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"ABSTRAKLimbah lumpur di lapangan minyak bumi dikategorikan sebagai limbah B3 dan berbahaya bagi lingkungan hidup. Air terproduksi yang merupakan aliran limbah dalam produksi minyak bumi mengandung polutan non-biodegradable seperti senyawa fenolik yang memiliki toksisitas tinggi pada perairan. Lumpur memiliki potensi besar untuk diubah menjadi karbon aktif berpori yang dapat disuspensikan dengan fotokatalis TiO2 untuk digunakan dalam degradasi senyawa fenolik melalui reaksi fotokatalisis. Dengan memodifikasi ukuran pori karbon aktif dan ukuran partikel TiO2 aktifitas fotokatalisis dapat ditingkatkan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji suatu metode untuk sintesis karbon aktif berpori dan suspensinya dengan fotokatalis TiO2 dalam usaha mendegradasi senyawa fenolik yang terkandung dalam air terproduksi di lapangan minyak bumi. Pada penelitian ini, lumpur dikonversi menjadi karbon aktif berpori menggunakan metode hard template dengan MCM-41 sebagai template silika mesopori, karbonasi dilakukan dalam atmosfert inert. MCM-41 disintesis dengan metode hidrotermal menggunakan TEOS dan CTAB. TiO2 Nanowire disintesis dengan metode hidrotermal dalam larutan KOH dan dikalsinasi pada suhu berbeda untuk mengetahui bentuk partikel terbaik. Aplikasi reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik dilakukan dengan fotokatalis TiO2 Degussa P25, TiO2 Nanowirei dan Suspensi TiO2-PAC, untuk mengetahui pengaruh ukuran partikel TiO2 dan keberadaan karbon aktif dalam reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik. Limbah lumpur, karbon aktif berpori, TiO2 nanowire, MCM-41 dan suspense katalis TiO2-PAC hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan CS Analyzer, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET, XRD, PSA dan TEM. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karbon aktif berpori dan MCM-41 yang dihasilkan memiliki diameter pori 3.0 dan 2.2 nm (mesopori), sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. TiO2 nanowire yang dipilih adalah hasil kalsinasi pada suhu 600 oC karena memiliki kristalinitas terbaik dibanding lainnya. Aplikasi degradasi Fenol dilakukan pada rentang waktu reaksi tertentu dan dianalisis kadar Fenol, TOC dan COD menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik menunjukkan suspensi katalis TiO2-PAC menghasilkan degradasi Fenol, TOC dan COD terbesar dengan keberhasilan degradasi (% Degradasi) sebesar 64.06 %, 49.81 % dan 24.65%. Dengan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa limbah lumpur dapat dikonversi menjadi karbon aktif berpori yang dapat berperan dalam degradasi senyawa fenolik setelah disuspensikan dengan TiO2 Nanowire.

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ABSTRACT

Petroleum sludge waste categorized as toxic waste and harmful to the environment. Produced water which is the flow of waste in petroleum production, containing non-biodegradable pollutant such as phenolic compound which have high aquatic toxicity. Sludge has great potential to be converted into a porous activated carbon (PAC) which can be suspended with TiO2 photocatalyst to degrade phenolic compound through photocatalytic reaction. By modifying pore size of the activated carbon and particle size of TiO2, photocatalytic activity can be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to study for the synthesis of activated carbon and the suspension with TiO2 photocatalyst in attempt to degrade phenolic compound contained in produced water of petroleum field. In this research, sludge is converted into PAC using hard template method with MCM-41 as template of silica mesopore, carbonization is conducted in stream of inert atmosphere. MCM- 41 synthesized by hydrothermal method using TEOS and CTAB. Nanowire TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method in solution of KOH and calcined at different temperatures to determine the best form of particles. Applications of phenolic compound degradation reactions performed with photocatalysts of TiO2 Degussa P25, Nanowire TiO2, and suspension of TiO2-PAC, to determine the effect of particle size of TiO2 and the presence of PAC in the reaction of phenolic compound degradation. Sludge waste, PAC, Nanowire TiO2, MCM-41, and suspension of TiO2-PAC synthesized were characterized using CS Analyzer, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET, XRD and PSA. The results shows PAC and MCM-41 produced has a pore diameter of 3,0 and 2,2 nm (mesopore) as expected. Nanowire TiO2 chosen is the result of calcinations at temperature of 600 oC, because it has the best cristallinity than others. Phenolic compound degradation performed at certain time intervals and analyzed the content of total phenol, TOC, and COD using spectrometer UV-Vis. The results shows suspension of TiO2-PAC has largest degradation of phenolic, TOC and COD with the phenolic, TOC, and COD degradation of 64,06%, 49,81%, and 24,65%, respectively. It can be concluded that petroleum sludge waste can be converted into PAC which can play a role in the degradation of phenolic compound after suspended with Nanowire TiO2."

