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"[Pendahuluan: Candidiasis merupakan infeksi jamur tersering di Dunia. Masalah utama candidiasis adalah resistensi obat. Fakta ini mengindikasikan penelitian dan pengembangan obat antifungi yang baru. Antimycin A3 dikenal sebagai salah satu senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas biologis sebagai antifungi namun toksik bagi tubuh. Arsianti et al. berhasil memodifikasi struktur antimycin A3 dengan membuka cincin dilakton lingkar-9 dan menambahkan beberapa gugus hidroksil pada rantai samping ester tersebut. Modifikasi ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan biologis dan menurunkan toksisitas senyawa analog tersebut. Metode: Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan uji aktivitas antifungi senyawa-senyawa hasil modifikasi tersebut kepada Candida albicans dengan menggunakan teknik macrodilution MIC assay. Senyawa analog dibagi dalam kelompok konsentrasi 50, 100, 200 dan 400 µg/mL kemudian diujikan pada C. albicans sekitar 3 × 107 CFU/ml. Semua kelompok dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (Fluconazole) dan kontrol senyawa standar (antimycin A3). Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 kali pengulangan. Hasil: Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penghambatan pertumbuhan C. albicans pada kontrol positif dan senyawa analog 13 pada konsentrasi 400 µg/mL. Sedangkan, pada antimycin A3 dan kelompok senyawa analog lainnya tidak menunjukkan penghambatan pada konsentrasi 400 µg/mL. Diskusi: Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa modifikasi struktur dilakton lingkar-9 menjadi rantai terbuka dan peneambahan gugus hidroksi pada senyawa analog 13 berkontribusi meningkatkan aktivitas antifungi terhadap C. albicans.;Introduction: Candidiasis is the most frequent yeast infection in the world with drug resistence being its main problem. Thus, research and drug development for antifungal agent is highly required. Antimycin A3 is a compound that has antifungal activity. Arsianti et al. modified this compound by opening the nine dilactone ring system and introducing the hydroxyl groups into the side chain of the ester groups. This modification is to increase the biological activity and reduce toxicity of this molecule. Method: In this research, antifungal activity of the antimycin A3 analogues were tested against Candida albicans using Macrodillution MIC Assay. These analogues were devided in 4 groups concertration, which were 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL, and than tested against around 3 × 107 CFU/ml of C. albicans. All groups were compered with positive control (Fluconazole) and standard compound control (Antimycine A3). This research used a duplo principle. Result: The result showed that there were growth inhibition in positive control groups and Analogue 13 at 400 µg/mL concentration. However, in other groups, including Antimycin A3 itself, there were no growth inhibiton. Discussion: With these results, it was concluded that this modification contributed to the increase of antifungal activity against C. albicans., Introduction: Candidiasis is the most frequent yeast infection in the world with drug resistence being its main problem. Thus, research and drug development for antifungal agent is highly required. Antimycin A3 is a compound that has antifungal activity. Arsianti et al. modified this compound by opening the nine dilactone ring system and introducing the hydroxyl groups into the side chain of the ester groups. This modification is to increase the biological activity and reduce toxicity of this molecule. Method: In this research, antifungal activity of the antimycin A3 analogues were tested against Candida albicans using Macrodillution MIC Assay. These analogues were devided in 4 groups concertration, which were 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL, and than tested against around 3 × 107 CFU/ml of C. albicans. All groups were compered with positive control (Fluconazole) and standard compound control (Antimycine A3). This research used a duplo principle. Result: The result showed that there were growth inhibition in positive control groups and Analogue 13 at 400 µg/mL concentration. However, in other groups, including Antimycin A3 itself, there were no growth inhibiton. Discussion: With these results, it was concluded that this modification contributed to the increase of antifungal activity against C. albicans.]"

"Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu penyebab terbesar kematian akibat infeksi nosokomial dengan resistensi yang tinggi. Antimycin A3 memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Modifikasi dilakukan dengan membuka inti dilakton cincin sembilan dan menambahkan segmen aromatis sederhana pada 15 senyawa analog Antimycin A3. Metode uji menggunakan makrodilusi broth untuk melihat derajat kekeruhan yang dilaporkan sebagai Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Senyawa uji dilarutkan oleh DMSO 1% (v/v), lalu dicampurkan dalam medium Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Setiap senyawa dibagi menjadi konsentrasi 400, 200, 100 dan 50 μg/mL. Ciprofloxacine dan co-amoxiclav dipakai sebagai kontrol positif. Kontaminasi dicegah dengan kontrol medium, kontrol senyawa, kontrol bakteri dan kontrol pelarut. Hasil pengamatan dikonfirmasi dengan menumbuhkan bakteri pada medium agar darah. Hasil uji menyatakan senyawa analog 6, 10, dan 12 memiliki MIC > 400 μg/mL dan senyawa analog 9 memiliki MIC > 200 μg/mL terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Modifikasi pada senyawa analog 9 dengan menambahkan N-metil-3 formamido-2-metoksi pada cincin aromatis dan L-threonin-allyl ester terhidroksilasi dengan salah satu gugus hidroksil pada posisi bottom-facial stereochemistry, berkontribusi meningkatkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Namun, hasil penelitian tidak bermakna secara klinis, karena standar MIC sebagai antibakteri adalah < 128 mg/mL.

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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the top nosocomial infection death causes. This bacteria had high resistance against various antibiotics. Antimycin A3 has antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Modification was conducted by opened the 9-membered dilactone ring and added simple aromatics segment on 15 analogue compound Antimycin A3. Macrodilution broth method was used to observe the turbidity degree which was presented in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO 1% and mixed in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium. Each compound was divided into 400, 200, 100 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. Ciprofloxacine and co-amoxiclav were used as positive controls. The contamination was prevented by medium, compound, bacterial, and solvent controls.

The observation was confirmed by growing the bacteria on medium control. The test resulted with the MIC of analogue compounds 6, 10, and 12 against Staphylococcus aureus is > 400 μg/mL. Analogue compound 9 with MIC > 200 μg/mL had higher activity than Antimycin A3 against Staphylococcus aureus. Modifications of analogue compound 9 by adding N-methyl-3-methoxy formamido-2 on the aromatic ring and L-threonine-allyl ester hydroxylated with one hydroxyl group on bottom-facial stereochemistry position contributed to the increase in antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the results aren’t clinically significant because the standard MIC as an antibacterial agent is < 128 μg/mL.Staphylococcus Aureus."

"Antimycin A3 merupakan substansi dari bakteri Streptomyces sp. yang memiliki efek antikanker dan antifungi. Dari senyawa ini telah disintesis 15 senyawa analog antimycin A3 rantai terbuka beserta segmen aromatik sederhana, yang kemudian diuji aktivitas antibakterinya sebagai inhibitor pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa adalah salah satu bakteri tersering yang menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dengan resistensi yang tinggi terhadap berbagai antibiotik. Antimycin A3 dan senyawa analognya dilarutkan dalam DMSO 1%. Tiap senyawa dibagi ke dalam enam kelompok konsentrasi, yaitu 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, dan 1600 μg/mL. Sebagai kontrol positif digunakan antibiotik ceftazidim. Selain itu juga digunakan kontrol DMSO 1%, kontrol bakteri, dan kontrol senyawa. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode makrodilusi broth dengan mengamati derajat kekeruhan larutan. Hasil uji dinyatakan dengan Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Data penelitian dianalisis secara deskriptif, yang menunjukkan bahwa senyawa 14 dengan struktur kimia aromatik sederhana memberikan aktivitas penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri P. aeruginosa dengan MIC 1600 μg/mL. Hasil pengamatan kultur larutan dalam plat agar darah menunjukkan masih terdapat pertumbuhan bakteri, sehingga disimpulkan senyawa 14 memiliki sifat menghambat namun tidak dapat membunuh bakteri P. aeruginosa.

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Antimycin A3 is a substance isolated from Streptomyces sp. with an anticancer and antifungal effects. From it had been synthesized fifteen open-chained and simple aromatic segment analogue compounds, on which were tested for their antibacterial activity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth inhibitor. P. aeruginosa is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infection with high resistance against various antibiotics. Antimycin A3 and its analogue compounds were dissolved in DMSO 1%. Each compound was divided into six concentration groups, which were 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 μg/mL. Ceftazidim was used as the positive control. There were also a control for each of DMSO 1%, P. aeruginosa, dan all 17 compounds.

