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"[Salah satu tantangan dalam meningkatkan standar kesehatan di Indonesia adalah masih tingginya angka kelahiran bayi prematur. Upaya penyelamatan bayiyang lahir prematur terhambat oleh beberapa faktor terutama faktor ekonomi yang disebabkan mahalnya biaya perawatan di ruang NICU rumah sakit. Selain itu, distribusi listrik yang belum merata menyebabkan sedikitnya rumah sakit yang menyediakan fasilitas inkubator terutama pada wilayah terpencil di Indonesia. Penggunaan Phase Change Materials dari kelompok organik sebagai elemen pemanas inkubator portable non-elektrik agar aman bagi pernafasan bayidan mudah pendistribusiannya menjadi salah satu alternatif upaya penyelamatan bayi prematur yang lahir terutama diwilayah yang belum dialiri listrik nasional. Eksperimen ini bertujuan mendapatkan masa PCM yang paling efisien sesuai Standar Nasional Indonesia untuk mendapatkan rentang waktu dan temperatur paling ideal bagi bayi prematur. Juga pengurangan masa PCM akan meringankan bobot inkubator secara total serta mengurangi biaya. Eksperimen dilakukan menggunakan prototype Inkubator Grashof seri-F yang memanfaatkan fenomena konveksi natural dalam proses pemanasan ruang inkubator. Temperatur diukur menggunakan termokopel tipe K yang dihubungkan pada Modul NI9211. Grafik pengukuran digambarkan oleh perangkat lunak Labview 8.5 yang diinstal pada Personal Computer Unit. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan masa PCM jenis Beeswax sebesar 3kg adalah yang paling efisien dalam penggunaan energi. Aplikasi fin juga membantu mempersingkat waktu tunggu sebelum penggunaaninkubator dan distribusi panas yang lebih merata dalam ruang inkubator.

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One of the challenges in improving health standards in Indonesia is a high number of neonatal birth. Government efforts to save neonatals hampered by several factors especially economic factors caused by high cost of neonatals care in NICU room at the hospital. Moreover, the uneven of electricity distribution cause least hospitals providing incubator facilities, especially for remote areas in Indonesia.

The use of Phase Change Materials from the organic group as a heating element for portable non-electric incubator to be safe for the baby's breathing and

easy distribution into an alternative rescue efforts, especially premature babies born in the region that has not been electrified nationwide. Experiments aimed at finding the most efficient mass of PCM based on Indonesian National Standard to get the ideal time and temperature range for premature babies. PCM mass reduction also will lighten the weight of the incubator in total as well as reduce costs. Experiments conducted using prototype Incubator Grashof-F series which utilizes natural convection phenomena in the process of incubator space heating.

Temperatures were measured using a K-type thermocouple connected to the module NI9211. Measurement chart illustrated by Labview 8.5 software installed on the Personal Computer Unit. The experimental results indicate the mass of 3kg PCM types Beeswax is the most efficient in energy use. Applications fin also help

shorten the waiting time before the use of incubators and more even heat distribution within the incubator.;One of the challenges in improving health standards in Indonesia is a high

number of neonatal birth. Government efforts to save neonatals hampered by

several factors especially economic factors caused by high cost of neonatals care

in NICU room at the hospital. Moreover, the uneven of electricity distribution

cause least hospitals providing incubator facilities, especially for remote areas in

Indonesia.

The use of Phase Change Materials from the organic group as a heating

element for portable non-electric incubator to be safe for the baby's breathing and

easy distribution into an alternative rescue efforts, especially premature babies

born in the region that has not been electrified nationwide. Experiments aimed at

finding the most efficient mass of PCM based on Indonesian National Standard to

get the ideal time and temperature range for premature babies. PCM mass

reduction also will lighten the weight of the incubator in total as well as reduce

costs. Experiments conducted using prototype Incubator Grashof-F series which

utilizes natural convection phenomena in the process of incubator space heating.

Temperatures were measured using a K-type thermocouple connected to the

module NI9211. Measurement chart illustrated by Labview 8.5 software installed

on the Personal Computer Unit. The experimental results indicate the mass of 3kg

PCM types Beeswax is the most efficient in energy use. Applications fin also help

shorten the waiting time before the use of incubators and more even heat

distribution within the incubator., One of the challenges in improving health standards in Indonesia is a high

number of neonatal birth. Government efforts to save neonatals hampered by

several factors especially economic factors caused by high cost of neonatals care

in NICU room at the hospital. Moreover, the uneven of electricity distribution

cause least hospitals providing incubator facilities, especially for remote areas in

Indonesia.