"Transparent heater berbasis Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) memiliki figure-of-merit yang tinggi tetapi masih rapuh ini menginspirasikan pengembangan bahan konduktif transparan yang fleksibel seperti pada silver nanowires (Ag NWs). Dalam penelitian ini, Ag NWs disintesis melalui metode kimia basah dan dideposisi pada substrat kaca dengan metode spin-coating. Untuk meningkatkan kinerja transparent heater, dilakukan annealing treatment pada suhu 200oC dengan tiga periode waktu yang berbeda yaitu 10, 20 dan 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ag NWs telah berhasil disintesis dengan diameter 40-50 nm dengan panjang beragam yaitu 5~15 µm yang hasil purifikasinya belum maksimal sehingga tetap didapatkan partikel Ag dalam jumlah besar. Pemberian annealing treatment menghasilkan gumpalan partikel Ag dan banyak nanowire yang berkurang panjangnya, mengalami pelelehan hingga bentuknya semakin pipih. Spektrum XRD pun menunjukkan munculnya fasa Ag2O yang diduga berasal dari Ag yang mengalami oksidasi selama proses annealing treatment. Hal ini menyebabkan transmitansi menurun dari 87,2 persen menjadi 63,3 persen dan penurunan sheet resistance dari 122,19 Ω/sq menjadi 319,23 Ω/sq yang berakibat nilai Figure-of-Merit (FoM) turun dari menjadi. Hasil karakterisasi termal juga menunjukkan bahwa annealing treatment menyebabkan suhu berkurang dari 76,7oC menjadi 31,8oC ketika diberikan tegangan 20 volt dalam waktu 200 detik.

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The indium tin oxide-based transparent heaters has a remarkably high figure-of-merit but brittle has inspired the development of new flexible transparent conductive material such as silver nanowire (Ag NWs). In this study, Ag NWs were synthesized via a wet chemistry method and deposited on glass substrates by spin-coating method. In order to enhance the performance of transparent heater, the annealing treatment at 200oC was applied in three different periods of times (10, 20 and 30 minutes). This study has successfully synthesized Ag NWs with a diameter of 40-50 nm with a variety of lengths of 5 ~ 15 µm which have the purification aren tt maximal so Ag nanoparticles are still in large quantities The annealing treatment seemed to produce agglomerates of Ag particles and many nanowires decrease in length, melt until became more flat. The XRD spectrum also showed the appearance of the Ag2O phase coming from Ag oxidation during the annealing treatment process. This caused the transmittance to decrease from 87.2 persen to 63.3 persen and the decrease in sheet resistance from 122.19 Ω/sq to 319.23 Ω/sq. Inconsequence, the Figure of Merit (FoM) value was decreasing from 20.91 ∙ 10-3Ω-1 to 0.83 ∙ 10-3Ω-1. The result of thermal characterization also showed that annealing treatment caused the temperature to decrease from 76.7oC to 31.8oC at a voltage of 20 volts in 200 seconds."

