33 mM, 42 mM, 50 mM, 58 mM, and 67 mM) and incubated for 7 days at room temperature (27--30 °C) with agitation speed of 90 rpm. Ethyl acetate extracts were tested against Candidaalbicans UICC Y-29 using agar disc diffusion method. The extractfrom fermentation medium of 42 mM urea has the highest average of inhibition index of 0.54 ± 0.15. Results of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) showed that the extract from fermentation medium of 42 mM urea has the same Rf value with lovastatin standard Rf 0.42 which indicated that the extract contained lovastatin. Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that there were significant difference in the urea concentration variation in the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin. It shows that variation of urea concentrations affect the ability of Aspergillus flavus UICC 360 to produce lovastatin.]"

"Pembuatan model perhitungan kapasitansi telah dikembangkan untuk memprediksi nilai kapasitansi per sel dari Aspergillus niger. Model ini dikembangkan dengan mengasumsikan kondisi sel yang terdistribusi adalah homogeny dalam mediumnya dan sel-sel tersebut tersusun secara parallel dan/atau seri dengan sel-sel lainnya. Data yang digunakan berdasarkan data hasil eksperimen yang dilakukan di laboratorium untuk menghitung nilai kapasitansi dari suspense sel dan sel pada kertas saring. Nilai kapasitansi per sel dari Aspergillus niger yang diprediksi sebesar 3,00 x 10-12 F dimana tidak begitu berbeda jauh dengan hasil eksperimen yaitu 2,75 x 10-12 F.

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Capacitor Method A simple model of calculation of capacitance have been developed to predict the capacitance of one cell for Aspergillus niger. This model have been developed under assuming condition that the cells are distributed homogently in its media and they are arranged parallel and or series among each others. The input data are based on the experimental data, which conducted in laboratorium to measure the capacitance of cell suspension and cells in filter paper. The capacitance of an Aspergillus niger is predicted 3,00 x 10-12 F which is approximately the same with the experimentally results 2,75 x 10-12 F."

"ABSTRAK Waktu inkubasi tnerupakan salah satu inasalah pentingdalam proses ferinentasi enzim, yang diperlukan untukineinperoleh aktivitas enzim yang tinggi.Penelitian .ini bertujuan inembandingkan aktivitasglukoainilase Aspergillus awainori UICC 314 pada 8 variasiwaktu inkubasi, yaitu 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 36, dan 42jam serta inencari waktu inkubasi yang optimal untukpeinanenan enzim.Pada proses fermentasi digunakan medium Sakaiinodifikasi. Pengujian aktivitas glukoainiiase dilakukandengan inetoda Nishise dkk. modifikasi. Aktivitasgiukoamilase dinyatakan dalam satuan unit/mi. Satu unitaktjvitas glukoamilase setara dengan satu pmol giukosayang dilepas per menit. Pengukuran kadar glukosadilakukan dengan inetoda Somogyi-Nelson.Hasil pengujian statistik menunjukkan adanyaperbedaan aktivitas giukoatnilase A. awainori UICC 314antara waktu inkubasi 16 jam dengan 18, 20, 24, 28, 30,36, dn 42 jam; 18 jam dengan 20, 24, 28, 30, 36; dan 42jam; 20 jam dengan 24, 28, 30, 36, dan 42 jam; 24 jamdengan 28, 30, 36, dan 42 jam; 28 jam dengan 30, 36, dan42 jam; 36 jam dengan 42 jam. Aktivitas giukoamilasetertinggi diperoleh pada waktu inkubasi 16 jam.viii + 57 him; gbr.; lamp.; tab."

"Minyak sel tunggal dianggap sebagai sumber minyak alternatif yang menjanjikan karena komposisinya mirip dengan asam lemak minyak nabati. Akan tetapi, biaya tinggi dalam media kultur membuat minyak sel tunggal kurang kompetitif secara ekonomi. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pemanfaatan minyak jelantah sebagai alternatif substrat pertumbuhan kapang Aspergillus niger dalam menghasilkan lipid untuk mengurangi biaya produksi. Penelitian ini juga mengkaji pengaruh variasi kondisi kultur terhadap yield lipid yang dihasilkan. Ekstraksi lipid dilakukan menggunakan metode Bligh Dyer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield lipid optimum didapatkan sebesar 52,76%.

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Single cell oil is considered as a promising alternative source of oil since fatty acid composition similar to vegetable oil. However, the high cost of the culture medium make single cell oil less economically competitive. In this study, conducted the utilization of used cooking oil as an alternative substrate culture of Aspergillus niger in producing lipids to reduce production costs. This study also examines the influence of variations in the conditions of inoculation against yield lipid. Lipid extraction will be performed using the method of Bligh Dyer. The results showed the optimum yield lipid obtained was 52.76%."

"Asupan gizi merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Salah satu zat gizi yang penting bagi tubuh adalah lemak. Asam lemak esensial merupakan jenis asam lemak yang tidak dapat dibuat oleh tubuh manusia sehingga perlu asupan dari luar, diantaranya jenis asam lemak tak jenuh rantai panjang (PUFA) seperti AA, DHA, dan EPA. Sumber asam lemak ini umumnya dari minyak ikan, namun ketersediaannya dari ikan memiliki keterbatasan. Oleh karena itu, sudah mulai digunakan mikroorganisme sebagai sumber bahan baku. Aspergilus oryzae adalah mikroorganisme yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini. A.oryzae dikultur dengan metode submerged fermentation memanfaatkan limbah padat tapioka dan tahu sebagai substrat. Variabel bebas yang dipilih untuk meningkatkan akumulasi lipid adalah variasi rasio C:N. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield biomassa dan yield lipid maksimum ada pada rasio 30:1, dengan persentase berturut-turut 24,43% (w/w) dan 13, 44% (w/w). Jenis asam lemak yang mendominasi pada rasio ini adalah omega-9 yaitu 49,26% (w/w). Sedangkan persentase AA, DHA, dan EPA secara berturut-turut adalah 0,51% (w/w); 2,54% (w/w); dan 0,24% (w/w). Berdasarkan pada hasil ini, pemanfaatan A.oryzae serta limbah padat tapioka dan tahu cukup potensial untuk produksi asam lemak tak jenuh.

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Nutritional intake is one of the basic requirement for human life. Variouse types of have a role in the provision of energy, growth, development, and other health aspects. One of the important nutrients is fatty acid, especially unsaturated fatty acid like omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9. For the more polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) such as AA, DHA, and EPA also important for human body particulary for the fetus. This compounds are produce from fish oil, but it has limitation factor. Microorganism such as yeast, algae, fungus, and bactery commonly use as the alternative source. In this research, Aspergillus oryzae is used to produce the essential fatty acid using solid waste tofu and tapioca industry as the substrat. Limitation of C:N ratio from this substrate expected give high lipid accumulation, so we use C:N ratio from 20:1 until 80:1 with submerged fermentation method to culture this fungus. This research given a result that maximum lipid and biomass accumulation in 30:1 carbon and nitrogen ratio. Biomass and lipid yield maximum are 24.42% (w/w) and 13.44% (w/w). Fatty acid compotition in this ratio is dominated with monounsaturated fatty acid attain 49.26% (w/w), and total polyunsaturated fatty acid is 18.10% (w/w). The percentase of AA, DHA, and EPA as the PUFAs group are 0.51% (w/w), 2.54 % (w/w), and 0.24% (w/w). It’s potetially to produce AA, DHA, and EPA using A. oryzae in solid waste tofu and tapioca industry."