The use of Phase Change Materials from the organic group as a heating

element for portable non-electric incubator to be safe for the baby's breathing and

easy distribution into an alternative rescue efforts, especially premature babies

born in the region that has not been electrified nationwide. Experiments aimed at

finding the most efficient mass of PCM based on Indonesian National Standard to

get the ideal time and temperature range for premature babies. PCM mass

reduction also will lighten the weight of the incubator in total as well as reduce

costs. Experiments conducted using prototype Incubator Grashof-F series which

utilizes natural convection phenomena in the process of incubator space heating.

Temperatures were measured using a K-type thermocouple connected to the

module NI9211. Measurement chart illustrated by Labview 8.5 software installed

on the Personal Computer Unit. The experimental results indicate the mass of 3kg

PCM types Beeswax is the most efficient in energy use. Applications fin also help

shorten the waiting time before the use of incubators and more even heat

distribution within the incubator.]"

"ABSTRAKTingginya angka kelahiran bayi prematur di Indonesia menyebabkan inkubator sangat diperlukan. Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi, inkubator bayi menjadi semakin canggih yang mana membuat harganya semakin mahal. Distribusi listrik yang belum merata di Indonesia, menjadikan inkubator elektrik tidak efektif. Salah satu solusi yang aplikatif adalah penggunaan Phase Change Materials (PCM) sebagai elemen pemanas. Karena besarnya nilai kalor laten yang dimilikinya, PCM dapat menyuplai energi panas dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas dua jenis PCM sebagai elemen pemanas pada inkubator bayi, yaitu paraffin wax dan beeswax.Variasi yang dilakukan dalam pengujian ini adalah waktu, jenis PCM, dan wadah PCM. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan prototipe Inkubator Grashof Seri-F dan fenomena konveksi natural. Pengukuran temperatur dilakukan menggunakan termokopel di dalam ruang inkubator, pada PCM, dan pada dinding wadah PCM. Melalui pengujian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paraffin wax dan beeswax mampu bekerja sebagai elemen pemanas pada inkubator bayi, yang mampu menjaga kondisi pada ruang inkubator pada rentang 32°C – 36°C. Beeswax memiliki performa yang lebih handal dibandingkan dengan paraffin wax, karena beeswax memiliki efisiensi volumetris sebagai reservoir panas yang lebih baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan melalui percobaan dimana dengan volume yang sama, beeswax dapat mempertahankan suhu pada ruang bayi selama 2-3 jam lebih lama pada siang hari dan 1-2 jam lebih lama pada malam hari.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia’s high mortality rate of preterm birth causes the presence of infant incubator is very important. As the technology develops, infant incubator also becomes more developed which makes its price even higher. Furthermore, the electricity distribution issue in Indonesia makes electric incubator becoming less effective. One of the applicable solutions is the usage of Phase Change Materials (PCM) as heating element. Its high amount of latent heat makes it is capable of mantaining heat supply for a long time. The goal of this experiment is to find out the effectiveness of paraffin wax and beeswax as heating element for infant incubator.Time, kind of PCM, and placement method is three variations that is tested in this experiment. The experiment uses Grashof Incubator F-Series prototype and natural convenction phenomenon. Data gathering is completed by measuring the temperatures of incubator, PCM, and container’s surfaces using thermocouple. Based on this experiment, can be concluded that both paraffin wax and beeswax are capable for being used as incubator’s heating element, because they can maintain incubator’s temperature in range of 32°C-36°C. Beeswax has a better performance than paraffin wax because it has higher volumetric efficiency. This is showed by the result section which states that beeswax lasts 2-3 hours longer than paraffin wax during the day and 1-2 hour longer during the night."