"Pengembangan lapangan stranded menjadi perhatian utama saat ini, bagaimana menjadikannya sebagai asset yang berharga. Operator blok offshore Natuna berupaya keras dalam melakukan evaluasi terhadap dua lapangan temuan minyak dan gas bumi yang belum dikembangkan, yang teridentifikasi sebagai lapangan marjinal yang memiliki cadangan kecil, jauh dari infrastrutur, biaya pengembangan tinggi dan sisa durasi umur PSC yang pendek. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah memonetisasi asset yang belum dikembangkan agar dapat memberikan nilai tambah yang maksimal baik bagi Pemerintah maupun Kontraktor KKS dengan menentukan desain fasilitas produksi, nilai keekonomian dan akhirnya memilih skenario pengembangan terbaik. Melalui analisa tekno-ekonomi melalui implementasi teknologi tepat guna, menilai skenario pengembangan dan mengubah cara pandang dalam perspektif keekonomian sebagai metode riset. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa skenario pengembangan secara terintegrasi memberikan nilai ekonomi terbaik pada IRR 18,5% dan NPV Kontraktor sebesar US$44,5 Juta dengan estimasi Pendapatan Pemerintah hingga 39,7%, dengan demikian melalui kajian ini berhasil mengubah paradigma lapangan stranded yang marjinal menjadi asset produktif yang berharga.

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Nowadays, the development of the stranded oil and gas field has become the main concern, how to make it a valuable asset. The Natuna offshore block operator is doing a deep evaluation of two undeveloped oil and gas discovery fields that are identified as marginal fields, which have a small reserve, a remote area, high development costs, and a short remaining PSC expiry duration. The purpose of this study is to monetize undeveloped assets in order to provide maximum added value for the government and PSC contractors by determining facility design and economic values and finally selecting the best development scenario. Through the techno-economic analysis using the implementation of fit-for-purpose technology, assessing development scenarios, and changing economic perspectives as a research methodology, the results of this study show that an integrated development scenario provides best economic value at IRR 18,5% and NPV Kontraktor US$44,5 Juta with Government Take up to 39,7%; therefore, the study has successfully changed the paradigm of stranded fields, which are marginal, into valuable productive assets."

"[ABSTRAKIdentifikasi keberadaan hidrokarbon di bawah permukaan bumi merupakansalah satu tujuan utama dalam eksplorasi lapangan minyak bumi dalam usahamengidentifikasi keberadaan hidrokarbon. Impedansi-poisson yang merupakansalah satu metoda yang digunakan untuk mendiskriminasi sifat fisis batuanterhadap fluida dengan cara mengamati sensitivitas dari rasio poisson telahditerapkan lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan suatu metoda turunan yang lebih baik.Pendekatan sifat fisika batuan antara impedansi-poisson dengan log sumuran yangmerepresentasikan properti batuan menghasilkan suatu metoda turunan yangdinamakan impedansi-litologi. Sedangkan pendekatan sifat fisis fluida yangterkandung didalam batuan terhadap impedansi-poisson menghasilkan diskriminasikandungan fluida didalam batuan yang kemudian dinamakan impedansi-fluida.Metoda TCCA – Target Coeffisien Corellation Analysis – yang digunakanuntuk mencari koefisien korelasi tertinggi dari sifat fisis batuan terhadapimpedansi-poisson telah digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan logsumuran impedansi-litologi dan impedansi-fluida yang kemudian di propagasidengan neural network. Hasil propagasi impedansi-litologi digunakan sebagaiinput untuk kalkulasi atribut koherensi yang diperkuat dengan hasil propagasiimpedansi-fluida untuk menghasilkan prediksi sebaran batuan reservoar.Dari hasil penelitian pada horison FS33 terlihat pola channel yangterbentuk dan tervalidasi dengan data sumur. Demikian juga pada sayatan horisonFS37, pola channel batuan reservoar terlihat dengan jelas dan tervalidasi terhadapdua sumur yang dilalui. Sedangkan pada sayatan horison FS42 selainteridentifikasi pola channel reservoar yang terbentuk, teridentifikasi juga batuankarbonat yang divalidasi dengan data sumur dan data batuan inti

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ABSTRACTHydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleumexploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbonidentifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which isone of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining thesensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developedto produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratioand a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highestcorrelation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As afluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log representslitho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance.TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find thehighest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on thepoisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-logwhich would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedancepropagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as areflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedancepropagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distributionlaterally.The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern andvalidated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sandchannels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs thatpassed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels,carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sampleanalyst.;Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleumexploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbonidentifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which isone of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining thesensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developedto produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratioand a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highestcorrelation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As afluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log representslitho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance.TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find thehighest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on thepoisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-logwhich would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedancepropagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as areflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedancepropagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distributionlaterally.The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern andvalidated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sandchannels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs thatpassed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels,carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sampleanalyst.;Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleumexploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbonidentifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which isone of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining thesensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developedto produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratioand a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highestcorrelation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As afluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log representslitho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance.TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find thehighest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on thepoisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-logwhich would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedancepropagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as areflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedancepropagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distributionlaterally.The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern andvalidated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sandchannels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs thatpassed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels,carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sampleanalyst., Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleumexploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbonidentifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which isone of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining thesensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developedto produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratioand a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highestcorrelation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As afluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log representslitho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance.TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find thehighest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on thepoisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-logwhich would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedancepropagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as areflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedancepropagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distributionlaterally.The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern andvalidated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sandchannels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs thatpassed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels,carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sampleanalyst.]"

"Lapangan “K” adalah satu diantara banyaknya lapangan minyak yang terletak di Cekungan Sunda, terletak pada bagian lepas barat laut dari Pulau Jawa. Di lapangan ini telah teridentifikasi akan keterdapatan hidrokarbon. Tujuan utama didalam penlitian ini adalah untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoir karbonat pada lapangan “K”. Reservoir karbonat pada Formasi Gumai menjadi objek utama yang difokuskan pada penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data seismik dan data well K-01 dan K-02. Metode inversi berbasis model dipilih untuk penelitian ini. Penggunaan inversi berbasis model pada penelitian ini didasarkan atas pembuatan model awal berupa model sintetik seismik. Setelah dilakukan inversi seismik berbasis model (model-based inversion), didapat nilai Zp (p-Impedance) sebesar 21104 hingga 22688 (ft/s*g/cc) pada target reservoir yang terletak diantara horizon UBR C5_NA hingga LBR_Litho_filled 6 September yang melewati kedua sumur. Hasil penampang inversi tersebut ditampilkan dengan adanya persebaran nilai Zp yang relatif tinggi pada horizon UBR C5_NA hingga LBR_Litho_filled 6 September, dimana arah persebaran karbonat tersebut cenderung ke arah selatan dan tenggara.. Hasil dari inversi ini diharapkan kedepannya diteliti dan dikembangkan dengan baik, dengan cara menambahkan beberapa metode-metode lainnya seperti metode inversi simultan dan multiatribut untuk mendapatkan hasil karakterisasi reservoir yang lebih akurat serta mengetahui sebaran jenis litologi dan fluida di daerah reservoir.

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The "K" field is one of the many oil fields located in the Sunda Basin, located in the northwestern part of the island of Java. In this field, hydrocarbons have been discovered. The main objective of this research is to characterize the carbonate reservoir in the "K" field. The carbonate reservoir in the Gumai Formation is the main object focused on in this research. This research uses seismic data and data from wells K-01 and K-02. A model-based inversion method was chosen for this study. The use of model-based inversion in this research is based on creating an initial model in the form of a synthetic seismic model. After carrying out a model-based seismic inversion, the Zp (p-Impedance) value was obtained at 21104 to 22688 (ft/s*g/cc) at the target reservoir located between the UBR C5_NA and  LBR_Litho_filled horizons on September 6, which passed the second well. The results of the inversion cross-section are shown by the relatively high distribution of Zp values ​​in the UBR C5_NA to LBR_Litho_filled horizons on September 6, where the direction of carbonate distribution tends to be south and southeast. It is hoped that the results of this inversion will be well researched and developed in the future, by adding several other methods such as simultaneous and multi-attribute inversion methods to obtain more accurate reservoir characterization results and determine the distribution of lithology and fluid types in the reservoir area."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian di lapangan "SG" pada Formasi Talang Akar Sub-Cekungan Jambi dengan studi inversi Acoustic Impedance (AI) dan Elastic Impedance (EI) untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoar. Struktur geologi yang berkembang disekitar daerah penelitian merupakan tinggian Sungai Gelam yang memiliki arah timurlaut (NE) - baratdaya (SW) dengan fasies fluvial pada Formasi Lower Talang Akar dan shallow marine pada Formasi Upper Talang Akar. Metode AI yang melibatkan kecepatan gelombang P (VP) dan densitas menjadi kurang sensitif untuk kehadiran fluida. Untuk itu dilakukan metode EI dengan melibatkan kecepatan gelombang P (VP), kecepatan gelombang S (VS), dan densitas sehingga lebih sensitif terhadap kehadiran fluida. Metode AI di lakukan pada data seismik post stack yang diinversi menghasilkan Volume AI untuk mengetahui lithology sedangkan metode EI dilakukan pada data seismik pre-stack dalam bentuk gather yang di mulai dengan super gather, kemudian merubah domain offset menjadi sudut (angle gather) dan menghasilkan data seismik near angle stack dan far angle stack yang selanjutnya diinversi menghasilkan volume EI near dan far untuk mengetahui sebaran fluida gas dengan pemilihan zona gas berdasarkan crossplot hasil inversi EI near dan far. Di dapatkan hasil pada penampang AI, zona sand berada pada nilai 20.500 ft/s*g/cc sampai dengan 29.000 ft/s*g/cc dan hasil crossplot inversi EI near dan far pada zona sand yang berpotensi mengandung gas didapatkan ketika nilai EI far lebih kecil dibandingkan nilai EI near. Sebaran reservoar yang berpotensi mengandung gas berada di sebelah barat daya sampai ke utara daerah penelitian ini.