Antibacterial activity was tested using macrodilution broth method by assessing the level of turbidity of each solution. The result was stated in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The data was analized descriptively and it showed that compound 14 with a simple aromatic chemical structure had a growth inhibiting activity against P. aeruginosa at an MIC of 1600 μg/mL. The blood culture result of said compound showed there was still bacterial growth, and so it was concluded that compound 14 had an inhibiting property but it could not kill P. aeruginosa."

"Diare yang masih sering terjadi di masyarakat umumnya disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif Escherichia coli. Bakteri yang sering ditemukan di lingkungan ini telah diteliti mulai menunjukkan resistensi terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik. Dalam penelitian ini, senyawa novel analog 3-13 dan aromatik sederhana 1-4 yang merupakan turunan dari senyawa Antimycin A3 telah diujikan terhadap Escherichia coli galur ATCC 25922. Penelitian ini didasari oleh penelitian sebelumnya oleh Arsiati et al yang menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi pada gugus dilakton cincin sembilan mampu meningkatkan aktivitas biologisnya terhadap kanker. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut diuji dalam konsentrasi 400 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, dan 50 μg/mL terhadap suspensi Escherichia coli dengan konsentrasi 1,5 x 107 bakteri/mL. Penelitian ini dijaga dengan dilakukan dua kali pengulangan. Setelah diujikan, hasil reaksi tersebut diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap senyawa novel aromatik 3 (senyawa 16) daripada Antimycin A3 terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa senyawa Antimycin A3 tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli, berbeda dengan hasil penelitian oleh Arsianti et al yang menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri dalam metode difusi agar. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa modifikasi pada gugus dilakton cincin sembilan Antimycin A3 dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Escherichia coli.

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Diarrhea which is still a common thing to find in society generally caused by gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. This bacteria which often be found in the environments have been studied starting to show resistance to several types of antibiotics. In this study, novel analogue compounds 3-13 and aromatic 1-4 which are derivates from compounds Antimycin A3 has been tested against ATCC 25922 strain Escherichia coli.

This study is based on previous research by Arsiati et al who had demonstrated that modification on the cluster 9-ring-dilactone can increase its biological activity against cancer. The compounds are tested in a concentration of 400 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, and 50 μg/mL against Escherichia coli with concentration 1,5 x 107 bacteria/mL. This research was also being done in two repetitions. Once tested, the reaction products were incubated for 24 hours.

The results showed an increase in antibacterial activity of novel aromatic compound 3 (compound 16) than Antimycin A3 against the bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, it was found that the compounds Antimycin A3 showed no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, in contrast to the results of research by Arsianti et al who had showed antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion method.

From these results, it can be concluded that modifications of 9-ring-dilactone of Antimycin A3 can enhance its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli"

"Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara beriklim tropis dan memiliki kelembaban udara tinggi. Kondisi ini memicu pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan menyebabkan infeksi jamur. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan senyawa kandidat antifungi berbasis sumber daya alam seperti tumbuhan dan memiliki efek samping yang rendah, terutama turunan lipid seperti senyawa lipoamida. Pada penelitian ini, asam oleat telah diesterifikasi dengan dry methanol menggunakan katalis asam HCl menghasilkan metil oleat. Selanjutnya ikatan rangkap pada metil oleat dioksidasi menggunakan KMnO4 encer dalam suasana basa dan suhu 25oC. Keberhasilan oksidasi ditunjukkan dari penurunan bilangan iod dari 79,56 mg/g menjadi 4,82 mg/g. Selanjutnya, dilakukan reaksi amidasi dengan asam amino glisina dan fenilalanina. Produk – produknya diidentifikasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infra Red). Hasil FTIR lipoamida menunjukkan adanya overlapping gugus - OH dan -NH stretch pada bilangan gelombang sekitar 3200 – 3500 cm-1, gugus C=O amida pada 1652 cm-1 dan 1666 cm-1, serta gugus C-N stretch pada 1326 cm-1dan 1248 cm-1 untuk lipoamida – glisin dan lipoamida – fenilalanin. Produk lipoamida tidak terdeteksi memiliki aktivitas antifungi terhadap Candida albicans pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm.

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Indonesia is a country with tropical climate and has high humidity. This condition stimulates the growth of Candida albicans and causes a fungal infection. Various studies have been carried out to obtain candidate compounds for antifungal based on natural resources such as plants and have low side effects, especially lipid derivatives such as lipoamide compounds. In this research, the esterification of oleic acid with dry methanol was carried out using HCl as an acid catalyst to produce methyl oleate (MO). Furthermore, the double bond in MO is oxidized using dilute KMnO4 under alkaline conditions at 25oC low temperature. The success of oxidation was indicated by the decrease in the iodine value from 79,56 mg/g to 4,82 mg/g. Furthermore, the oxidized methyl oleate was amidated with the amino acid glycine and phenylalanine. The products obtained were identified by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and characterized by FT- IR. FTIR results of lipoamides show overlapping between -OH and -NH stretch around 3200 – 3500 cm-1, C=O amide at 11652 cm-1 and 1666 cm-1, and C-N stretch at 1326 cm- 1 and 1248 cm-1 for lipoamide – glycine and lipoamide – phenylalanine. The antifungal activity test results showed that the lipoamide products were not detected to have antifungal activity against Candida albicans at 1000 ppm."

"Kandidiasis adalah infeksi jamur yang sering terjadi pada manusia. Salah satu masalah pada kandidiasis adalah resistensi obat yang meningkat. Fakta ini mendorong penelitian dan pengembangan obat antijamur baru seperti flukonazol. Salah satu simplisia bahan alami yang dapat digunakan sebagai antijamur adalah memanjat ylang-ylang (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari). Pendakian ylang-ylang secara empiris diyakini digunakan sebagai obat antijamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak dan fraksi pemanjatan daun kenanga terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Daun panjat ylang-ylang diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana, kemudian bubur dibiarkan semalaman dengan amonia dan dimaserasi dengan pelarut diklorometana. Ekstrak yang diperoleh difraksinasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dan fraksi yang diperoleh dimonitor profilnya dengan kromatografi lapis tipis. Ekstrak dan fraksi yang diperoleh diidentifikasi senyawa fitokimia termasuk alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan terpenoid. Pengujian aktivitas antijamur dilakukan pada Candida albicans menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Uji aktivitas menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (MIC) dari pendakian ekstrak daun ylang-ylang pada Candida albicans adalah 200 μg/mL, sedangkan konsentrasi hambat minimum (MIC) pendakian fraksi daun ylang-ylang pada pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans adalah 50 μg / mL untuk fraksi I ke fraksi II dan 100 μg/mL untuk fraksi III ke fraksi IX.

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Candidiasis is a fungal infection that often occurs in humans. One problem with candidiasis is increased drug resistance. This fact led to the research and development of new antifungal drugs such as fluconazole. One of the simplistic natural ingredients that can be used as an antifungal is climbing the ylang-ylang (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari). Climbing the ylang-ylang empirically is believed to be used as an antifungal drug. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cananga leaf extracts and climbing fractions on the growth of Candida albicans. Ylang-ylang climbing leaves are extracted by maceration using hexane solvent, then the pulp is left overnight with ammonia and macerated with dichloromethane solvent. Extracts obtained were fractionated using column chromatography and the fractions obtained were monitored by thin layer chromatography. The extracts and fractions obtained identified phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Antifungal activity testing was performed on Candida albicans using the microdilution method. The activity test showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of climbing the ylang-ylang leaf extract at Candida albicans was 200 μg / mL, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of climbing the ylang-ylang leaf fraction on the growth of the Candida albicans fungus was 50 μg/mL for the fraction I to fraction II and 100 μg/mL for fraction III to fraction IX."

"Indonesia adalah negara tropis yang memiliki kelembaban tinggi, kondisi ini memudahkan manusia untuk mengalami infeksi akibat jamur. Salah satu jamur yang dapat menginfeksi manusia adalah Candida albicans. C. albicans dapat menyebabkan kandidiasis yang merupakan infeksi jamur dengan insiden tinggi. Perawatan antijamur dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan obat antijamur. Infeksi jamur sering terjadi yang menyebabkan penggunaan obat antijamur mengalami resistensi, oleh karena itu, kebutuhan untuk memeriksa senyawa aktif dari bahan alami yang memiliki aktivitas antijamur perlu ditingkatkan. Salah satu tanaman yang tersebar di Indonesia yang dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan adalah Tanduk Cananga (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Tanduk Cananga telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antijamur dalam ekstrak metanol dari daun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana dari kulit tanduk Kanenanga. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut heksana dan diklorometana. Diikuti dengan fraksinasi menggunakan metode kromatografi kolom. Tes aktivitas antijamur dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak diklorometana kulit tanduk Cananga memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 200 μg/mL. Fraksi Dichloromethane I dan II memiliki aktivitas antijamur Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 50 μg/mL, fraksi diklorometana III, IV, V, VI, VII, dan VIII memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans dengan konsentrasi penghambatan minimum 100 μg/mL mL. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi diklorometana memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

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Indonesia is a tropical country that has high humidity, this condition makes it easy for humans to experience infections due to fungi. One fungus that can infect humans is Candida albicans. C. albicans can cause candidiasis which is a fungal infection with a high incidence. Antifungal treatment can be done using antifungal drugs. Fungal infections often occur causing the use of antifungal drugs to experience resistance, therefore, the need to examine active compounds from natural substances that have antifungal activity needs to be increased. One of the plants that are spread in Indonesia that is known to have various health benefits is the Cananga Horn (Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f) Bhandari). Cananga horn has been known to have antifungal activity in methanol extracts from the leaves. This research was conducted to examine the antifungal activity of extracts and dichloromethane fraction from the horn bark of Kanenanga Horn. The extraction method used in this study is the maceration method using hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Followed by fractionation using column chromatography methods. Antifungal activity tests were carried out in vitro by the microdilution method. The results of this study indicate dichloromethane extracts of the skin of the Cananga Horn horn have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 μg/mL. Dichloromethane fractions I and II have antifungal activity Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL, dichloromethane fractions III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII have antifungal activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 100 μg/mL mL. It was concluded that dichloromethane extracts and fractions had antifungal activity against Candida albicans."

"Latar belakang: Kandidiasis vulvovaginal merupakan infeksi vagina yang sebagian besar disebabkan oleh Candida albicans. Pengobatan antifungal yang ada meningkatkan kemungkinan relaps sehingga dibutuhkan terapi alternatif yang bekerja lebih efektif dan ekonomis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah pertumbuhan Candida albicans dapat dihambat oleh propolis jenis reguler. Metode: Terdapat 3 konsentrasi emulsi propolis jenis reguler yang dibuat triplo, yaitu konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5%. Sampel propolis diambil dari Sulawesi. Jamur yang diteliti adalah Candida albicans ATCC. Aktivitas propolis terhadap jamur diamati secara in vitro dengan difusi cakram. Hasil: Rata-rata diameter zona hambat propolis jenis reguler terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5% berturut-turut adalah 3,33 mm, 7,33 mm, dan 5 mm. Kontrol positif dengan nistatin menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 19 mm. Sedangkan kontrol negatif dengan alkohol menghasilkan zona hambat sebesar 8 mm. Kesimpulan: Propolis jenis reguler konsentrasi 1%, 3%, dan 5% tidak dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara in vitro karena besar zona hambat pada ketiga konsentrasi propolis tidak ada yang memberikan hasil lebih besar dari zona hambat pada kontrol negatif.

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Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a vaginal infection that is mostly caused by Candida albicans. Antifungal treatments that need to be improved relapse require alternative therapies that work more effectively and economically. Candida albicans can be inhibited by regular types of propolis.

Methods: There were 3 concentrations of ordinary propolis emulsion made by triplo, namely concentrations of 1%, 3% and 5%. Propolis sample was taken from Sulawesi. The fungus that was published was Candida albicans ATCC. Propolis activity against fungi in tubes by disk diffusion.

Results: The average diameter of regular type propolis inhibition zone on the growth of Candida albicans at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% compound contributed was 3.33 mm, 7.33 mm, and 5 mm. Positive control with nystatin produces a inhibition zone of 19 mm. Whereas negative control with alcohol produces an inhibition zone of 8 mm.

Conclusion: Regular type of propolis concentration of 1%, 3%, and 5% cannot inhibit the growth of Candida albicans in vitro because large inhibitory zones based on the concentration of propolis concentration do not produce more than inhibitory zones on negative controls."

"Pada penelitian ini, asam oleat diesterifikasi dengan dry metanol dan katalis HCl pekat dengan menggunakan refluks selama 6 jam pada suhu 60°C. Metil oleat yang terbentuk kemudian diamidasi dengan asam amino glisina dan fenilalanina yang dibantu dengan pelarut assetonitril. Selain itu, dilakukan juga amidasi langsung dari asam oleat dengan bantuan disikloheksilkarbodiimida (DCC) sebagai agen pengopling selama 2 jam pada suhu 0°C. Produk lipoamida yang terbentuk di identifikasi dengan KLT, di purifikasi dengan kromatografi kolom, dan di karakterisasi dengan FTIR. Aktivitas antifungi amida asam oleat juga ditentukan dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap Candida albicans. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa N-oleilglisina ACN memiliki aktivitas antifungi dengan kategori sedang, N-oleilfenilalanina ACN berkategori sedang, N- oleilglisina DCC tidak ada aktivitas, dan N- oleilfenilalanina DCC berkategori sedang.

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In this study, oleic acid was esterified with dry methanol and concentrated HCl catalyst using reflux for 6 hours at 60oC. The methyl oleate formed then amidated by glycine and phenylalanine using acetonitrile as a solvent. In addition, direct amidation of oleic acid was also carried using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a coupling agent for 2 hours at 0oC temperature. The formed lipoamide product was identified by TLC, purified by column chromatography, and characterized by FTIR. The antifungal activity of oleic acid amide was also determined by disc diffusion method against Candida albicans. The result showed that N- oleylglycine ACN has moderate antifungal activity, N-oleylphenylalanine ACN has moderate category, N-oleylglycine DCC has no activity, and N-oleylphenylalanine DCC has moderate category."

"Penelitian untuk menemukan obat antijamur baru masih terus dilakukan. Asam lemak, khususnya asam risinoleat, menjadi senyawa yang menarik minat para peneliti dalam bidang ini. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis amida ester asam risinoleat teroksidasi-glisina dan amida ester asam risinoleat teroksidasi-fenilalanina melalui tiga tahapan reaksi yang meliputi reaksi esterifikasi Fischer, reaksi oksidasi pada ikatan rangkap, dan reaksi amidasi. Produk dari setiap tahap dikarakterisasi dengan KLT dan FT-IR. Hasil karakterisasi senyawa lipoamida dengan KLT menunjukkan penurunan spot yang mengindikasikan adanya senyawa lipoamida dalam produk hasil amidasi. Hasil karakterisasi produk amidasi dengan FT-IR menunjukkan senyawa amida terbentuk karena adanya gugus fungsi yang khas pada senyawa amida, yaitu gugus C=O amida, pada bilangan gelombang 1731 cm-1 untuk lipoamida-glisina dan 1733 cm-1 untuk lipoamida-fenilalanina. Hasil uji aktivitas antijamur produk amidasi menunjukkan lipoamida-glisina dan lipoamida-fenilalanina tidak mempunyai aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

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Research to find new antifungal drugs is still ongoing. Ricinoleic acid in particular is a fatty acid that has drawn the attention of researchers in this area. In this research, the synthesis of glycine-oxidized ricinoleic acid amide ester and phenylalanine-oxidized ricinoleic acid ester amide was carried out through three reaction steps, which included Fischer esterification reaction, oxidation reaction of the double bond, and amidation reaction. The products of each stage were characterized by TLC and FT-IR. The results of the characterization of lipoamide compounds by TLC showed a decrease in the spot’s travel length, which indicated the presence of lipoamide compounds in the amidation product. The results of the characterization of the amidation product with FT-IR showed that the amide compound was formed due to the presence of a unique functional group on the amide compound, namely the C=O amide group, at wave numbers 1731 cm-1 for lipoamide-glycine and 1733 cm-1 for lipoamide-phenylalanine. The antifungal activity test results of amidation products showed that lipoamide-glycine and lipoamide-phenylalanine do not have antifungal activity against Candida albicans."