"ABSTRAKMenurut data dari World Health Organization WHO , Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan tingkat kelahiran prematur tertinggi di dunia, dengan jumlah bayi yang terlahir prematur sebanyak 675.744 di tahun 2010, dan inkubator bayi menjadi salah satu cara untuk menyalamatkan mereka. Namun, distribusi listrik yang tidak merata di beberapa daerah terpencil merupakan kendala dalam penggunaannya di Indonesia, sehingga inkubator bayi non-elektrik diperlukan.Penggunaan Phase Change Material PCM tipe Beeswax sebagai elemen pemanas inkubator bayi non-elektrik telah menghasilkan bukti bahwa inkubator bayi tidak harus selalu bergantung pada listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan desain baru dari inkubator menggunakan energi PCM yang lebih efisien daripada inkubator dalam dua penelitian sebelumnya dengan mengatur perpindahan panas di dalamnya dan melakukan perubahan pada bahan inkubator dari kayu menjadi polyurethane serta cartridge PCM dari tembaga menjadi stainless steel yang membuat berat keseluruhan inkubator menjadi jauh lebih ringan.Variasi eksperimen dibagi menjadi waktu siang dan malam hari , penempatan cartridge PCM saat cartridge PCM ditempatkan secara sejajar atau tegak lurus terhadap lubang sirkulasi udara , dan bentuk lubang sirkulasi udara lubang lingkaran kecil dan lubang persegi panjang . Prototipe Inkubator Grashof tipe F yang telah dimodifikasi digunakan di sini dengan penambahan katup di dalamnya dan penerapan proses konveksi alami. Dari hasil percobaan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Beeswax dapat mempertahankan temperatur 32 C ndash; 36 C selama 108.8 menit di siang hari dan 119.5 menit di malam hari, serta inkubator bayi non-elektrik dapat bekerja secara lebih efisien karena beberapa modifikasi yang dilakukan.

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ABSTRACTAccording to the World Health Organization WHO data, Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest preterm birth rates in the world, with the amount of 675,744 babies born prematurely in 2010, and an infant incubator is one of the ways to save them. However, the uneven power distribution in some remote areas is the obstacle in its use in Indonesia, so that non electric infant incubator is required.The use of Phase Change Material PCM type Beeswax as a heating element in non electric infant incubator has produced the evidence that the infant incubator does not have to always depend on electricity. This experiment aims to obtain the new design of incubator using PCM energy which is more efficient than the incubator in the two previous researches by regulating the heat transfer in it and make the changes of material of incubator from wood to polyurethane as well as PCM cartridge from copper to stainless steel which makes the overall mass of incubator much lighter.The experiment variation was divided into time day and night time , PCM cartridge placement when PCM cartridges were in parallel and perpendicular to the holes of circulation , and shape of air circulation hole small circle holes and rectangular holes . The modified prototype of Grashof Incubator Type F was used here by adding the valve inside it and applying natural convection process. From the experiment result, it could be concluded that Beeswax could maintained a temperature of 32 C ndash 36 C for 108.8 minutes in day time and 119.5 minutes in night time, as well as non electric infant incubator could worked in more efficient way due to some modifications made. "

"The objective of the present study is to investigate numerically the problem of melting phase change material (PCM) containing paraffin where one of the area interfaces moves with time and wherein the result of the fusion between the coupling in the solid phase conduction and convection in the liquid phase, then processes the effect of integration of the material in the walls of the building in order to increase its thermal inertia to validate the result ,we will study the numerically transient and performance of a fixed bed filled with uniform spheres, randomly arranged and each containing a (PCM). So we use a two-dimensional theoretical model applied in two separate phases; it was used to predict the temperature distribution of the fluid and the fusible material along the bed in the energy storage method."

"Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menghasilkan Phase Change Material (PCM) organik berbasis natural wax dan aplikasinya pada manajemen termal bangunan. Selain itu untuk mengetahui pengaruh nanopartikel, yaitu grafena dan MAXene dalam komposit PCM yang dihasilkan melalui metode impregnasi basah. Natural wax yang digunakan adalah soy wax, paraffin wax dan palm wax. Nanopartikel grafena dan MAXene (Ti3AlC2) ditambahkan sebesar 0,1 – 1 wt.% ke dalam PCM untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas termal dan stabilitas termal komposit nano-PCM. Uji siklus termal (500 – 5000 siklus) dan aplikasi manajemen termal hanya dilakukan pada PCM soy wax murni yang memiliki performa terbaik berbanding natural wax yang lain. Alat uji siklus termal berbasis termoelektrik, penambahan 4 modul, desain sederhana, sistem kerja otomatis dan simultan juga dirancang untuk meningkatkan efisiensi waktu pengujian. Nano-PCM dikarakterisasi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X – Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) dan konduktivitas termal. Hasil konduktivitas termal komposit nano-PCM soy wax-grafena dan soy wax-MAXene masing-masing adalah 0,88 W/mK dan 0,85 W/mK pada 1 wt%. Konduktivitas termal pure soy wax (0,18 W/mK) meningkat sebesar 6,01% untuk soy wax+grafena dan 5,71% untuk soy wax+MAXene. Hasil DSC menunjukkan soy wax dengan penambahan masing-masing grafena dan MXene 0,1 wt% memiliki kenaikan titik leleh sebesar 15% dan 16% serta penurunan titik beku sebesar 14% dan 13%. Hasil uji siklus termal menggunakan pure soy wax dengan alat thermal cycle yang didesign menghasilkan 13 siklus dalam waktu sangat efisien hanya 1 jam pengujian dan setelah 5000 siklus mengalami penurunan ΔH sebesar 60%. Uji performa PCM pada prototipe model dinding bangunan ukuran 101 x 50 x 80 cm untuk skala 1:5 mengunakan polywood dilakukan dengan mengenkapsulasi pure soy wax dalam kantong aluminium foil sebesar 250 g dan ketebalan 1 cm dan pengujian dilakukan selama 24 jam. Aplikasi manajemen termal menunjukkan pure soy wax pack menghasilkan penyerapan panas sebesar 10% dari 41oC menjadi 37oC dibandingkan dengan prototipe bangunan tanpa lapisan soy wax pack. Material maju PCM berbasis pure soy wax memiliki potensi sebagai material manajemen termal pada aplikasi bangunan dan mengoptimalkan penggunaan energi untuk sistem pendinginan pada bangunan.

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This study aims to produce an organic Phase Change Material (PCM) based on natural wax and its application to the thermal management of buildings. In addition, graphene and MAXene in PCM composites were produced through the wet impregnation method to determine the effect of nanoparticles. Natural wax used is soy wax, paraffin wax, and palm wax. Graphene and MAXene (Ti3AlC2) nanoparticles were added at 0.1-1 wt.% to the PCM to increase the thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the nano-PCM composite. Thermal cycle tests (500-5000 cycles) and thermal management applications are only carried out on pure PCM soy wax which has the best performance compared to other natural waxes. Thermoelectric-based thermal cycle test equipment, the addition of 4 modules, a simple design, and an automatic and simultaneous working system are also designed to increase the efficiency of testing time. Nano-PCM was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of soy wax-graphene and soy wax-MAXene nano-PCM composites were 0.88 W/mK and 0.85 W/mK at 1 wt%, respectively. The thermal conductivity of pure soy wax (0.18 W/mK) increased by 6.01% for soy wax+graphene and 5.71% for soy wax+MAXene. DSC results showed that soy wax with the addition of graphene and MXene 0.1 wt%, respectively, had a melting point increase of 15% and 16% and a freezing point depression of 14% and 13%, respectively. The results of the thermal cycle test using pure soy wax with a thermal cycle tool designed to produce 13 cycles in a very efficient time of only 1 hour of testing and after 5000 cycles the H decreased by 60%. PCM performance test on a prototype building wall model measuring 101 x 50 x 80 cm for a scale of 1:5 using polywood was carried out by encapsulating pure soy wax in an aluminum foil bag of 250 g and a thickness of 1 cm and the test was carried out for 24 hours. Thermal management application shows that pure soy wax pack produces 10% heat absorption from 41oC to 37oC compared to building prototype without soy wax pack coating. Advanced PCM materials based on pure soy wax have potential as thermal management materials in building applications and optimize energy use for cooling systems in buildings."