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Acoustic Impedance (AI) and Elastic Impedance (EI) inversion study had been done on “SG” field on Talang Akar Formation, Sub-Basin Jambi for reservoir characterization. Geological structure that developed in this study area is a Sungai Gelam high which has North East (NE) – South West (SW) direction with fluvial facies in Lower Talang Akar Formation and also shallow marine facies in Upper Talang Akar Formation. AI method which involve P-wave velocity and density is insensitive to fluid. Thus, EI method which involve P-wave velocity, density and S-wave velocity implemented to made more sensitive to fluid presence. AI method had been done on seismic post stack data which inverted to AI volume to understand lithology of the field while EI method had been done on pre-stack seismic data gather which starts with super gather, then transform offset domain to angle domain and generate seismic near angle stack and far angle stack herein after inverted to generate EI volume near and far to perceive gas fluid distribution by gas zone selection based on crossplot inversion result of EI near and far. The result on AI section, sand zone is on 20,500 ft/s*g/cc up to 29,000 ft/s*g/cc and result of crossplot inversion EI near and far on sand zone, which potentially contain gas, obtained when EI far smaller than EI near. Reservoir distribution and potentially contain gas is on South-West to North of this area."

"[ABSTRAKReservoir modeling dan estamasi produksi dari proyek waterflooding di lapanganLengo telah dilakukan. Reservoir modeling merupakan langkah pertama dimanadi tahapan ini dihasilkan model reservoir geologi dari lapangan Lengo yangkemudian akan dilakukan pembagiaan kelas-kelas reservoirnya berdasarkan dataporositas. Langkah kedua adalah aplikasi teori Buckley ? Leverett yangdigunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai gain produksi dan waktu yang dibutuhkandari breakthrough hingga sumur monitor memproduksi 100% air.Berdasarkan reservoir modeling yang dikontrol oleh data core, lapisan L3/4 dilapangan Lengo dapat dibagi menjadi 5 kelas (0-9.5% kelas 1; 9.5-17.04% kelas2; 17.04-23.91% kelas 3; 23.91-28.53% kelas 4 dan 28.53-33.91 kelas 5). Padaskema waterflooding telah dipilih 9 sumur kandidat injeksi dan 11 sumur produksidimana kerakteristik reservoir sumur-sumur injeksi tersebut masuk dalam kelas 3dan 4.Aplikasi teori Buckley ? Levertt menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan waktubreakthrough sangat dipengaruhi oleh sifat permeabilitas relative minyak-air danPore volume batuan (Porositas * Ketebalan). Dari perhitungan yang telahdilakukan konfigurasi sumur injector ? produksi 3-3, 7-8 dan 9-9 diprediksi akanmenghasilkan penambahan produksi yang bagus.

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ABSTRACTReservoir modelling and production estimastion of waterflooding project has beenconducted on Lengo filed. In this project reservoir modeling are the first steps tocreat the reservoir geology model of the Lengo field and then used to makereservoir class depent on porosity data. The second steps are the Buckley ?Levrett theory that used to estimate the gain production and time fromBreakthough until 100% water produce in monitoring well.Based on the reservoir model wich control by core data, the L3/4 reservoir inLengo field can be devided into 5 class (0-9.5% as class 1; 9.5-17.04% as class 2;17.04-23.91% as class 3; 23.91-28.53% as class 4 dan 28.53-33.91 as class 5).For the waterflooding project we use 9 wells for injection well and 11 wells forprodctuion/monitoring well where the reservoir charcteristic for all candidatewells included in class 3 and 4.Aplication of Buckley ? Leverett show that Breakthrourgh time very effected byoil /water relative permeability and pore volume (Porosity * H) of the reservoir.Based on the calculation configuration of injector-production wells of 3-3, 7-8 and9-9 will be produce good gain i.e., 218.3MSTB, 196.8 MSTB and 437.1 MSTB, Reservoir modelling and production estimastion of waterflooding project has beenconducted on Lengo filed. In this project reservoir modeling are the first steps tocreat the reservoir geology model of the Lengo field and then used to makereservoir class depent on porosity data. The second steps are the Buckley –Levrett theory that used to estimate the gain production and time fromBreakthough until 100% water produce in monitoring well.Based on the reservoir model wich control by core data, the L3/4 reservoir inLengo field can be devided into 5 class (0-9.5% as class 1; 9.5-17.04% as class 2;17.04-23.91% as class 3; 23.91-28.53% as class 4 dan 28.53-33.91 as class 5).For the waterflooding project we use 9 wells for injection well and 11 wells forprodctuion/monitoring well where the reservoir charcteristic for all candidatewells included in class 3 and 4.Aplication of Buckley – Leverett show that Breakthrourgh time very effected byoil /water relative permeability and pore volume (Porosity * H) of the reservoir.Based on the calculation configuration of injector-production wells of 3-3, 7-8 and9-9 will be produce good gain i.e., 218.3MSTB, 196.8 MSTB and 437.1 MSTB]"

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel determinan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah di 30 propinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2004, dengan tujuan melihat keberhasilan kebijakan pemerintah mengenai konversi minyak tanah ke LPG dalam rangka penghematan APBN. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Permintaan, metode Ordinary Least Square. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan pada jumlah permintaan minyak tanah (Kt) yaitu harga minyak tanah itu sendiri (PKt), pendapatan per kapita (Y/cap) dan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah pada tahun sebelumnya (Kt-1).Berdasarkan kenyataan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah saat ini tahun 2008, yaitu tahun setelah konversi berjalan, jumlah permintaan minyak tanah menurun jika dibandingkan dengan hasil regresi tahun 2008 dengan asumsi ceteris paribus atau tidak ada konversi minyak tanah ke LPG. Dengan kata lain, kebijakan konversi minyak tanah ke LPG yang dijalankan pemerintah sampai saat ini berhasil. Namun total penghematan APBN yang dicapai pada tahun 2008 tidak sesuai dengan target pemerintah di awal kebijakan konversi minyak tanah ke LPG dijalankan."

"Penyebaran Porositas pada reservoir lapangan minyak bisa dilakukan dengan berbagai pendekatan. Hal ini didasarkan pada beberapa pertimbangan seperti kondisi lapangan dan ketersediaan data. Salah satu metode yang sering digunakan adalah Inversi Impedansi Akustik dan Multiatribut Neural Network. Lapangan Z adalah lapangan tua yang masih produksi berlokasi di Sumatra tengah milik PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi dengan jarak 120 km dari pekanbaru. Lapangan ini terdiri dari 5 formasi yaitu telisa, sand A, sand B, dan Sand C. Jumlah keseluruhan lapisan batupasir adalah 13 lapisan dimana ke 13 lapisan tersebut produktif. Adapun data yang tersedia adalah data sumur berjumlah 4 memiliki data sonic dan data seismic 3D lapangan tersebut. Penyebaran porositas dengan menggunakan Inversi Impedansi Akustik tidak dimasukan menjadi input untuk Multiatribut Neural Network. Dari analisis crossplot pada formasi target yaitu bangko didapatkan cut-off besaran fisis reservoir yaitu Nilai cut-off densitas dan porositas reservoir batupasir berkisar antara 2,14 ndash; 2,33 g/cc dan 0,15 ndash; 0,3 fraction . Dari hasil penelitian yang sudah dilakukan dengan inversi akustik menggunakan sumur Z-1 dan Z-2. Probabilistic neural network memperbesar nilai korelasi dari multiatribut regresi sehingga lebih baik dalam menyebarkan porsitas dibandingkan inversi impedansi akustik pada lapangan ini. Rekomendasi pengembangan lapangan yaitu arah timur laut dari sumur Z-1 karena menunjukan nilai porositas lebih baik daripada daerah sekitarnya yaitu 0.15 ndash; 0.18 fraction.

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Porosity Distribution in oil field reservoir can be done with various approaches. It is based on several considerations such as field conditions and data availability. One of the most commonly used methods is Inversion of Acoustic Impedance and Multiple Neural Network. Field Z is an old field still in production located in Central Sumatra owned by PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi, 120 km from Pekanbaru. The field consists of 5 formations namely Telisa, Sand A, Sand B, and Sand C. The total layer of sandstone is 13 layers where it is produced. The available data are wells data amounted to 4 have sonic data and 3D seismic data of that field. The dispersion of porosity by using the Acoustic Impedance Inversion is not included as the input for Multiattribute Neural Network.

From cross plot analysis on the target formation of bangko, a cut off density of the reservoir and the porosity of the sandstone reservoir ranged from 2.14 to 2.33 g cc and 0.15 to 0.3 fraction.

From the results of research that has been done with acoustic inversion using Z 1 and Z 2 wells. Probabilistic neural networks increase the correlation value of multi attributes regression so that it is better to propagate porosity than the inversion of acoustic impedance in this field. The field development recommendation is the northeast direction of the Z 1 well because it shows better porosity value than the surrounding area is 0.15 0.18 fraction."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, silver nanowires AgNWs telah menarik perhatian karena berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan pada transparent electrodes, surface-enhanced raman scattering, sensor dan penjernihan air. Beberapa metode pendekatan sederhana digunakan untuk menghasilkan AgNWs. Dalam penelitian ini, kami mengusulkan sintesis AgNWs menggunakan metode poliol konvensional. Prekursor yang digunakan dalam metode ini adalah perak nitrat AgNO3, polivinilpirolidon PVP sebagai capping agent dan NaCl sebagai control agent di mana semua bahan dilarutkan dalam etilen glikol EG yang bertindak sebagai agen pereduksi dan pelarut. Hal yang diamati dari pembentukan silver nanowires AgNWs ini adalah pengaruh suhu yaitu pada 150°C dan 170°C dan waktu reaksi pada 10, 15, 40, 80, dan 120 menit. Morfologi AgNWs dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM dan TEM, sementara struktur kristal dan sifat optik dievaluasi menggunakan X-Ray diffractometer XRD dan spektroskopi UV-VIS. Dengan mengamati kinetika nukleasi dan pertumbuhan kristal AgNWs, ditemukan suhu dan waktu reaksi sintesis optimal yaitu pada 170°C dengan waktu 80 menit yang menghasilkan AgNWs dengan rata-rata panjang 7,1 m dan diameter 43,3 nm.

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Silver nanowires AgNWs attracts more attentions in recent years due to its potential applicationsfor transparent electrodes, surface enhanced raman scattering, sensors and water purifucation.Some simple approach methods are used to generate AgNWs. In this study, we propose the synthesisof AgNWs using conventional polyol methods. The precursors used in this method are silver nitrate AgNO3, polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP as capping agent and NaCl as a control agent in which all the materials are dissolved in ethylene glycol EG acting as reducing agent and solvent. The observed thing from the formation of silver nanowires AgNWs is temperature influence at 150°C and 170°C and reaction time at 10, 15, 40, 80, and 120 minutes. AgNWs morphology was characterized using SEM and TEM, while crystal structure and optical properties were evaluated using X Ray diffractometer XRD and UV VIS spectroscopy. By observing the nucleation kinetics and crystal growth of AgNWs, it was found that the temperature and reaction time of the optimum synthesis was at 170°C with 80 minutes yielding AgNWs with an average length of 7.1 m and a diameter of 43.3 nm. "