"Setiap hari, teknologi sains semakin maju dan menjadi lebih rumit dari sebelumnya. Hal ini akan menuntut lebih banyak elektronik dan menghasilkan lebih banyak panas sebagai hasil dari teknologi yang disempurnakan. Manajemen termal yang tidak efektif dapat menyebabkan penurunan kinerja, kegagalan komponen penting, dan interaksi pengguna-perangkat yang tidak nyaman (P. Gelsinger dkk, 2003). Thermal Energy Storage (TES), sebuah teknik alternatif, adalah metode pendinginan pasif. Ada banyak bentuk penyimpanan energi termal, dan Phase Change Material (PCM) adalah salah satunya. Solid-Solid Phase Change Material (SS-PCM) diciptakan sebagai pengganti Solid- Liquid Phase Change Material (SL-PCM) untuk mengatasi kelemahan ini. Dibandingkan dengan SL-PCM, SS-PCM (Solid-Liquid Phase Change Material) selalu memiliki fase padat, oleh karena itu tidak ada masalah kebocoran. Ini juga memiliki lebih sedikit pemisahan fase. Dalam penelitian ini, SS-PCM berbasis ikatan uretan akan digunakan sebagai analog untuk perangkat listrik dalam eksperimen dengan ditempatkan pada permukaan elemen pemanas. Selain itu, percobaan ini akan menilai kemampuan SS-PCM dan kinerja dalam masalah termal, serta melihat seberapa baik kerjanya untuk masalah termal pada peralatan listrik. Hasilnya, dalam mode dengan lebih sedikit dinyalakan dan dimatikan, SS-PCM dengan minyak jarak memiliki kinerja pendinginan yang lebih baik, dan SS-PCM tanpa minyak jarak memiliki hasil yang lebih baik dalam proses pemanasan pada 25W. Jika membandingkan masing-masing SS-PCM, SS-PCM tanpa minyak jarak dapat menahan peningkatan suhu permukaan pemanas 799 detik (hampir 13 menit) lebih lama daripada SS-PCM dengan minyak jarak. Performa SS-PCM dengan minyak jarak lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan SS-PCM tanpa minyak jarak dan juga heatsink dengan kenaikan suhu sebesar 0.02°C ~ 0.35°C setelah menyalakan kembali pelat pemanas pada mode satu 15W. Dari hasil uji DSC, ikatan kimia SS-PCM dengan minyak jarak lebih baik daripada SS-PCM tanpa ikatan kimia minyak jarak.

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Every day, science's technology advances and becomes more intricate than ever before. It will demand more electronics and generate more heat as a result of enhanced technologies. Ineffective thermal management can lead to performance degradation, the failure of critical components, and uncomfortable user-device interactions (P. Gelsinger et al, 2003). Thermal Energy Storage (TES), an alternate technique, is a passive cooling method. There are numerous forms of thermal energy storage, and Phase Change Material (PCM) is one of them. The Solid-Solid Phase Change Material (SS-PCM) was created as a replacement for Solid- Liquid Phase Change Material (SL-PCM) to address these drawbacks. Compared to SL-PCM, the SS-PCM (Solid-Liquid Phase Change Material) always has a solid phase, hence there is no leakage issue. It also has less phase segregation. In this study, urethane bond-based SS- PCM will be used as an analog for electrical devices in the experiments by being placed on the surface of the heating element. Additionally, this experiment will assess the capability of SS-PCM and performance in thermal issues, as well as look at how well it works for thermal issues with electrical equipment. As a result, in mode with less turned on and off, SS-PCM with castor oil has better cooling performance, and SS-PCM without castor oil has better results in the heating process at 25W. When comparing each SS-PCM, the SS-PCM without castor oil can resist an increase in heater surface temperature of 799 seconds (nearly 13 minutes) more than the SS-PCM with castor oil. The performance of SS-PCM with castor oil is superior to that of SS-PCM without castor oil and also heatsink with 0.02°C ~ 0.35°C after turning on the heater plate once more in mode one 15W. From the result DSC test, the chemical bonds of SS-PCM with castor oil are better than SS-PCM without castor oil chemical bonds."

"This short book provides an update on various methods for incorporating phase changing materials (PCMs) into building structures. It discusses previous research into optimizing the integration of PCMs into surrounding walls (gypsum board and interior plaster products), trombe walls, ceramic floor tiles, concrete elements (walls and pavements), windows, concrete and brick masonry, underfloor heating, ceilings, thermal insulation and furniture an indoor appliances.Based on the phase change state, PCMs fall into three groups: solid–solid PCMs, solid–liquid PCMs and liquid–gas PCMs. Of these the solid–liquid PCMs, which include organic PCMs, inorganic PCMs and eutectics, are suitable for thermal energy storage.The process of selecting an appropriate PCM is extremely complex, but crucial for thermal energy storage. The potential PCM should have a suitable melting temperature, and the desirable heat of fusion and thermal conductivity specified by the practical application. Thus, the methods of measuring the thermal properties of PCMs are key.With suitable PCMs and the correct incorporation method, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) can be economically efficient for heating and cooling buildings. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied."